Neolithic and Shang Periods

The common occurrence of cults of the dead in Neolithic and early Bronze Age societies around the world raises at least one major question about early Chinese religion: what factors account for the elaboration of ancestor worship in China and for the degree to which-compared to its role in other cultures-it endured? The study of Chinese religion in the Neolithic and Shang periods (ca. 4000-1050 B.C.E.) can contribute to our understanding of such matters, but the bulk of recent scholarship is inevitably and properly focused on technical analyses of sites, artifacts, rituals, and spiritual Powers. Many studies address problems of definition, such as the nature of Ti, the high god of the Shang, and his cult (Akatsuka 1977:471-537; Ikeda 1981:25-39; Eno 1990); images of T'ien (Heaven, Sky) (Hayashi 1989a); the nature of the Earth Power and its associated altar of the soil (Tai Chia-hsiang 1986); the role of sun, bird, and other totems in Neolithic and Shang belief (Hu Hou-hsüan 1977; Allan 1981; Tu Chin-p'eng 1992; Wu Hung 1985; Paper 1986; Ch'ien Chihch'iang 1988; Juyü 1991; Wang Chi-huai 1992; Xiong Chuanxin 1992; Chang Teshui 1993; Chang Wen 1994; Wang Lu-ch'ang 1994); methods and objects of sacrifice (Ikeda 1980; Ch'iu Hsi-kuei 1985; Childs-Johnson 1987; Lien Shao-ming 1989; Itō 1990; Hao Pen-hsing 1992); the religious dimensions of illness (Takashima 1980) and of settlement building (Akatsuka 1977:494-99

Altar · Ancestor · Ancient history · Archaeology · China · Cult · Heaven · Power (physics) · Sacrifice · Settlement (finance) · Shang dynasty · Theology · Worship · Chinese history and philosophy · History · Japanese History and Culture · Pacific and Southeast Asian Studies · Philosophy · Religious studies

• David Noel Keightley (1932–2017), Publications and Unpublished Writings

  Open Access•Frank Joseph Shulman•Early China•2017

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• Anthropology and Historiography

  Feng Qu•Numen•2017

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• The pivot of the four quarters

  Paul Wheatley•The pivot of the four quarters•1971

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• Ancient China and its anthropological significance

  Open Access•Kwang‐chih Chang, Kwang-Chih Chang•Archaeological Thought in America•1989

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• Ancient China

  Paul W Kroll, David T Roy et al.•Chinese Literature Essays…•1981

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• Shang Ritual Bronzes in the Arthur M. Sackler Collections

  Elizabeth Childs-Johnson, Robert W Bagley•The Art Bulletin•1989

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• Sources of Shang History

  Lester J Bilsky, David N Keightley•The American Historical Review•1979

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• Art, Myth, and Ritual

  Barry B Blakeley, K C Chang•The American Historical Review•1984

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• Chinese Neolithic Burial Patterns

  Open Access•R Pearson•Early China•1988

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• “On the Burning of Human Victims and the Fashioning of Clay Dragons in Order to Seek Rain as Seen in the Shang Dynasty Oracle-Bone Inscriptions”

  Open Access•Qiu Xigui, Vernon K Fowler•Early China•1985

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• Erlitou and the Search for the Xia

  Open Access•Robert L Thorp, Robert Thorp•Early China•1991

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• Some Observations about Milfoil Divination Based on Shang and Zhou bagua Numerical Symbols

  Open Access•Zhang Yachu, Yu Liu et al.•Early China•1981

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• Yangshao Burial Customs and Social Organization

  Open Access•Wang Ningsheng, Wang Ning-sheng•Early China•1985

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• The Archaeology of Ancient China

  Kwang‐chih Chang, Kwang-Chih Chang•The archaeology of ancient China•1987

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• Studies in the Language of the Shang Oracle Inscriptions

  Paul L-M Serruys•T oung Pao•1974

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• Sacrificial pits of the Shang period at Sanxingdui in Guanghan county, Sichuan Province

  Robert W Bagley•Arts asiatiques•1988

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• The jue and Its Ceremonial Use in the Ancestor Cult of China

  Elizabeth Childs-Johnson•Artibus Asiae•1987

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• The Taotie Reconsidered

  Ladislav Kesner•Artibus Asiae•1991

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• The Animal in Shang and Chou Bronze Art

  K C Chang•Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies•1981

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• Akatsuka Kiyoshi and The Culture of Early China

  David N Keightley, Akatsuka Kiyoshi•Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies•1982

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• Meian

  Kathryn Sparling•Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies•1982

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• The Growth of Early Shang Civilization

  Robert L Thorp, Robert Thorp•Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies•1985

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• Ritual Exposure in Ancient China

  Edward H Schafer•Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies•1951

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• Old Sinitic * M γ ag , Old Persian Maguš , and English “Magician”

  Open Access•Victor H Mair•Early China•1990

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• Religion and the Rise of Urbanism

  David N Keightley, Paul Wheatley•Journal of the American Oriental…•1973

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• "The Meaning of the "T'ao-T'ieh

  Jordan Paper•History of Religions•1978

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• The "Feng" in Protohistoric Chinese Religion

  Jordan Paper•History of Religions•1986

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• The Problem of Meaning in Early Chinese Ritual Bronzes

  Paul W Kroll, Roderick Whitfield•Journal of the American Oriental…•1996

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• Some Dualistic Phenomena in Shang Society

  Open Access•Kwang‐chih Chang, Kwang-Chih Chang•The Journal of Asian Studies•1964

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• Early Chinese Civilization

  Richard Pearson, Richard D Pearson et al.•Pacific Affairs•1976

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• Sons of suns

  Open Access•Sarah Allan•Bulletin of the School of…•1981

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• The World of Thought in Ancient China

  Benjamin Isadore Schwartz•World of Thought in Ancient China•1985

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• Archaeological Research on Neolithic China

  An Zhimin•Current Anthropology•1988

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