Computers and policy-making

Most observers of US foreign policy decision-making would probably agree that, whatever the virtues or defects of a particular policy choice, the process by which decisions are reached on crisis or incipient crisis situa- tions leaves something to be desired.Despite good intentions, there persists an all-too- frequent tendency to be taken by surprise, to lurch from crisis to crisis, to under-use instru- ments of preventive diplomacy, and to be faced with situations in which only undesir- able military options are available.The Nixon administration has identified some aspects of this problem, and announced various organizational and methodological means to overcome them.The results to date are, to say the least, not entirely convincing.And while as Americans our first concern is with US policy, the problem is by no means confined to the US decision-making apparatus.Rather, this tendency represents a weak- ness of governments in general, and of in- ternational organizations such as the United Nations, in anticipating and forfending un- wanted and undesirable policy outcomes.If we define &dquocrisis&dquo as a short-time, highthreat, unexpected political-military situa- tion (Hermann, 1969, p. 29), it is clear what some of the difficulties are for harassed and fallible humans to act in ways that are gener

Administration (probate law · Diplomacy · Economics · Foreign policy · Law and economics · Policy making · Political science · Politics · Positive economics · Process (computing · Public relations · Surprise · Computer Science · Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies · Law · Psychology · Public Administration · Social Psychology

• Generalized Precedent Logics for Resolving Insecurity Dilemmas∗

  Hayward R Alker, James Bennett et al.•International Interactions•1980

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• Foreign Military Intervention by Large and Small Powers 1

  Frederic S Pearson, Robert Baumann et al.•International Interactions•1974

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• An Examination of Basic and Applied International Crisis Research

  Richard Parker, Richard W Parker•International Studies Quarterly•1977

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• Indications, Warning, and Crisis Operations

  Thomas G Belden•International Studies Quarterly•1977

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• International System And Foreign Policy Approaches

  Open Access•Raymond Tanter•World Politics•1972

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• The Situational Levers of Negotiating Flexibility

  Open Access•Daniel Druckman•Journal of Conflict Resolution•1993

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• The Policy Relevance of Models in World Politics

  Open Access•Raymond Tanter•Journal of Conflict Resolution•1972

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• Geographic Proximity and Foreign Military Intervention

  Open Access•Frederic S Pearson•Journal of Conflict Resolution•1974

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• A methodology for design research on interdependence alternatives

  Open Access•Hayward R Alker•International Organization•1977

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• The Concept of Crisis in International Politics

  Open Access•Warren Phillips, Warren R Phillips et al.•Journal of Peace Research•1978

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• Controlling Small Wars

  John W Holmes, Lincoln P Bloomfield et al.•International Journal Canada s…•1970

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