Zionism and the Palestinians

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. See, for example, Nur Masalha, Expulsion of the Palestinians: the Concept of ‘Transfer’ in Zionist Political Thought, 1882–1948, Washington DC, 1992; Walid Khalidi (ed.), From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem Until 1948, Washington DC, 1971; David Hurst, The Gun and the Olive Branch, London, 1978; Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, Cambridge, 1987; Ilan Pappe, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, Oxford, 2006. 2. Benny Morris, Righteous Victims, A History of the Zionist–Arab Conflict, 1881–2001, New York, 2001, pp. 676, 678, 682–683; Palestine Royal Commission, Report. Presented to the Secretary of State for the Colonies in Parliament by Command of his Majesty, July 1937, London, 1937 (reprinted 1946), pp. 291–294 (hereinafter Peel Commission Report). See also: Benny Morris, 1948 and After: Israel and the Palestinians, Oxford, 1994, p. 17. 3. Edward Said, The Question of Palestine, New York, 1980, pp. 8, 12–13, 18–19. 4. http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace + Process/Guide + to + the + Peace + Process/Camp + David + Accords.htm (emphasis added). 5. Edward Said, The Pen and the Sword: Conversations with David Barsamian, Edinburgh, 1994, pp. 136–137. 6. Ahad Ha-am, ‘Truth from the Land of Israel’, Kol Kitvei Ahad Ha-am, Jerusalem, 1961, pp. 23–24. 7. Ze'ev Jabotinsky, ‘On the Issue of Territorialism’, Ktavim Zioniim Rishonim, Jerusalem, 1949, p. 151; Max Nordau, Ktavim Zioniim, Tel Aviv, 1930, Vol. 2, p. 120. 8. Arthur Ruppin, Pirkei Hayai, Tel Aviv, 1968, Vol. 2, p. 29. 9. Michael Asaf, Hayhasim bein Arvim Veyuhudim Beeretz Israel 1860–1948, Tel Aviv, 1970, p. 126; Arthur Ruppin, Shloshim Shnot Binyan Beeretz Israel, Jerusalem, 1937, p. 59. 10. David Ben-Gurion, My Talks with Arab Leaders, Jerusalem, 1967, pp. 3–4; Ben-Gurion and Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, Eretz Israel Baavar Ubahove, Jerusalem, 1979 (first published in 1916); Ben-Gurion, ‘Toward the Future’ (1915) and ‘The Rights of the Jews and the Non-Jews in the Palestine’ (1918), in his Anahnu Ushkheneinu, Tel Aviv, 1931, pp. 7, 31. 11. Haim Arlosoroff, ‘The May Disturbances’ (1921), in Jacob Steinberg (ed.), Kitvei Haim Arlosoroff, Tel Aviv, 1934, Vol. 1, p. 8. 12. Murray Rosenberg, ‘Scenes from the Holy Land’, Steven Spielberg's Jewish Film Archive, 1911, http://w3.castup.net/jfa/filmsscreen.asp?ai = 148&ar = CMID23194. 13. Ahad Ha-am, ‘Truth’, p. 24. 14. Ussishkin's letter to the Zionist leadership, 21 January 1901, Central Zionist Archives (hereafter CZA), A24/15/6. 15. Max Nordau, ‘The Arabs and Us’ (1918), in his Ktavim Zioniim, Jerusalem, 1962, Vol. 4, pp. 49–55; Nordau, ‘Jews and Arabs in Palestine’ (1920), ibid., p. 108. 16. ‘The Yishuv's Security: the Basic Zionist Question’, in Ze'ev Jabotinsky, Neumim, 1905–1926, Jerusalem, 1947, pp. 191, 198–199. 17. Originally published in Russian under the title ‘O Zheleznoi Stene’, in Rassvyet, 4 November 1923, the ‘Iron Wall’ was reprinted several times, including in the Jewish Herald, 26 November 1937 (internet edition http://www.mideastweb.org/ironwall.htm; emphasis original). 18. Jabotinsky's address to the Institute for the Resolution of National Problems (Warsaw), in his Neumim 1927–1940, Jerusalem, 1948, p. 216; Palestine Royal Commission, Notes of Evidence taken in London on Thursday, 11 February 1937, Sixty-Sixth Meeting (Public), London, 1937, p. 370. 19. Jabotinsky, Neumim 1927–1940, p. 278. 20. Vladimir Jabotinsky, The Jewish War Front, London, 1940, p. 212. 21. Vladimir Jabotinsky, The Jewish War Front, London, 1940, p. 216. 22. Ze'ev Jabotinsky, ‘What is to be Done?’ (1905), in his Ktavim Zioniim Rishonim, pp. 209–210. 23. ‘The Iron Wall’. 24. Jabotinsky, The Jewish War Front, pp. 216–220. 25. Palestine Royal Commission, ‘Notes of Evidence’, p. 379. 26. ‘Palestine, as I Saw It’, interview for The Jewish Chronicle (London) With Mr. M. Grossman, 22 May 1925. 27. Ben-Gurion, ‘Toward the Future’ (1915) and ‘The Rights of the Jews and the Non-Jews in Palestine’ (1918), in his Anahnu Ushkheneinu, pp. 8, 31–32. 28. Ben-Gurion, ‘The Hebrew Worker and the Arab Worker’ (1926), Anahnu Ushkheneinu, p. 105. 29. ‘The Congress as a Political Committee’, Third Meeting, Saturday Night, 7 August 1937, CZA, S25/1543, pp. 109–110. 30. ‘Memorandum on the Treatment of Minorities’, submitted by M. Shertok, Executive of the Jewish Agency, to the Secretary, Palestine Partition Commission, Jerusalem, on 31 July 1938, CZA, S25/8929. 31. Arlosoroff, ‘The May Disturbances’, p. 9. 32. Peel Commission Report, p. 57; Frederick H. Kisch, Palestine Diary, London, 1938, p. 95. 33. Haim Arlosoroff, ‘Stocktaking’ (1929) and ‘Address to the 17th Zionist Congress’ (1931), in Steinberg (ed.), Haim Arlosoroff, Vol. 1, pp. 101–114 and Vol. 6, pp. 75–76. See also Arlosoroff, ‘A Press Conference’ (1931), ibid., Vol. 6, pp. 96–97. 34. Theodor Herzl, Altneuland, New York, 1941, Book III, Part 2 (internet edition: http://www.wzo.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id = 1602). 35. Ruppin, Shloshim, p. 60. 36. David Ben-Gurion, ‘Toward the Future’ (1915), in his Anahnu Ushkheneinu, pp. 8–9; Ben-Gurion, Bama'araha, Tel Aviv, 1949, Vol. 4, Part 2, pp. 260–266. 37. See, for example, David Ben-Gurion's Diary (Sde Boker), 24 November 1929 (hereinafter BGD); Z. Abramowitz and Y. Galpat, Hameshek Haarvi Beeretz Israel Uveartzot Hamizrah Hatichon, Tel Aviv, 1944, pp. 5–7. The decline in Arab emigration from Palestine was particularly marked in comparison with the neighbouring Arab states. While over 103,000 people left Syria and Lebanon from 1920 to 1931, only 9,272 non-Jews left Palestine during the same period: less than half the Syrian/Lebanese rate given that their population was five times as large as the Palestinian Arab population. Aharon Cohen, Israel and the Arab World, London, 1970, p. 225. 38. Peel Commission Report, p. 93 (vii). 39. Peel Commission Report, pp. 94, 157–158; Abramowitz and Galpat, Hameshek Haarvi, pp. 48–50. 40. A Survey of Palestine. Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo-American Committee of Enquiry (reprinted in 1991 in full with permission from Her Majesty's Stationary Office by the Institute for Palestine Studies, Washington DC), Vol. 2, pp. 708–715. 41. A Survey of Palestine. Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the information of the Anglo-American Committee of Enquiry (reprinted 1991 in full with permission from Her Majesty's Stationary Office by the Institute for Palestine Studies, Washington DC), Vol. 2, pp. 570–580; Peel Commission Report, p. 94; Cohen, Israel, p. 228. 42. A Survey of Palestine, pp. 699–700, 710–714, 719–720; Peel Commission Report, pp. 93 (vi), 231. 43. See, for example, Colonial Office, Palestine. Report on Palestine Administration, 1923, London, 1924, p. 26; Colonial Office, Palestine. Report on Palestine Administration, 1924, London, 1925, pp. 28, 32, 50; Colonial Office, Palestine. Report on Palestine Administration, 1926, London, 1927, p. 33; Chaim Weizmann, ‘Progress and Problems’, Confidential Report to Colonial Office, 15 February 1922, The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, Vol. I, Series B, August 1898–July 1931, New Brunswick and Jerusalem, 1983, p. 366. 44. Kisch, Palestine Diary, pp. 48–49, 54, 73. See also Cohen, Israel, pp. 249–250. 45. J.H. Kann, Some Observations on the Policy of the Mandatory Government of Palestine with Regard to the Arab Attacks on the Jewish Population in August 1929 and the Jewish and the Arab Sections of the Population, Hague, 1930, p. 10. 46. Kenneth W. Stein, The Land Question in Palestine, 1917–1939, Chapel Hill, 1984, pp. 182, 228–239. 47. Gad Frumkin, Derekh Shofet Beyerushalaim, Tel Aviv, 1956, pp. 216, 280–290; Eliyahu Elath, Shivat Zion Vearav, Tel Aviv, 1974, p. 245; Yehuda Taggar, The Mufti of Jerusalem and Palestine Arab Politics, 1930–1937, New York, 1986, p. 83. In January 1935, the Mufti told a Jerusalem conference of ulama that ‘he used only Arab manufactured goods’. 48. Dov Joseph, The Faithful City: The Siege of Jerusalem 1948, New York, 1960, p. 194. 49. While in 1936, according to official British statistics, 195 Arabs were killed by their Arab brothers, compared with 37 Brits and 80 Jews, two years later these figures rose to 503 Arab fatalities, compared with 255 and 77 Jewish and British deaths respectively. Fatalities in 1939 remained on a similar level: 414 Palestinian Arabs murdered by Arab gangs, as opposed to 94 Jews and 37 Brits. Palestinian Arab sources put the number of Arabs murdered by the gangs at a staggering 3,000–4,500. See A Survey of Palestine, Vol. 1, pp. 38, 46, 49; Yuval Arnon-Ohana, Herev Mibait: Hamaavak Hapnimi Betnuah Haleumit Hafalestinit, Tel Aviv, 1981, p. 286. 50. Thus, for example, Arab purchase of Jewish wheat dropped dramatically in 1937 but rose sharply the following year owing to particularly poor crops, with some 70% of the Jewish wheat sold to the Arab sector. Conversely, prior to the 1936–39 violence, about a third of the Palestinian Arab agricultural output was sold to the Jewish sector. See Abramowitz and Galpat, Hameshek Haarvi, pp. 99–105; Stein, The Land Question, p. 182; Protocols of the Meeting of the Jewish Agency's Executive, 1 January 1939, David Ben-Gurion Archive, Sde Boker. 51. Colonial Office, Palestine: Report of the High Commissioner on the Administration of Palestine 1920–1925, London, 1925, pp. 40–41. 52. Ben-Gurion, My Talks, pp. 15–16. 53. Peel Commission Report, pp. 63, 271. 54. Walter Laqueur (ed.), The Israel–Arab Reader, Harmondsworth, 1970, p. 37. 55. ‘Conversation with Awni Abdel Hadi’, 3 June 1920, Hagana Archives (HA), 80/145/11. 56. ‘Notes from an interview accorded to members of the Arab Higher Committee by His Excellency the High Commissioner on the 7th November, 1936’, CZA, S25/22704, pp. 15–16. 57. Ben-Gurion, Bama'araha, Vol. 4, Part 2, p. 260; Hebrew translation of Amin Husseini's interview with Le Journal d'Egypt on 10 November 1947, HA, 105/105a, p. 47; Radio Beirut, 12 November 1947, in Foreign Broadcasts Information Service (FBIS), European Section: Near and Middle East and North African Transmitters, 13 November 1947, II2. 58. See, for example, protocol of the Situation Committee's meetings on 24 November and 22 December 1947, Ben-Gurion Archives; protocol of the Subordinate Committee C meetings on 1, 2 and 22 December 1947, ibid.; Secretariat of Subordinate Committee B, ‘Proposal for the Establishment of a Police in the Hebrew State’, 31 December 1947, ibid. 59. Rama to brigade commanders, ‘Arabs Residing in the Enclaves’, 24 March 1948, HA 46/109/5; ‘Fortnightly Intelligence Newsletter No. 64’, issued by HQ British Troops in Palestine (for the period 2359 hrs 10 Mar–2359 hrs 23 Jan 48), WO 275/64, p. 4; Arab Press Service (Cairo), FBIS, European Section: Near and Middle East and North African Transmitters, 16 December 1947, II1; ‘Weekly Summary for the Alexandroni Brigade, 2 March 1948’, HA 105/143, p. 105; ‘In the Arab Public’, 30 March 1948, HA 105/100, p. 14

Ancient history · Palestine · Political science · Zionism · History · Jewish and Middle Eastern Studies · Middle East Politics and Society

• Zionism, Imperialism, and Indigeneity in Israel/Palestine

  Ran Ukashi•Peace and Conflict Studies•2018

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