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Drone-based thermal imaging of subsurface architecture

Methodological insights and discoveries at Iron Age Raki (Oman)

Datos Bibliográficos

ID7514722
AutoresPaige Paulsen (0000-0002-7914-2954, Dartmouth College, autor de correspondencia), Carolin Ferwerda (0009-0009-8498-6711, Dartmouth College), Joseph W Lehner (0000-0002-5097-3017, The University of Sydney), Michael J Harrower (0000-0002-9290-7624, Johns Hopkins University), Amir Zaribaf (0000-0002-6158-3276, The University of Sydney), Petra M Creamer (0000-0001-9229-9676, Eastern Asia University), J Casana (0000-0002-4445-1802, Dartmouth College), Andrew Clark (0000-0002-2983-4469, Dartmouth College)
Año2026
Volumen69
Páginas105569
Fecha de publicación2026-02-01
Peer ReviewedSí
Open AccessSí
TipoARTICLE
RevistaJournal of Archaeological Science Reports (JOURNAL)
Identificadores de la revistaISSN: 2352-409X • E-ISSN: 2352-4103
EditorialElsevier BV (PUBLISHER)
DOI10.1016/j.jasrep.2026.105569
OpenAlexW7119922922
IdiomaEN
Referencias citadas23

Thermography is a promising method in arid environments with near surface features. • Thermal imagery reveals settlement plan of Iron Age copper production site Raki 2. • Raki 2′s full plan is substantial and combines dense and dispersed architecture. • Domestic architecture at Raki 2 paralleled at other Iron Age sites. This paper presents thermal imagery of Raki 2, a large Iron Age copper production site near Yanqul, Oman. The site, composed of massive amounts of copper slag, exhibits rectilinear architecture built of stone and slag that is not fully visible at the surface. A far more complete architectural layout of the site is revealed using thermal imagery due to the variable thermal emissivity of anthropogenic features like walls that visibly contrast against surrounding sediments. The settlement is unwalled, composed of clusters of densely organized small spaces, isolated structures, and several large, enclosed spaces, variably organized over the intact extent of a gravel terrace. This view of the layout of an entire Iron Age settlement adds to examples known from previous survey and excavation. Raki 2′s architectural organization is more heterogenous than previously documented sites, lacks an enclosure wall, and appears to include additional domestic structures, not merely copper producing installations. This helps us understand the built environment of large-scale copper production during a peak of sociopolitical complexity during the Iron Age

Copper · Emissivity · Iron Age · Settlement (finance · Thermal · Archaeological Research and Protection · Archaeology and Historical Studies · Thermography and Photoacoustic Techniques

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