Calcaneus secundarius

The calcaneus secundarius (CS) is a small accessory ossicle of the anterior calcaneal facet. A sample of 1,367 calcanei including early 20th century U.S. blacks and whites, XIIth Dynasty Egyptians, Islamic Period Bahrainis, and protohistoric American Indians from two states were examined to determine the frequency of this nonmetric trait. Statistical testing of the correlation of the trait with sex could only be performed on the blacks and whites, a documented cadaver collection. Tests of χ 2 indicated that, although sex differences were insignificant, significant group (not necessarily racial or geographical) differences existed at the .05 level. There was no correlation of side dominance in the overall sample, although significant population differences existed. The trait frequencies of the black and white samples were more similar to one another than to the nonindustrial groups who, in turn, were more similar to each other than to the Terry sample. The findings suggest that a CS is of genetic or congenital origin resulting in a secondary center of ossification in the anterior calcaneal facet

Calcaneus · Geology · Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies · Paleontology · Sports injuries and prevention · Sports Performance and Training

• Multiple abnormalities in the feet and associated changes elsewhere in the skeleton

  Open Access•Mary Jackes, M Parent et al.•HOMO•2017

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• Several Infra‐cranial Non‐metric Variations in a Single Neolithic individual

  Open Access•Emeline Verna, Villotte•International Journal of…•2016

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• Skeletal Kinship Analysis Using Developmental Anomalies of the Foot

  Open Access•D Troy Case, L B Jones et al.•International Journal of…•2017

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• Foot anomalies in the Late Neolithic/Chalcolithic population exhumed from the rock cut cave of São Paulo 2 (Almada, Portugal)

  Open Access•A M Silva•International Journal of…•2011

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• Mise au point sur les caractères discrets du membre inférieur

  Open Access•Emeline Verna, M-D Piercecchi-Marti et al.•Cahiers du Centre de recherches…•2014

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• Description of skeletal remains from a Black slave cemetery from Montserrat, West Indies

  Open Access•R W Mann, Lee Meadows et al.•Annals of Carnegie Museum•1987

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• Calcaneus secundarius

  Open Access•T Anderson•American Journal of Physical…•1988

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