The More Posed and Wise Advice’

‘To me he was always the embodiment of Cavalier romance.’ Thus Vita Sackville-West on her seventeenth-century ancestor, Edward Sackville, fourth earl of Dorset. Such labelling indicates the problems which still bedevil any study of Civil War royalism. Brian Wormald's Clarendon brilliantly revealed that the men who joined Charles I in 1642 represented a broad range of opinion. Above all, he made us aware of a coherent group of moderate (‘constitutional’) royalists who throughout sought accommodation. There was a palpable difference of strategy between these people, who favoured royal concessions in order to prevent further military initiatives, and others who favoured military initiatives in order to prevent further royal concessions. Within these two basic matrices, there were further subtle inflections of attitude between individuals and within the same individual over time. But many such inflections remain murky. Wormald's lead was never followed through. Charles's supporters have consistently received less attention than those who remained with parliament; and among the royalists, moderates have attracted fewer studies than ‘cavaliers’ and ‘swordsmen’. There is thus an urgent need to clarify different varieties of royalism and especially to bring the constitutional royalists into sharper focus. However, before we can assess their wider aims and impact, we must first identify them; and here the inappropriate labels bestowed on so many of Charles's supporters create real problems. Anne Sumner has recently ‘de-mythologized’ John Digby, first earl of Bristol, revealing him as more complex and less intemperate than the ‘hawk’ of legend

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• Strafford's ‘spirit’ at the royalist court

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• Charles I and the Popish Plot

  Thomas Cogswell•Manuscripta•1984

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• The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England

  first earl of Clarendon Edward Hyde, WILLIAM DUNN MACRAY•1888

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• The First Army Plot of 1641

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• Royalist finances during the English Civil War 1642–1646

  Jens Engberg•Scandinavian Economic History…•1966

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• History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War, 1603–1642

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• Presidential Address

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• The First Army Plot of 1641

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• The Baronial Context of the English Civil War

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• Gentry Honor and Royalism in Early Stuart England

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• Saye No More

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• The English Nobility and the Projected Settlement of 1647

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• The Printing of Parliamentary Speeches November 1640–July 1642

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• The Opening of the Long Parliament

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• The Structure of the Royalist Party, 1642–1646

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• The Implications of Royalist Politics, 1642–1646

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• The Private Journals of the Long Parliament, 3 January to 5 March 1642

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• The Royalist Council of War, 1642-6

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• Cheshire, 1630-1660

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• A County Community in Peace and War

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• Unanimity in the Commons, Aristocratic Intrigues, and the Origins of the English Civil War

  Derek Hirst•The Journal of Modern History•1978

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