Combinations of Capital and of Labour in the English Paper Industry, 1789-1825

The practical establishment of a paper-making industry in England dates from the seventeenth century.2 Earlier ventures there certainly were and of those the most famous and possibly the most important was Spilman's mill at Dartford, at work in 1588.3 During the course of the seventeenth century the number of mills increased, and on more than one occasion paper-making came to the notice of officialdom.4 In spite of the growth implied by this, Restoration England was still very largely dependent for its paper upon imports, especially from France. In the half-century between 1670 and 1720, however, wars, trade embargoes, and immigrations of Huguenot artisans combined to provide, directly and indirectly, a major stimulus to English papermaking.5 Without going into the details of this growth, which took place during one of the most interesting periods of early English industrial enterprise, it can be stated simply that a recognisable and

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