The Everyday Nationalism of Workers

How do we measure nationalism? Or, to put it more precisely, how can historians assess how far the patriotic rhetoric generated within modern European states by national and local authorities, civil associations and a wide range of other cultural agents, resulted in the forging of a nationalist mentality among their citizens? Much of the writing on this subject has displayed an instinctive bias in favour of a positive answer to this question. Historians are always inclined to find what they go looking for; and surely the evidence is so emphatic in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries of the prevalence of nationalist sentiments, that studies of nationalism have been inclined to knit together diverse evidence to conclude that popular identification with the nation was, with some exceptions, one of the dominant realities in Europe, at least until the middle of the twentieth century. It is this assumption that Maarten Van Ginderachter

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