Richard Dunning is Lecturer at the University of Liverpool, School of Environmental Sciences – Geography and Planning, Roxby Building, Liverpool L69 3BX; Hannah Hickman is Senior Research Fellow, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY; Aidan While is Reader at the University of Sheffield, Urban Studies and Planning, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN