George Chaplin
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 100076 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | George Chaplin |
| NOMBRES | George |
| APELLIDO | Chaplin |
| FIRMA | CHAPLIN G |
| AFILIACIONES | California Academy of Sciences |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7341-7742 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 24 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 181 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 24 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1991 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2022 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
Biophysical evidence to support and extend the vitamin D‐folate hypothesis as a paradigm for the evolution of human skin pigmentation
Objective To test the “vitamin D‐folate hypothesis for the evolution of human skin pigmentation.” Methods Total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) satellite data were used to examine surface UV‐irradiance in a large ( n = 649) Australian cross‐sectional study population. Genetic analysis was used to score vitamin D‐ and folate‐related gene polymorphisms ( n = 22), along with two pigmentation gene variants ( IRF4 ‐rs12203592/ HERC2‐ rs12913832). Re…
Early lifecycle UV‐exposure calibrates adult vitamin D metabolism
Objectives Within the Developmental Origins of Adult Disease (DOHaD) model, early life environmental exposures can confer a long‐term legacy on human health. This mechanism may be adaptive or maladaptive depending on lifestyle circumstances. This article examines the role of first trimester UV‐exposure on late‐life vitamin D levels, and potentially related adaptive and maladaptive phenotypes (height and osteoporosis respectively). Methods Six hun…
Frequency of folate‐related polymorphisms varies by skin pigmentation
Vitamin D and folate
Objectives The purpose of this study was (1) to elucidate any reciprocal seasonal relationship that might exist between red cell folate (RCF) and serum vitamin D 3 Levels; (2) to explore whether folate‐related gene variants that influence/alter DNA‐thymidylate and methyl group biosynthesis modify any associations detected in objective 1; and (3) to consider whether these processes might influence reproductive success consistent with the “folate‐v…
The influences of genes, the environment, and social factors on the evolution of skin color diversity in India
OBJECTIVES: Skin color is a highly visible and variable trait across human populations. It is not yet clear how evolutionary forces interact to generate phenotypic diversity. Here, we sought to unravel through an integrative framework the role played by three factors-demography and migration, sexual selection, and natural selection-in driving skin color diversity in India. METHODS: Skin reflectance data were collected from 10 diverse socio-cultur…
UV‐associated decline in systemic folate
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine whether UV exposure alters folate status according to C677T-MTHFR genotype, and to consider the relevance of this to human health and the evolutionary model of skin pigmentation. METHODS: Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) satellite data were used to examine surface UV-irradiance, as a marker of UV exposure, in a large (n = 649) Australian cross-sectional study population. PCR/RFLP analysi…
VDR gene methylation as a molecular adaption to light exposure
Objectives The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. We examined whether degree of VDR gene methylation acts as a molecular adaptation to light exposure. We explored this in the context of photoperiod at conception, recent UV irradiance at 305 nm, and gene‐latitude effects. METHODS Eighty subjects were examined for VDR gene‐CpG island methylation density. VDR gene variants were also examined…
Behavioral thermoregulation in Lemur catta
Regulation of body temperature poses significant problems for organisms that inhabit environments with extreme and seasonally fluctuating ambient temperatures. To help alleviate the energetic costs of autonomic responses, these organisms often thermoregulate through behavioral mechanisms. Among primates, lemurs in Madagascar experience uncharacteristically seasonal and unpredictable climates relative to other primate-rich regions. Malagasy primat…
Conflict and Societal Change in Late Prehistoric Eastern North America
As recently as the 1980s, archeologists focusing on prehistoric eastern North America paid little attention to intergroup conflict. Today the situation is quite different, as indicated by this Special Issue. Archeologists now face three principal challenges: to document the temporal and spatial distribution of evidence of conflict; to identify the cultural and environmental conditions associated with variation in the nature and frequency of warfa…
The Human Environment and the Vitamin D Compromise
Year-round human habitation of environments with highly seasonal regimes of ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) depended on adaptive complexes of biological and cultural traits to ensure adequacy of vitamin D. Perturbations of such adaptive complexes resulting from changes in the physical environment, human behavior and culture, or both have had unexpected and untoward consequences for health. Scotland is an excellent case study of the changing nature …
Epidermal pigmentation in the human lineage is an adaptation to ultraviolet radiation
Micromammals from an early Holocene archaeological site in southwest China
Human skin pigmentation as an adaptation to UV radiation
Human skin pigmentation is the product of two clines produced by natural selection to adjust levels of constitutive pigmentation to levels of UV radiation (UVR). One cline was generated by high UVR near the equator and led to the evolution of dark, photoprotective, eumelanin-rich pigmentation. The other was produced by the requirement for UVB photons to sustain cutaneous photosynthesis of vitamin D 3 in low-UVB environments, and resulted in the e…
Eastern North American Population at ca. A.D. 1500
Archaeologically documented population aggregates are used to estimate the population of eastern North America around A.D. 1500 and by extension the entire continent north of heavily populated Mesoamerica. Occupied areas plotted from archaeological and historical information were increased by buffer areas with widths determined by average nearest neighbor distances. Population sizes assigned to these areas were based on three compilations of hist…
Vitamin D and the evolution of human depigmentation
Geographic distribution of environmental factors influencing human skin coloration
Skin coloration in indigenous peoples is strongly related to levels of ultraviolet radiation (UVR). In this study, the relationships of skin reflectance to seasonal UVR levels and other environmental variables were investigated, with the aim of determining which variables contributed most significantly to skin reflectance. The UVR data recorded by satellite were combined with environmental variables and data on human skin reflectance in a geograp…
GIS Emerging Technology
The evolution of human skin coloration
Hemispheric difference in human skin color
Hemispheric difference in human skin color
Physiology, thermoregulation and bipedalism
Origin of habitual terrestrial bipedalism in the ancestor of the Hominidae
The origin of hominid bipedalism re‐examined
The evolution of habitual terrestrial bipedalism in the ancestor of the Hominidae can be reconstructed through an examination of historical transformations of shared‐derived morphological‐behavioural complexes related to bipedalism in catarrhines. This reconstruction indicates that terrestrial bipedal displays may be of particular importance in understanding the development of habitual terrestrial bipedalism because they are the most recently acq…
A comment on the effect of posture and locomotion on energy expenditure
The evolution of human skin coloration
The origin of hominid bipedalism re‐examined
The evolution of habitual terrestrial bipedalism in the ancestor of the Hominidae can be reconstructed through an examination of historical transformations of shared‐derived morphological‐behavioural complexes related to bipedalism in catarrhines. This reconstruction indicates that terrestrial bipedal displays may be of particular importance in understanding the development of habitual terrestrial bipedalism because they are the most recently acq…
Geographic distribution of environmental factors influencing human skin coloration
Skin coloration in indigenous peoples is strongly related to levels of ultraviolet radiation (UVR). In this study, the relationships of skin reflectance to seasonal UVR levels and other environmental variables were investigated, with the aim of determining which variables contributed most significantly to skin reflectance. The UVR data recorded by satellite were combined with environmental variables and data on human skin reflectance in a geograp…
Vitamin D and the evolution of human depigmentation
Origin of habitual terrestrial bipedalism in the ancestor of the Hominidae
Physiology, thermoregulation and bipedalism
The Human Environment and the Vitamin D Compromise
Year-round human habitation of environments with highly seasonal regimes of ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) depended on adaptive complexes of biological and cultural traits to ensure adequacy of vitamin D. Perturbations of such adaptive complexes resulting from changes in the physical environment, human behavior and culture, or both have had unexpected and untoward consequences for health. Scotland is an excellent case study of the changing nature …
Epidermal pigmentation in the human lineage is an adaptation to ultraviolet radiation
Micromammals from an early Holocene archaeological site in southwest China
A comment on the effect of posture and locomotion on energy expenditure
The origin of hominid bipedalism re‐examined
The evolution of habitual terrestrial bipedalism in the ancestor of the Hominidae can be reconstructed through an examination of historical transformations of shared‐derived morphological‐behavioural complexes related to bipedalism in catarrhines. This reconstruction indicates that terrestrial bipedal displays may be of particular importance in understanding the development of habitual terrestrial bipedalism because they are the most recently acq…
Origin of habitual terrestrial bipedalism in the ancestor of the Hominidae
Physiology, thermoregulation and bipedalism
Hemispheric difference in human skin color
Hemispheric difference in human skin color
The evolution of human skin coloration
GIS Emerging Technology
Geographic distribution of environmental factors influencing human skin coloration
Skin coloration in indigenous peoples is strongly related to levels of ultraviolet radiation (UVR). In this study, the relationships of skin reflectance to seasonal UVR levels and other environmental variables were investigated, with the aim of determining which variables contributed most significantly to skin reflectance. The UVR data recorded by satellite were combined with environmental variables and data on human skin reflectance in a geograp…
Vitamin D and the evolution of human depigmentation
Human skin pigmentation as an adaptation to UV radiation
Human skin pigmentation is the product of two clines produced by natural selection to adjust levels of constitutive pigmentation to levels of UV radiation (UVR). One cline was generated by high UVR near the equator and led to the evolution of dark, photoprotective, eumelanin-rich pigmentation. The other was produced by the requirement for UVB photons to sustain cutaneous photosynthesis of vitamin D 3 in low-UVB environments, and resulted in the e…
Eastern North American Population at ca. A.D. 1500
Archaeologically documented population aggregates are used to estimate the population of eastern North America around A.D. 1500 and by extension the entire continent north of heavily populated Mesoamerica. Occupied areas plotted from archaeological and historical information were increased by buffer areas with widths determined by average nearest neighbor distances. Population sizes assigned to these areas were based on three compilations of hist…
Micromammals from an early Holocene archaeological site in southwest China
Conflict and Societal Change in Late Prehistoric Eastern North America
As recently as the 1980s, archeologists focusing on prehistoric eastern North America paid little attention to intergroup conflict. Today the situation is quite different, as indicated by this Special Issue. Archeologists now face three principal challenges: to document the temporal and spatial distribution of evidence of conflict; to identify the cultural and environmental conditions associated with variation in the nature and frequency of warfa…
The Human Environment and the Vitamin D Compromise
Year-round human habitation of environments with highly seasonal regimes of ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) depended on adaptive complexes of biological and cultural traits to ensure adequacy of vitamin D. Perturbations of such adaptive complexes resulting from changes in the physical environment, human behavior and culture, or both have had unexpected and untoward consequences for health. Scotland is an excellent case study of the changing nature …
Epidermal pigmentation in the human lineage is an adaptation to ultraviolet radiation
Behavioral thermoregulation in Lemur catta
Regulation of body temperature poses significant problems for organisms that inhabit environments with extreme and seasonally fluctuating ambient temperatures. To help alleviate the energetic costs of autonomic responses, these organisms often thermoregulate through behavioral mechanisms. Among primates, lemurs in Madagascar experience uncharacteristically seasonal and unpredictable climates relative to other primate-rich regions. Malagasy primat…
UV‐associated decline in systemic folate
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine whether UV exposure alters folate status according to C677T-MTHFR genotype, and to consider the relevance of this to human health and the evolutionary model of skin pigmentation. METHODS: Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) satellite data were used to examine surface UV-irradiance, as a marker of UV exposure, in a large (n = 649) Australian cross-sectional study population. PCR/RFLP analysi…
VDR gene methylation as a molecular adaption to light exposure
Objectives The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is a member of the nuclear receptor family of transcription factors. We examined whether degree of VDR gene methylation acts as a molecular adaptation to light exposure. We explored this in the context of photoperiod at conception, recent UV irradiance at 305 nm, and gene‐latitude effects. METHODS Eighty subjects were examined for VDR gene‐CpG island methylation density. VDR gene variants were also examined…
Frequency of folate‐related polymorphisms varies by skin pigmentation
Vitamin D and folate
Objectives The purpose of this study was (1) to elucidate any reciprocal seasonal relationship that might exist between red cell folate (RCF) and serum vitamin D 3 Levels; (2) to explore whether folate‐related gene variants that influence/alter DNA‐thymidylate and methyl group biosynthesis modify any associations detected in objective 1; and (3) to consider whether these processes might influence reproductive success consistent with the “folate‐v…
The influences of genes, the environment, and social factors on the evolution of skin color diversity in India
OBJECTIVES: Skin color is a highly visible and variable trait across human populations. It is not yet clear how evolutionary forces interact to generate phenotypic diversity. Here, we sought to unravel through an integrative framework the role played by three factors-demography and migration, sexual selection, and natural selection-in driving skin color diversity in India. METHODS: Skin reflectance data were collected from 10 diverse socio-cultur…
Early lifecycle UV‐exposure calibrates adult vitamin D metabolism
Objectives Within the Developmental Origins of Adult Disease (DOHaD) model, early life environmental exposures can confer a long‐term legacy on human health. This mechanism may be adaptive or maladaptive depending on lifestyle circumstances. This article examines the role of first trimester UV‐exposure on late‐life vitamin D levels, and potentially related adaptive and maladaptive phenotypes (height and osteoporosis respectively). Methods Six hun…
Biophysical evidence to support and extend the vitamin D‐folate hypothesis as a paradigm for the evolution of human skin pigmentation
Objective To test the “vitamin D‐folate hypothesis for the evolution of human skin pigmentation.” Methods Total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) satellite data were used to examine surface UV‐irradiance in a large ( n = 649) Australian cross‐sectional study population. Genetic analysis was used to score vitamin D‐ and folate‐related gene polymorphisms ( n = 22), along with two pigmentation gene variants ( IRF4 ‐rs12203592/ HERC2‐ rs12913832). Re…
Biology (17 obras) · Skin Protection and Aging (9 obras) · Genetics (8 obras) · Medicine (8 obras) · Ecology (6 obras) · Evolutionary biology (6 obras) · Population (6 obras) · Sociology (6 obras) · Archaeology (5 obras) · Gene (5 obras)