Peter J Jankowski
Biographic Data
| ID | 1002347 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Peter J Jankowski |
| GIVEN NAMES | Peter J |
| FAMILY NAME | Jankowski |
| SIGNATURE | JANKOWSKI P J |
| AFFILIATIONS | Bethel University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4274-4775 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 36 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 27 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 36 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2000 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
The Spiritual Formation of Religious Leaders: An Analysis of The Association of Theological Schools’ Graduating Student Questionnaire Data
Recent research on mature alterity , or humbly engaging with others’ differentness, showed a negative relation with religiousness/spirituality. There were also mixed findings for the association between mature alterity and well-being. Using a sample ( N = 5,528; M age = 41.92; 55% male; 57% White) of graduating students at 151 North American institutions accredited by the Association of Theological Schools, we employed variable- and person-center…
Holding “Preciousness and Brokenness”: Spiritual Changes and Struggles of Rabbinical Students During the Israel-Hamas War Following October 7th
Spiritual Formation Among Students at Christian Seminaries: Mature Alterity, Symptoms, and Well-Being
Mature alterity is a key marker of spiritual formation. We used person-centered data analytic techniques to empirically generate subgroups differentiated by their profile on dimensions of the relational spirituality model (RSM). Four RSM dimensions were derived from factor analytic techniques on fifty items from eight measures of religiousness/spirituality and self-regulatory strengths. We used a sample of students from eighteen North American se…
Discriminating the dimensions of humility: A validation study with religious identifying individuals
Patterns of Christian Nationalist Engagement and Connections to Spirituality
Despite the increasing prominence of Christian nationalism within the United States and its associations with anti-democratic attitudes and racial bias, little is known about how emerging religious/spiritual (R/S) leaders engage with Christian nationalism. Moreover, while extant research has thus far examined demographic and political associations with Christian nationalism, the present study attempted to understand how emerging R/S leaders pursu…
Latent Profiles of Seminary Students' Perceptions of Sense of Community Amidst the Covid-19 Pandemic
Existing research on sense of community in educational contexts shows positive associations with well-being and negative associations with mental health symptoms. However, exploration of students' sense of community within the seminary context is minimal. Drawing on the relational spirituality model, which posits oscillating experiences of dwelling and seeking in a dialectical growth process, we framed sense of community as horizontal dwelling. W…
(Re)Framing Resilience: A Trajectory-Based Study Involving Emerging Religious/Spiritual Leaders
The COVID-19 pandemic has provided a unique circumstance for the study of resilience, and clergy resilience has garnered increased research attention due to greater recognition that religious/spiritual leaders are at risk for elevated levels of anxiety and burnout. We examined longitudinal patterns of change during the pandemic in a sample of emerging leaders (N = 751; Mage = 32.82; SD 11.37; 49.9% female; 59.8% White). In doing so, we offered a …
The Influence of Experiential Avoidance, Humility and Patience on the Association Between Religious/Spiritual Exploration and Well-Being
Testing a relational spirituality model of psychotherapy clients’ preferences and functioning
This study tested hypotheses about client preferences and functioning based on a relational spirituality model of psychotherapy in a sample (N = 101) of adult clients at a community mental health center in the northeastern United States. Most clients wanted to engage spiritual, religious, and existential issues in treatment and this preference was positively related to both spiritual/religious commitment and questing. Clients’ ratings of therapis…
Development and Evaluation of the Clinician-Rated Humility Scale
Humility is a key virtue in most religious traditions, and empirical evidence links it with healthy religious leader development. Psychological evaluation often forms part of the vocational discernment process for religious leaders. We evaluated development of the clinician-rated humility scale (CRHS) within the clergy candidate psychological evaluation context at a community mental health center in the United States. In Study 1, we examined inte…
Longitudinal associations for right-wing authoritarianism, social justice, and compassion among seminary students
Religious/spiritual communities in the United States hold significant differences in the relative valuing of social order and progress toward social justice, and religious/spiritual leaders play an influential role in fostering those values. This recognition has prompted calls for theological education to revise the process of student formation, equipping them to address an increasingly diverse social world and the social disparities within their…
The Moderating Influence of Religiousness/Spirituality on Covid-19 Impact and Change in Psychotherapy
The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred a global surge in empirical research examining the influence of the pandemic on individuals' mental health symptoms and well-being. Within this larger literature is a rapidly growing literature on the associations among religiousness/spirituality, COVID-19 impact, symptoms and well-being. Largely absent from this literature is a specific research focus on psychotherapy clients, and the influence of religiousness/…
Religiousness and acculturation as moderators of the association linking acculturative stress to levels of hazardous alcohol use in college students
Religious beliefs and domestic violence myths
Attachment to God as mediator of the relationship between God Representations and mental health
Religion and spirituality have frequently been associated with mental health and well-being. However, inconsistent results suggest that there may be mediating factors. God representations highlight individual differences in relating to the sacred, which may have implications for mental health. Attachment theory has also been related to God representations and mental health. This study examined the relationships between benevolent and authoritaria…
Humility, Relational Spirituality, and Well-being among Religious Leaders: A Moderated Mediation Model
A Construct Validation Argument for the Intercultural Development Inventory
Construct validation evidence for the Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI) offers support for the use of the IDI to assess individuals’ ability to observe differences and similarities, and adapt behavior to cultural context. This review offers researchers and practitioners the information needed to make an informed decision about using the IDI
Calvinism, Gender Ideology, and Relational Spirituality: An Empirical Investigation of Worldview Differences
Participants were grouped on the basis of theological beliefs about divine-human and female-male dynamics using cluster analysis. We then explored whether these subgroups might differ on (a) hierarchical social expectations, (b) commitments to social justice and intercultural competence, (c) religious exploration, (d) existential defensiveness, (e) views of psychology – theology integration, and (f) perspectives on women's leadership. The sample …
Penal Substitutionary Atonement and Concern for Suffering: An Empirical Study
The present study tested a hypothesized model of the degree of belief in penal substitutionary atonement (PSA) predicting a negative association with a sense of responsibility for reducing pain and suffering in the world. Gender complementarian beliefs were hypothesized as a mediator of this association based on theological frameworks within the “New Calvinism” movement connecting PSA, gender views, and the positive spiritual significance of pain…
Vulnerable narcissism, forgiveness, humility, and depression: Mediator effects for differentiation of self
Vulnerable narcissism (VN), a central construct in Kohutian self-psychology, lags behind grandiose narcissism in the empirical research literature, yet a growing body of evidence suggests important implications for VN in relation to mental health and psychosocial functioning. Recent empirical research in the field of positive psychology has found negative associations between VN and the relational virtues of forgiveness and humility, while other …
Differentiation of Self and Clinicians’ Perceptions of Client Sexual Behavior as “Problematic”
Attachment to God, adult attachment, and spiritual pathology: Mediator and moderator effects
In this exploratory study, we examined moderated mediation models grounded in psychoanalytic and attachment theory regarding the correspondence between adult attachment and Divine–human relating in a sample of graduate students in the USA. Results supported the correspondence hypothesis as positive correlations between adult attachment dimensions and attachment to God dimensions were observed. An interaction effect was observed as spiritual grand…
Adult Attachment and Well-Being: Dimensions of Differentiation of Self as Mediators
Religiousness and Levels of Hazardous Alcohol Use: A Latent Profile Analysis
Attachment to God and Humility: Indirect Effect and Conditional Effects Models
The safe haven and secure base functions of attachment to God were examined in proposed indirect and conditional effects models. Support for the safe haven function stemmed from significant specific indirect effects between spiritual instability and dispositional humility through lowered differentiation of self, through increased insecure God attachment, and through both increased insecure attachment and lowered differentiation of self. A nonsign…
Fusing Horizons: Exploring Qualitative Research and Psychotherapeutic Applications of Social Constructionism
Adult Attachment and Well-Being: Dimensions of Differentiation of Self as Mediators
Religiosity, Intolerant Attitudes, and Domestic Violence Myth Acceptance
The latent construct of religiosity comprised measures of external, internal, and quest religiosity and was examined in relation to the latent construct of intolerant attitudes in a sample of undergraduate and graduate students at a Christian-affiliated university. The latent construct of intolerance included the indicators of rape and domestic violence myth acceptance, social dominance, dogmatism, and negative attitudes toward women. Multivariat…
(Re)Framing Resilience: A Trajectory-Based Study Involving Emerging Religious/Spiritual Leaders
The COVID-19 pandemic has provided a unique circumstance for the study of resilience, and clergy resilience has garnered increased research attention due to greater recognition that religious/spiritual leaders are at risk for elevated levels of anxiety and burnout. We examined longitudinal patterns of change during the pandemic in a sample of emerging leaders (N = 751; Mage = 32.82; SD 11.37; 49.9% female; 59.8% White). In doing so, we offered a …
Bowen Family Systems Theory and Spirituality: Exploring the Relationship Between Triangulation and Religious Questing
The Moderating Influence of Religiousness/Spirituality on Covid-19 Impact and Change in Psychotherapy
The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred a global surge in empirical research examining the influence of the pandemic on individuals' mental health symptoms and well-being. Within this larger literature is a rapidly growing literature on the associations among religiousness/spirituality, COVID-19 impact, symptoms and well-being. Largely absent from this literature is a specific research focus on psychotherapy clients, and the influence of religiousness/…
Spirituality, social justice, and intercultural competence: Mediator effects for differentiation of self
Reporting Cases of Child Maltreatment: Decision-Making Processes of Family Therapists in Illinois
Problem Definition in Marital and Family Therapy: A Qualitative Study
Moving Beyond Nouns and Verbs: A Collaborative Writing Group's Developmental Story
The authors present an experiential group approach designed to support better writing skills for family therapists. Key factors such as trust, collaboration, absence of hierarchy, epistemological similarity and structural strategies are identified as contributing to the success of the group. Outcomes and suggestions for future implementations and replication are provided
Fusing Horizons: Exploring Qualitative Research and Psychotherapeutic Applications of Social Constructionism
Problem Definition in Marital and Family Therapy: A Qualitative Study
Reporting Cases of Child Maltreatment: Decision-Making Processes of Family Therapists in Illinois
Bowen Family Systems Theory and Spirituality: Exploring the Relationship Between Triangulation and Religious Questing
Forgiveness, spiritual instability, mental health symptoms, and well-being: Mediator effects of differentiation of self
Quest and Spiritual Development Moderated by Spiritual Transformation
A relational model of spirituality and transformation (Shults & Sandage, 2006; Sandage & Shults, 2007) based on the dialectic of spiritual dwelling and seeking (Wuthnow, 1998) was tested in a sample of Christian graduate seminary students (N = 181). Spiritual dwelling was operationalized using a developmental measure of realistic acceptance (RA)(Hall & Edwards, 2002), and spiritual seeking was measured with the Quest Scale (Batson & Schoenrade, 1…
Meditative prayer, hope, adult attachment, and forgiveness: A proposed model
The present study tested a theoretical model of the relationship between meditative prayer and interpersonal forgiveness with hope and adult attachment as mediator variables. Results supported the proposed multiple mediation model as determined by multiple measures of model fit with the data. Significant direct effects were observed between meditative prayer and hope, hope and adult attachment, and adult attachment and forgiveness. A significant …
Religiosity, Intolerant Attitudes, and Domestic Violence Myth Acceptance
The latent construct of religiosity comprised measures of external, internal, and quest religiosity and was examined in relation to the latent construct of intolerant attitudes in a sample of undergraduate and graduate students at a Christian-affiliated university. The latent construct of intolerance included the indicators of rape and domestic violence myth acceptance, social dominance, dogmatism, and negative attitudes toward women. Multivariat…
Spiritual dwelling and well-being: The mediating role of differentiation of self in a sample of distressed adults
The current study tested a theoretical model of the relationship between spiritual dwelling and well-being, with differentiation of self (DoS) as a mediator variable. The proposed model is informed by a theory of differentiation-based spirituality, and therefore examined the hypothesis that DoS would significantly mediate the relationship between spiritual dwelling and negative mood. It was also hypothesised that DoS would not mediate the relatio…
Spirituality, social justice, and intercultural competence: Mediator effects for differentiation of self
Attachment to God and Humility: Indirect Effect and Conditional Effects Models
The safe haven and secure base functions of attachment to God were examined in proposed indirect and conditional effects models. Support for the safe haven function stemmed from significant specific indirect effects between spiritual instability and dispositional humility through lowered differentiation of self, through increased insecure God attachment, and through both increased insecure attachment and lowered differentiation of self. A nonsign…
Attachment to God, adult attachment, and spiritual pathology: Mediator and moderator effects
In this exploratory study, we examined moderated mediation models grounded in psychoanalytic and attachment theory regarding the correspondence between adult attachment and Divine–human relating in a sample of graduate students in the USA. Results supported the correspondence hypothesis as positive correlations between adult attachment dimensions and attachment to God dimensions were observed. An interaction effect was observed as spiritual grand…
Adult Attachment and Well-Being: Dimensions of Differentiation of Self as Mediators
Religiousness and Levels of Hazardous Alcohol Use: A Latent Profile Analysis
Calvinism, Gender Ideology, and Relational Spirituality: An Empirical Investigation of Worldview Differences
Participants were grouped on the basis of theological beliefs about divine-human and female-male dynamics using cluster analysis. We then explored whether these subgroups might differ on (a) hierarchical social expectations, (b) commitments to social justice and intercultural competence, (c) religious exploration, (d) existential defensiveness, (e) views of psychology – theology integration, and (f) perspectives on women's leadership. The sample …
Penal Substitutionary Atonement and Concern for Suffering: An Empirical Study
The present study tested a hypothesized model of the degree of belief in penal substitutionary atonement (PSA) predicting a negative association with a sense of responsibility for reducing pain and suffering in the world. Gender complementarian beliefs were hypothesized as a mediator of this association based on theological frameworks within the “New Calvinism” movement connecting PSA, gender views, and the positive spiritual significance of pain…
Vulnerable narcissism, forgiveness, humility, and depression: Mediator effects for differentiation of self
Vulnerable narcissism (VN), a central construct in Kohutian self-psychology, lags behind grandiose narcissism in the empirical research literature, yet a growing body of evidence suggests important implications for VN in relation to mental health and psychosocial functioning. Recent empirical research in the field of positive psychology has found negative associations between VN and the relational virtues of forgiveness and humility, while other …
Differentiation of Self and Clinicians’ Perceptions of Client Sexual Behavior as “Problematic”
Religious beliefs and domestic violence myths
Attachment to God as mediator of the relationship between God Representations and mental health
Religion and spirituality have frequently been associated with mental health and well-being. However, inconsistent results suggest that there may be mediating factors. God representations highlight individual differences in relating to the sacred, which may have implications for mental health. Attachment theory has also been related to God representations and mental health. This study examined the relationships between benevolent and authoritaria…
Humility, Relational Spirituality, and Well-being among Religious Leaders: A Moderated Mediation Model
A Construct Validation Argument for the Intercultural Development Inventory
Construct validation evidence for the Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI) offers support for the use of the IDI to assess individuals’ ability to observe differences and similarities, and adapt behavior to cultural context. This review offers researchers and practitioners the information needed to make an informed decision about using the IDI
Religiousness and acculturation as moderators of the association linking acculturative stress to levels of hazardous alcohol use in college students
The Influence of Experiential Avoidance, Humility and Patience on the Association Between Religious/Spiritual Exploration and Well-Being
Psychology (33 works) · Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology (26 works) · Social Psychology (26 works) · Spirituality (16 works) · Medicine (13 works) · Clinical Psychology (11 works) · Developmental psychology (11 works) · Psychotherapist (11 works) · Social Psychology (11 works) · Theology (11 works)