John M Kennedy
Biographic Data
| ID | 1006607 |
|---|---|
| NAME | John M Kennedy |
| GIVEN NAMES | John M |
| FAMILY NAME | Kennedy |
| SIGNATURE | KENNEDY J M |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Toronto |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4162-7216 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 34 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 60 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 34 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1971 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Association Between Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, and Technology Use in Autistic Adults
There is little understanding of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior as preventive health behaviors in autistic adults. Technology has been used as an educational and social intervention tool for autistic individuals, yet it is also associated with low PA and high sedentary time (ST) in the neurotypical population. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of self-reported PA and ST and their relationships with various technology uses …
The Effect of Incentives on Internet Surveys: Response Rate Changes After the Introduction of Incentives
Incentives are often included in survey design because they are known to improve response rates, at least moderately. This paper describes the changes in the response rates when incentives were introduced into a longitudinal survey. The National Survey of Student Engagement was conducted annually at Indiana University Bloomington from 2000 through 2012. In 2010, incentives were introduced in an attempt to reverse the declining response rates. The…
Natural, Artifactual, and Evolutionary Perspective
Looking out at the world around us, we readily perceive our 3-D surroundings. The sizes of objects in our environment, such as tiles on a piazza, distant buildings on a ground plane, tools on a tabletop, or foreground and background people in a large crowd, are perceived highly accurately, at least within a certain spatial range. So too is the layout of these objects, that is, their distances from us and from each other and their relative dimensi…
The impact of sexual arousal on sexual risk‐taking: A qualitative study
Quantitative studies have shown that both straight and gay men with a low propensity for inhibition of sexual arousal are more likely to engage in unprotected sex in the face of risk. This article reports findings from an interview study of both straight and gay men focusing on the individual's experience of the impact of sexual arousal on risk management. The impact of the immediate post-ejaculatory period and the effects of condoms on sexual ar…
Conceptual Metaphor and Abstract Thought
David Ritchie (2003b) defended Lakoff and Johnson's (1980) theory of conceptual metaphor against criticism made by Vervaeke and Kennedy (1996). Though Ritchie modified theory of conceptual metaphor, he held fast to the idea that much of abstract thought depends on metaphorical projection from embodied experience. We argue therein lie reductionism's dangers, seriously misrepresenting abstract thought, and a straightjacket-an inability to account f…
Reversibility, Aptness, and the Conventionality of Metaphors and Similes
Metaphors and similes relate a topic (e.g., "crime") and a vehicle ("disease"). As sentences, metaphors (e.g., "crime is a disease") have the same form as literal claims about a category and similes (e.g., "crime is like a disease") the form of a comparison. However, a traditional argument is these differences between metaphors and similes are superficial, and the 2 assert the same relation between the topic and the vehicle. We test this argument…
Aptness is more important than comprehensibility in preference for metaphors and similes
Race and Morality: How Good Intentions Undermine Social Justice and Perpetuate Inequality
Preface. I. Moral Invisibility. II. Moral Enemies. III. Died of a Theory. IV. The American Creed. V. The Culture of Slavery: Origins. VI. The Culture of Slavery: Outcomes. VII. Racial 'Empowerment'. VIII. Change Strategies. IX. Natural Resocialization. X. The Black Middle Class. XI. The White Middle Class. Endnotes. Bibliography. Index
Literal Bases for Metaphor and Simile
A literal base theory of figurative language holds that figurative claims are modeled on literal forms of expression. They use surface features of literal forms but relax their constraints. We test this theory on metaphors (Rumors are weeds) and similes (Rumors are like weeds), which have forms of literal categorization and similarity claims, respectively. Consistent with the literal base theory, we report the metaphor form is preferred over the …
Are Metaphors Elliptical Similes
What Makes a Metaphor Stronger Than a Simile
The categorization theory offered by Glucksberg and Keysar (1993) contends that metaphors are class-inclusion claims and that metaphors are stronger than similes. Indeed, when a metaphor corrects a simile-as in "Jack isn't just like a rock, he is a rock!"-it is stronger in several respects. But when the metaphor and simile are uttered on their own, and not in situations involving corrections, similes may equal metaphors in strength. The reason ma…
Promoting a Scholar's Privilege: Accelerating the Pace
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Promoting a Scholar's Privilege: Accelerating the Pace: [Commentary]
As social scientists involved in issues of research ethics and science policy, we appreciate the position taken in the McLaughlin paper (1999). McLaughlin advocates for a limited social science research privilege and the importance of its recognition through common law. Both points are essentially sound. As we argue here and elsewhere (Levine 1994), a research privilege is necessary to produce critical knowledge without constraint or interference…
Metaphors in Language and Thought: Falsification and Multiple Meanings
Metaphors are more than figures of speech, because they influence concepts as well as modes of expression. Metaphors also come in types, related to specific topics, such as warlike metaphors used to describe arguments. It is sometimes contended that the root metaphors for these types are implicit. However, there is little reason to suppose influential implicit metaphors govern how people think without their knowing it. There are logical difficult…
Unresolved contradictions specifying attitudes - in metaphor, irony, understatement and tautology
Contradictions Between Metaphors: A Means of Expressing an Attitude
We examine a corpus of metaphors used in an autobiography of childhood for contradictions Childhood is described in terms of containment, but the rule of transitivity is violated across the metaphors by the implicit statement: Childhood is in childhood. This contradiction serves to express an attitude of alienation, as it renders the childhood an omnipresent phenomenon leaving no room for the subject of the story. This reification of childhood is…
Metaphoric Thought and Devices in Pictures
In that metaphor is made up of ideas and their expression, not just language, it may occur in pictures, not just in verbal representation. Pictorial metaphors for action in line drawings frequently involve events depicted in ways that violate a standard usage of outline and show the course of the action aptly. Metaphoric line pictures may include attempts to depict mental states, such as kinds of perception. Metaphoric pictures depicting perceptu…
Illusions and Knowing What Is Real
Geometrical illusions are displays that give false impressions that observers take to be accurate. They have traditionally been cited as evidence against the naive realist claim that people see the world as it "really " is. Such illusions, however, often depend on their being viewed from a single vantage point (Kennedy & Portal, 1990). In Gibsonian terms, they depend on the availability of impoverished information. In this study, spatial transfor…
Space, haptics and the blind
The Nasa/DoD aerospace knowledge diffusion research project
Metaphor--Its Intellectual Basis
Olson (1988) argued that metaphor does not so much depend on an ability to perceive relations between things as on a special use of language. In contrast to Olson, it is pointed out that classification and communication, an intellectual territory that can be approached via perception and expressed via language, could be the home base of metaphor. The study of metaphor, as Olson (1988) noted, uncovers interesting properties of mind. Olson stressed…
Illusions: Can Change of Vantage Point and Invariant Impressions Remove Deception
This article reports on three experiments in viewing illusions held at different slants to the line of sight. In Experiment 1, we used six geometrical illusions and found that they were illusory when viewed with the line of sight normal to the display surface and that the illusion was dispelled when the figures were viewed from glancing angles. In Experiment 2, questions were put to the viewer about the real state of affairs in two of the illusio…
Blind People Depicting States and Events in Metaphoric Line Drawings
Blind people, largely unfamiliar with pictures, made raised-line drawings of the wind, of pain, of a blow, of a shout, and of smelly garbage. The referents were almost always indicated indirectly-diagrammatically, by means of suitable contexts, or notably by means of metaphoric devices. Thus, people naive to depiction are able to appreciate what is recognizable not only by adding helpful contexts but also by using potentially misleading, anomalou…
Metaphor in Pictures
Pictures can be literal or metaphoric. Metaphoric pictures involve intended violations of standard modes of depiction that are universally recognizable. The types of metaphoric pictures correspond to major groups of verbal metaphors, with the addition of a class of pictorial runes. Often the correspondence between verbal and pictorial metaphors depends on individual features of objects and such physical parameters as change of scale. A more sophi…
A Commentary on Rudolf Arnheim's Approach to Art and Visual Perception
The author points out that Arnheim's Gestalt phenomenology is wide ranging, since he takes psychological forces' to be perceived and he includes meaning and value in the study of visual art and visual perception. An assumption of parallelism between physical, biological and ethical principles allows him to reach across them. Accordingly, his works on the psychology of visual art provoke pressing questions about the limits ofparallelism, that is, …
Metaphor in Pictures
Pictures can be literal or metaphoric. Metaphoric pictures involve intended violations of standard modes of depiction that are universally recognizable. The types of metaphoric pictures correspond to major groups of verbal metaphors, with the addition of a class of pictorial runes. Often the correspondence between verbal and pictorial metaphors depends on individual features of objects and such physical parameters as change of scale. A more sophi…
The impact of sexual arousal on sexual risk‐taking: A qualitative study
Quantitative studies have shown that both straight and gay men with a low propensity for inhibition of sexual arousal are more likely to engage in unprotected sex in the face of risk. This article reports findings from an interview study of both straight and gay men focusing on the individual's experience of the impact of sexual arousal on risk management. The impact of the immediate post-ejaculatory period and the effects of condoms on sexual ar…
Outline Picture Perception by the Songe of Papua
The Songe of Papua New Guinea have little or no indigenous pictorial art. Nevertheless, Songe subjects of both sexes of varying ages and degrees of Western contact were able to identify a wide range of outline drawings depicting objects, animals, and human forms. ‘Kinetic’ scenes and outline drawings portraying colour and texture discontinuities presented some difficulty for the Songe, especially for those over forty years old. Informants over fo…
Unresolved contradictions specifying attitudes - in metaphor, irony, understatement and tautology
Space, haptics and the blind
Aptness is more important than comprehensibility in preference for metaphors and similes
Are Metaphors Elliptical Similes
The Nasa/DoD aerospace knowledge diffusion research project
Optics, Painting and Photography
Painting and Personality: A Study of Young Children
Outline Picture Perception by the Songe of Papua
The Songe of Papua New Guinea have little or no indigenous pictorial art. Nevertheless, Songe subjects of both sexes of varying ages and degrees of Western contact were able to identify a wide range of outline drawings depicting objects, animals, and human forms. ‘Kinetic’ scenes and outline drawings portraying colour and texture discontinuities presented some difficulty for the Songe, especially for those over forty years old. Informants over fo…
Pattern Processing: A Further Rationalization of Sight
The author has developed a means for studying pattern perception in man. This method is applicable not only to simple geometric shapes and symbols but also to complex patterns and to social patterns and to patterns in aesthetic and linguistic form. This breadth of approach is one of the major goals towards which the Gestalt psychologists have pointed. He presents a series of matrices to illustrate both the development and the logic of this new ap…
On Seeing a Picture for the First Time
On John M. Kennedy's Picture Perception Analysis
Handbook of Perception, Vol. 5: Seeing
A Primer of Visual Literacy
Perception of Subjective Lines, Surfaces and Volumes in 3-Dimensional Constructions
Psychologists of visual perception have used special pictures, some made by artists, to investigate the phenomenon of subjective or phantom lines and surfaces. The authors have extended the investigations to 3-dimensional constructions of their design. Eight constructions are described and an account is given of the results obtained with human subjects. Differences between the phenomenon perceived in pictures and in the constructions are pointed …
A Commentary on Rudolf Arnheim's Approach to Art and Visual Perception
The author points out that Arnheim's Gestalt phenomenology is wide ranging, since he takes psychological forces' to be perceived and he includes meaning and value in the study of visual art and visual perception. An assumption of parallelism between physical, biological and ethical principles allows him to reach across them. Accordingly, his works on the psychology of visual art provoke pressing questions about the limits ofparallelism, that is, …
Metaphor in Pictures
Pictures can be literal or metaphoric. Metaphoric pictures involve intended violations of standard modes of depiction that are universally recognizable. The types of metaphoric pictures correspond to major groups of verbal metaphors, with the addition of a class of pictorial runes. Often the correspondence between verbal and pictorial metaphors depends on individual features of objects and such physical parameters as change of scale. A more sophi…
Blind People Depicting States and Events in Metaphoric Line Drawings
Blind people, largely unfamiliar with pictures, made raised-line drawings of the wind, of pain, of a blow, of a shout, and of smelly garbage. The referents were almost always indicated indirectly-diagrammatically, by means of suitable contexts, or notably by means of metaphoric devices. Thus, people naive to depiction are able to appreciate what is recognizable not only by adding helpful contexts but also by using potentially misleading, anomalou…
Metaphor--Its Intellectual Basis
Olson (1988) argued that metaphor does not so much depend on an ability to perceive relations between things as on a special use of language. In contrast to Olson, it is pointed out that classification and communication, an intellectual territory that can be approached via perception and expressed via language, could be the home base of metaphor. The study of metaphor, as Olson (1988) noted, uncovers interesting properties of mind. Olson stressed…
Illusions: Can Change of Vantage Point and Invariant Impressions Remove Deception
This article reports on three experiments in viewing illusions held at different slants to the line of sight. In Experiment 1, we used six geometrical illusions and found that they were illusory when viewed with the line of sight normal to the display surface and that the illusion was dispelled when the figures were viewed from glancing angles. In Experiment 2, questions were put to the viewer about the real state of affairs in two of the illusio…
The Nasa/DoD aerospace knowledge diffusion research project
Illusions and Knowing What Is Real
Geometrical illusions are displays that give false impressions that observers take to be accurate. They have traditionally been cited as evidence against the naive realist claim that people see the world as it "really " is. Such illusions, however, often depend on their being viewed from a single vantage point (Kennedy & Portal, 1990). In Gibsonian terms, they depend on the availability of impoverished information. In this study, spatial transfor…
Space, haptics and the blind
Metaphoric Thought and Devices in Pictures
In that metaphor is made up of ideas and their expression, not just language, it may occur in pictures, not just in verbal representation. Pictorial metaphors for action in line drawings frequently involve events depicted in ways that violate a standard usage of outline and show the course of the action aptly. Metaphoric line pictures may include attempts to depict mental states, such as kinds of perception. Metaphoric pictures depicting perceptu…
Contradictions Between Metaphors: A Means of Expressing an Attitude
We examine a corpus of metaphors used in an autobiography of childhood for contradictions Childhood is described in terms of containment, but the rule of transitivity is violated across the metaphors by the implicit statement: Childhood is in childhood. This contradiction serves to express an attitude of alienation, as it renders the childhood an omnipresent phenomenon leaving no room for the subject of the story. This reification of childhood is…
Metaphors in Language and Thought: Falsification and Multiple Meanings
Metaphors are more than figures of speech, because they influence concepts as well as modes of expression. Metaphors also come in types, related to specific topics, such as warlike metaphors used to describe arguments. It is sometimes contended that the root metaphors for these types are implicit. However, there is little reason to suppose influential implicit metaphors govern how people think without their knowing it. There are logical difficult…
Unresolved contradictions specifying attitudes - in metaphor, irony, understatement and tautology
What Makes a Metaphor Stronger Than a Simile
The categorization theory offered by Glucksberg and Keysar (1993) contends that metaphors are class-inclusion claims and that metaphors are stronger than similes. Indeed, when a metaphor corrects a simile-as in "Jack isn't just like a rock, he is a rock!"-it is stronger in several respects. But when the metaphor and simile are uttered on their own, and not in situations involving corrections, similes may equal metaphors in strength. The reason ma…
Promoting a Scholar's Privilege: Accelerating the Pace
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Promoting a Scholar's Privilege: Accelerating the Pace: [Commentary]
As social scientists involved in issues of research ethics and science policy, we appreciate the position taken in the McLaughlin paper (1999). McLaughlin advocates for a limited social science research privilege and the importance of its recognition through common law. Both points are essentially sound. As we argue here and elsewhere (Levine 1994), a research privilege is necessary to produce critical knowledge without constraint or interference…
Are Metaphors Elliptical Similes
Psychology (25 works) · Computer Science (21 works) · Language, Metaphor, and Cognition (13 works) · Philosophy (12 works) · Art (10 works) · Linguistics (10 works) · Metaphor (10 works) · Visual arts (8 works) · Cognitive psychology (7 works) · Cognitive science (7 works)