L H Jeffery
Biographic Data
| ID | 1013139 |
|---|---|
| NAME | L H Jeffery |
| GIVEN NAMES | L H |
| FAMILY NAME | Jeffery |
| SIGNATURE | JEFFERY L H |
| AFFILIATIONS | Revised Edition With a Supplement BY A. W. Johnston |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 38 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 325 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 38 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1939 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Archaic Greece
Archaic Greece (1976) describes the typical polis, and considers in turn each city-state in mainland Greece, the Aegean and the coast of Asia Minor. In detailing its history and local culture, as well as events which had great impact on the period – the reforms of Solon, the expulsion of tyrants – the book shows how each contributed to the structure of Greek society as a whole
Abbreviation
The Subjects of Early Greek Inscriptions
I do not propose to do more here than touch upon some of the many subjects illustrated in the surviving inscriptions of the sixth century and earlier. A sketch of this kind cannot be free from distortion, because (even apart from the good or ill luck of excavations) the chances of survival vary greatly according to the material used; by this I do not mean only the truism that a poem on papyrus will perish faster than a decree on stone, but also t…
Direction of the Script and Methods of Inscribing
North Semitic inscriptions were written continuously from right to left; this has been amply demonstrated, at least from the time of our earliest surviving examples in the second millennium B.C. It is also evident from the earliest surviving Greek inscriptions that, in adopting the Semitic alphabet, the Greeks naturally accepted with it the basic principles (a) that the correct direction of the letters, following each other in the abecedarium, wa…
The Origin
The Greeks learnt many inventions from their eastern neighbours, and the greatest of these was the art of alphabetic writing. It is known beyond any doubt that the North Semitic script was the model for the Greek, and there are existing examples-all too few, it is true-both of the model and of the copy in their early stages. Yet the full history of the birth and first growth of the Greek alphabet is still a matter of uncertainty and dispute. The …
Dedication
The Western Colonies
Kyme, the famous Greek outpost in Campania, stood apart from the later Euboic colonies in more ways than one. She was founded from Pithekoussai about the middle of the eighth century (i.e. some twenty years before Naxos, the earliest of the others), and the motives for her foundation appear to have been more ambitious than those of the rest. The steady flow of the Euboic and Achaian emigrants into Sicily and southern Italy from c. 734 onwards was…
The Peloponnese
The Corinthian beta has been called an artificial derivation from pi, to avoid confusion with the epsilon. 1 I incline to think rather that it arose from an incorrect rendering of the primitive beta-type in which the ‘hooks’ are not closed (as in There, Naxos-Paros, Argos, Gortyn in Crete), the lower hook of the Corinthian beta being twisted in the reverse direction.2 This may have been done deliberately, because of the epsilon; but in Melos, whe…
Notes To The Reader
Subject Classical Literature Collection: Oxford Scholarship Online
The Northern Colonial Area
THE material from the northern colonies is still very meagre, and much of it inadequately published. This section consists of little more than a brief list of those places which have yielded any relevant inscriptions, within the following groups: Chalkidike; Macedonia and southern Thrace (as far as the Chersonese) ; the Hellespont and Propontis; and the Euxine. The alphabet concerned is in nearly every case the eastern Ionic (Fig. 46); exceptions…
Transliteration Of Plates
Subject Classical Literature Collection: Oxford Scholarship Online
The Eastern Greeks
Of the twelve cities of southern Aiolis mentioned by Herodotos (i. 149)-Kyme, Larisa, Neon Teichos, Temnos, Killa, Notion, Aigiroessa, Pitane, Aigaiai, Myrina, Gryneia, and Smyrna-only Larisa, Temnos, and Smyrna have yet produced any archaic inscriptions; and Smyrna early became Ionic (cf. Ionic Dodekapolis 69). There are two from Pergamon in Mysia, and isolated examples have been found in the Troad at Sigeion, 1 Neandria, Kebrene, Thymbra, Assos…
North-Western Greece
Among these pioneers Corinth was pre-eminent. The little ports of Molykreion, Makynia, and Chalkis were Corinthian settlements;1 and excavations in the precincts of Artemis Laphria at Kalydon and Apollo at Thermon have revealed how strong was the influence of Corinthian painting and plastic art in these parts. There is no doubt that much of Aitolia’s civilization came ultimately from Corinth; but it is important to remember also her close contact…
Materials Used
As wood was the material from which the Greeks of the eighth and early seventh centuries made their cult-statues and the structural parts of their buildings, before they mastered the art of carving in stone on a monumental scale, so it was one of the earliest materials used for public inscriptions of any length. The most famous example of this practice, the set of wooden ‘axones’ on which Solon‘s law-code was inscribed at Athens, has been so well…
The Aegean Islands
Cycladic pottery forms much of the eighth-century Greek material from Al Mina,1 and it may be conjectured that some at least among the Cycladic Greeks became acquainted very early with the Greek alphabet from their trading along the Semitic coast. The script of the Cyclades may be divided basically into two types, the Naxian and the Parian, the chief points of difference being that Naxian had a curious by-form of closed eta which was used for the…
Central Greece
The script of Attica might be described as a cross between those of her two neighbours Aigina and Eretria. Whether this was in fact its parentage cannot be decided until more is known of the history of Athens in the eighth century; for, while the literary tradition suggests that she was then an agricultural state with few overseas interests, the warships painted on her Geometric pottery, and the wide distribution of this pottery, seem to reflect …
Letter-forms as Evidence for Dating Inscriptions
In archaic Greek lettering no less than in other scripts there is a distinction between the formal and the informal or cursive style. It is not a conspicuous difference, like that between a formal inscription on stone from Pompeii and a contemporary graffito on one of the house-walls; and for that reason it is apt to be overlooked in modern commentaries on the chronological development of the Greek alphabet. But it is essential to remember that c…
The Transmission
It is now time to try to reconstruct the signs and sounds of the letters in the first Greek alphabet, including further such secondary changes as occurred, through error or other causes, when the alphabet spread among the rest of the Greeks. As a reminder of their Phoenician models, the Greek letters are here written in their earliest form, i.e. from right to left;4 the Phoenician (=Ph) precede them, in square brackets.
Supplement
Subject Classical Literature Collection: Oxford Scholarship Online
Addenda And Corrigenda
Subject Classical Literature Collection: Oxford Scholarship Online
Title Pages
The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece
This is the only modern work to survey in depth the inscriptions of Greece before 403 BC. Since its first publication in 1961, the body of material available for study has increased substantially, and the size of the Supplement in this reissue is a clear measure of that growth. The new pages are partly the work of Anne Jeffery, and partly that of her pupil Alan Johnston. The original text attempts to reconstruct, for Greek inscriptions from the e…
Greece before the Persian invasion
This chapter concerns the general situation in Greece during the last quarter of the sixth century and the start of the fifth: the years when Persia's defeat and annexation of the non-Greek kingdoms which bordered the Aegean to east and south brought the power of her empire significantly near to the Greeks of the Aegean and the mainland itself. Sparta herself had recently been expending her military resources in challenging successfully the power…
The Development of Lakonian Lettering
The stele recording the victories of the Spartan Damonon and his son is reconsidered, and dated 403 B.C. It is argued that consequently other key examples of Lakonian lettering should be lowered in date
Sparta and Samos
The relationship between the United Kingdom and the United States seems to embody most fully the type of the ‘special relationship’ today. It is a relationship founded ultimately (and now of course remotely) on biological kinship, structured by mutual economic and strategic interests and cemented by a sense of political and ‘spiritual’ affinity. At least the broad contours of such contemporary ‘special relationships’ are sufficiently clear. This …
The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece
This is the only modern work to survey in depth the inscriptions of Greece before 403 BC. Since its first publication in 1961, the body of material available for study has increased substantially, and the size of the Supplement in this reissue is a clear measure of that growth. The new pages are partly the work of Anne Jeffery, and partly that of her pupil Alan Johnston. The original text attempts to reconstruct, for Greek inscriptions from the e…
Sparta and Samos
The relationship between the United Kingdom and the United States seems to embody most fully the type of the ‘special relationship’ today. It is a relationship founded ultimately (and now of course remotely) on biological kinship, structured by mutual economic and strategic interests and cemented by a sense of political and ‘spiritual’ affinity. At least the broad contours of such contemporary ‘special relationships’ are sufficiently clear. This …
The inscribed gravestones of archaic Attica
This catalogue is offered as a tribute to the great British epigraphist to whom this volume is dedicated. Since it consists chiefly of inscribed bases which have lost their sculpture, it may serve as a kind of appendix to studies of archaic Attic funeral monuments, in particular to the two monumental works by Dr. G. M. A. Richter, Kouroi and Archaic Attic Gravestones . I have listed the inscriptions, where possible, under the area of Attica whenc…
The Courts of Justice in Archaic Chios
The mutilated inscription generally called the ‘Constitution of Chios’ was first discovered in the village of Tholopotami and published in 1909 by Dr. Jacobsthal and Professor U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff. The examination of the stone and the photographs and squeezes were all made under very difficult conditions, and shortly afterwards the stone disappeared from sight and record. It found its way finally into the hands of the local authorities,…
The Battle of Oinoe in the Stoa Poikile
Accepting the prevailing view which holds that the battle of Oinoe took place during the Pentekontaetea, this paper attempts answers to the triple problem raised thereby: A. The Artistic: is it likely that (as Pausanias alleges) the Stoa Poikile contained among its other paintings, all (so far as we know) scenes from the glorious epic or near-epic past, a picture showing a recent battle against the Lacedaemonians? It is argued that the other pict…
Further Comments on Archaic Greek Inscriptions
In JHS LXIX (1949), 25 ff., I commented on various Greek inscriptions, mainly archaic. This is a second series on the same lines. The inscriptions are listed geographically, if possible under the relevant headings of Inscriptiones Graecae ; when the inscription discussed is not in IG , the heading is bracketed. [ IG I 2 .] Attica. Graffiti on Attic ‘SOS’ amphorae (Fig. 1). In Malerei und Zeichnung der Griechen I (1923), 127, Pfuhl described a typ…
The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece
Archaic Greece
The Boustrophedon Sacral Inscriptions from the Agora
L. H. Jeffery, The Boustrophedon Sacral Inscriptions from the Agora, Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Vol. 17, No. 2, The Thirty-Fourth Report of the American Excavations in the Athenian Agora (Apr. - Jun., 1948), pp. 86-111
The Campaign between Athens and Aegina in the Years before Salamis (Herodotus, VI, 87-93)
A Sixth-Century Poros Inscription from Attica
The following inscription was found in June 1939 outside the stable of a farmhouse which is situated in a field by two water-mills, on the east side of the main road about half-way between Anavyssos and Phoinike, in the ancient deme of Anaphlystos in the south-west district of Attika. The stone is used for a seat, and lies by the stable door, with the wider inscribed face turned to the ground, the narrower to the wall, and the top covered with a …
The Use of the Straight Iota in Corinthian Epichoric Inscriptions
In the valuable list of Corinthian vase-inscriptions compiled in Chapter XI of Necrocorinthia , Payne made the following observations on the iota: ‘Iota is usually Σ; on late vases a simplified form is also found, but the old form persists even in the second half of the sixth century (A.D. i, pl. 7, 25; ii, pl. 24, 9; pl. 39, 12, & c). A further simplification, I, occurs on a few middle and late vases (nos. 17, 49, 50, 57 (?), 68, 70); this form …
The Boustrophedon Sacral Inscriptions from the Agora
L. H. Jeffery, The Boustrophedon Sacral Inscriptions from the Agora, Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Vol. 17, No. 2, The Thirty-Fourth Report of the American Excavations in the Athenian Agora (Apr. - Jun., 1948), pp. 86-111
Further Comments on Archaic Greek Inscriptions
In JHS LXIX (1949), 25 ff., I commented on various Greek inscriptions, mainly archaic. This is a second series on the same lines. The inscriptions are listed geographically, if possible under the relevant headings of Inscriptiones Graecae ; when the inscription discussed is not in IG , the heading is bracketed. [ IG I 2 .] Attica. Graffiti on Attic ‘SOS’ amphorae (Fig. 1). In Malerei und Zeichnung der Griechen I (1923), 127, Pfuhl described a typ…
The Courts of Justice in Archaic Chios
The mutilated inscription generally called the ‘Constitution of Chios’ was first discovered in the village of Tholopotami and published in 1909 by Dr. Jacobsthal and Professor U. von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff. The examination of the stone and the photographs and squeezes were all made under very difficult conditions, and shortly afterwards the stone disappeared from sight and record. It found its way finally into the hands of the local authorities,…
The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece
The Campaign between Athens and Aegina in the Years before Salamis (Herodotus, VI, 87-93)
The inscribed gravestones of archaic Attica
This catalogue is offered as a tribute to the great British epigraphist to whom this volume is dedicated. Since it consists chiefly of inscribed bases which have lost their sculpture, it may serve as a kind of appendix to studies of archaic Attic funeral monuments, in particular to the two monumental works by Dr. G. M. A. Richter, Kouroi and Archaic Attic Gravestones . I have listed the inscriptions, where possible, under the area of Attica whenc…
The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece
Part 1 The origin and transmission of the Greek alphabet. Part 2 Writing in archaic Greece: direction of the script and methods of inscribing materials used the subjects of early Greek inscriptions letter-forms as evidence for dating inscriptions. Part 3 The local scripts: central Greece the Peloponnese north-western Greece the western colonies the Aegean Islands the eastern Greeks the northern colonial area.
Old Smyrna
The inscriptions here published, which were found in the Anglo-Turkish excavations at Old Smyrna between 1948 and 1953, are mostly fragments from the short, trivial writings of daily life. There are also one or two dedications, and a few inscriptions painted by potters on their wares. No inscriptions on stone were found, but this is not surprising, for the parts uncovered were chiefly private houses and stretches of the city's great wall. One imp…
The Battle of Oinoe in the Stoa Poikile
Accepting the prevailing view which holds that the battle of Oinoe took place during the Pentekontaetea, this paper attempts answers to the triple problem raised thereby: A. The Artistic: is it likely that (as Pausanias alleges) the Stoa Poikile contained among its other paintings, all (so far as we know) scenes from the glorious epic or near-epic past, a picture showing a recent battle against the Lacedaemonians? It is argued that the other pict…
Two More Rattling Cups
Archaic Greece
Sparta and Samos
The relationship between the United Kingdom and the United States seems to embody most fully the type of the ‘special relationship’ today. It is a relationship founded ultimately (and now of course remotely) on biological kinship, structured by mutual economic and strategic interests and cemented by a sense of political and ‘spiritual’ affinity. At least the broad contours of such contemporary ‘special relationships’ are sufficiently clear. This …
Greece before the Persian invasion
This chapter concerns the general situation in Greece during the last quarter of the sixth century and the start of the fifth: the years when Persia's defeat and annexation of the non-Greek kingdoms which bordered the Aegean to east and south brought the power of her empire significantly near to the Greeks of the Aegean and the mainland itself. Sparta herself had recently been expending her military resources in challenging successfully the power…
The Development of Lakonian Lettering
The stele recording the victories of the Spartan Damonon and his son is reconsidered, and dated 403 B.C. It is argued that consequently other key examples of Lakonian lettering should be lowered in date
Abbreviation
The Subjects of Early Greek Inscriptions
I do not propose to do more here than touch upon some of the many subjects illustrated in the surviving inscriptions of the sixth century and earlier. A sketch of this kind cannot be free from distortion, because (even apart from the good or ill luck of excavations) the chances of survival vary greatly according to the material used; by this I do not mean only the truism that a poem on papyrus will perish faster than a decree on stone, but also t…
Direction of the Script and Methods of Inscribing
North Semitic inscriptions were written continuously from right to left; this has been amply demonstrated, at least from the time of our earliest surviving examples in the second millennium B.C. It is also evident from the earliest surviving Greek inscriptions that, in adopting the Semitic alphabet, the Greeks naturally accepted with it the basic principles (a) that the correct direction of the letters, following each other in the abecedarium, wa…
The Origin
The Greeks learnt many inventions from their eastern neighbours, and the greatest of these was the art of alphabetic writing. It is known beyond any doubt that the North Semitic script was the model for the Greek, and there are existing examples-all too few, it is true-both of the model and of the copy in their early stages. Yet the full history of the birth and first growth of the Greek alphabet is still a matter of uncertainty and dispute. The …
Dedication
The Western Colonies
Kyme, the famous Greek outpost in Campania, stood apart from the later Euboic colonies in more ways than one. She was founded from Pithekoussai about the middle of the eighth century (i.e. some twenty years before Naxos, the earliest of the others), and the motives for her foundation appear to have been more ambitious than those of the rest. The steady flow of the Euboic and Achaian emigrants into Sicily and southern Italy from c. 734 onwards was…
The Peloponnese
The Corinthian beta has been called an artificial derivation from pi, to avoid confusion with the epsilon. 1 I incline to think rather that it arose from an incorrect rendering of the primitive beta-type in which the ‘hooks’ are not closed (as in There, Naxos-Paros, Argos, Gortyn in Crete), the lower hook of the Corinthian beta being twisted in the reverse direction.2 This may have been done deliberately, because of the epsilon; but in Melos, whe…
Notes To The Reader
Subject Classical Literature Collection: Oxford Scholarship Online
The Northern Colonial Area
THE material from the northern colonies is still very meagre, and much of it inadequately published. This section consists of little more than a brief list of those places which have yielded any relevant inscriptions, within the following groups: Chalkidike; Macedonia and southern Thrace (as far as the Chersonese) ; the Hellespont and Propontis; and the Euxine. The alphabet concerned is in nearly every case the eastern Ionic (Fig. 46); exceptions…
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