Brian Francis
Biographic Data
| ID | 101490 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Brian Francis |
| GIVEN NAMES | Brian |
| FAMILY NAME | Francis |
| SIGNATURE | FRANCIS B |
| AFFILIATIONS | Lancaster University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7926-9085 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 47 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 125 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 47 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1971 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma among Black and Latinx Populations: Exploring Racial Disparities in the United States
The impact of a story-based intervention on language, literacy, and cognitive development in South African pre-schoolers: Randomised controlled trials for two language groups
Literacy rates in South Africa are low and many children start school without the requisite levels of emergent language and literacy skills needed to succeed. We report two RCTs of a story-based intervention delivered by preschool teachers to two language groups of children from low income backgrounds (isiXhosa: N children =82, N teachers =20; Afrikaans, N children =118, N teachers =24). The story-based intervention involved a 36-week programme, …
Are health professionals ‘equipped’ to support vegan mothers in the UK
This article investigates the extent to which health professionals are equipped to support vegan mothers in the UK and how stigma plays a part in this issue. Veganism has grown in popularity in the UK in recent years (as well as in many other countries worldwide) with the environmental, health and animal welfare benefits of the lifestyle becoming more widely researched and publicised. However, research into the topic of veganism has highlighted t…
Definition and Measurement of Violence in the Crime Survey for England and Wales: Implications for the Amount and Gendering of Violence
The definitions and the methodology used in surveys to measure violence have implications for its estimated volume and gendered distribution. The Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) uses quite a narrow definition of ‘violence against the person’ which excludes crimes which are arguably violent in nature. This article expands the CSEW’s measurement of violence by regarding threats, robbery, sexual violence and mixed violence/property crimes …
Improving the Estimate of Trafficking in Human Beings and Modern Slavery by Integrating Data From ILO/Walk Free/IOM and Unodc
An improved global estimate of the amount of trafficking in human beings/modern slavery is produced. The paper develops the methodology for data to populate Indicator 16.2.2 in the UN SDGs, 'the estimated number of victims of human trafficking per 100,000 population, by sex, age, and form of exploitation'. The improved estimate is constructed by integrating data from the International Labour Organization/Walk Free/International Organization for M…
Developing a Complete Sentence Severity Scale using Extended Goodman RC models
Police risk assessment and case outcomes in missing person investigations
In England and Wales, police consider potential harm in missing person investigations using graded risk assessment. Using 4746 missing person reports made to one police force in 2015, we investigate the extent to which age, sex and police risk factors predict high-risk classifications and harmful case outcomes. We find age, sex and specific risk factors including out of character behaviour and suicide risk increased the likelihood of high-risk cl…
Whitehead et al. Response to “Misunderstandings of Multiple Systems Estimation
Response to Vincent et al.'s (2020) letter in this journal concerning our recent paper on multiple Sysytems EStimation
On the Unreliability of Multiple Systems Estimation for Estimating the Number of Potential Victims of Modern Slavery in the UK
Accurate records of victims of modern slavery identified by various agencies allow investigators to compare different jurisdictions, track fluctuations in prevalence over time and evaluate preventative interventions. As well as enumerating those victims known to agencies, it would be desirable to know how many are working undetected under conditions of modern slavery and thus deduce the total number involved. To estimate the number of undetected …
Patterns of infant mortality in rural England and Wales, 1850-1910
The study of nineteenth-century infant mortality in Britain has neglected the rural dimension to a surprising degree. This article maps the change in infant mortality rate (IMR) between the 1850s and the 1900s at registration district (RD) level. Latent trajectory analysis, a longitudinal model-based clustering method, is used to identify the clusters into which rural RDs fell, based on their IMR trajectories. Relationships between IMR and popula…
Spatial modelling of rural infant mortality and occupation in 19th-century Britain
Infant mortality in 19 th century rural places has been largely neglected: to study it offers new insight into rural demography
Is Violent Crime Increasing or Decreasing? a New Methodology to Measure Repeat Attacks Making Visible the Significance of Gender and Domestic Relations
The fall in the rate of violent crime has stopped. This is a finding of an investigation using the Crime Survey for England and Wales, 1994-2014, and an improved methodology to include the experiences of high-frequency victims. The cap on the number of crimes included has been removed. We prevent overall volatility from rising by using three-year moving averages and regression techniques that take account of all the data points rather than point …
Stopping rape
Stopping rape
Stopping Rape: Towards a Comprehensive Policy
Epdf available Open Access under CC-BY-NC licence. This book offers a comprehensive guide to the international policies developed to stop rape, together with case studies on their effectiveness in practice. Engaging with the legal and criminal justice systems, health services, specialised services for victim-survivors, educational and cultural outreach, and more, it brings together both theory and real-world evidence to build a thorough picture o…
Stopping rape: Towards a comprehensive policy
Statistical modelling of the group structure of social networks
The long term recidivism risk of young sexual offenders in England and Wales– enduring risk or redemption
Mainstreaming Domestic and Gender-Based Violence into Sociology and the Criminology of Violence
Sociological and criminological views of domestic and gender-based violence generally either dismiss it as not worthy of consideration, or focus on specific groups of offenders and victims (male youth gangs, partner violence victims). In this paper, we take a holistic approach to violence, extending the definition from that commonly in use to encompass domestic violence and sexual violence. We operationalize that definition by using data from the…
Understanding Criminal Careers
The study of criminal careers is of increasing interest in criminology. It is now generally recognised that it is important to try to understand criminal behaviour across the life-course rather than focusing on fragmented incidents which provide only a partial picture. This is an accessible text which clarifies the crucial theoretical and methodological debates surrounding the study of criminal careers. It focuses on some major longitudinal studi…
Do Tourism Receipts Contribute to the Sustainability of Current Account Deficits: A Case Study of Barbados
Given Barbados' recent history of persistent current account deficits and reliance on tourism as a major source of foreign exchange and driver of the economy, this paper investigated the contribution of tourism receipts to the sustainability of Barbados' current account deficits. Utilizing an inter-temporal budget approach, it was found that Barbados' current account deficits were weakly sustainable as a result of tourism's contribution, undersco…
Middle-Class Offenders: A 35-Year Follow-Up
The long-term outcome for middle-class offenders after conviction is an under-researched area in criminology. This present study considers 317 offenders—with a follow-up of at least 35 years—who are seeking white-collar employment after conviction. On the basis of their previous criminal history, five clusters of offenders can be identified using latent class analysis (LCA): low-rate white-collar, low-rate general, medium-rate acquisitive special…
The importance of co-convictions in the prediction of dangerous recidivism: Blackmail and kidnapping as a demonstration study
Co-convictions are court convictions made at the same time as a more serious conviction. Their importance has been little recognized.We investigate their value using data on two separate serious crimes. Taking official conviction careers in England and Wales (1979—2001) for blackmail ( n = 5774) and kidnapping offenders ( n = 7291), we considered how much information on co-convictions is normally overlooked, and how knowledge of co-convictions co…
Exploring Paradigms of Crime Reduction: An Empirical Longitudinal Study
Using Danish registers for a 1980 birth cohort of 29,944 males with parental information and following up these cases for 25 years, the study considers four paradigms of crime reduction (parental child rearing, structural factors around adolescence, locality and individual resources). Focusing on offenders with first-time convictions for shoplifting (n = 1,989), for burglary (n = 1,324) and for violence (n = 1,901), all four paradigms made a cont…
When do Ex‐Offenders Become Like Non‐Offenders
When can ex-offenders with no further convictions be considered as exhibiting the same risk of reconviction as non-offenders? This issue is relevant for the retention and disclosure of early criminal records, and is a controversial issue. Replicating American work by Kurlychek and his colleagues (2006, 2007), this study focusing on England and Wales broadly endorses their findings by suggesting that groups whose members have either a finding of g…
Criminal convictions among children and young adults: Changes over time
This study focuses on court conviction rates—that is, the numbers and proportion of the population in England and Wales who are convicted of a crime between the ages of 10—25. Data on over 47,000 male and 10,000 female offenders for six specific birth cohorts (those born in 1953, 1958, 1963, 1968, 1973 and 1978) were extracted from the Offenders Index. We related convictions in three age groups (10—15, 16—20, 21—25) to population estimates for th…
Is Violent Crime Increasing or Decreasing? a New Methodology to Measure Repeat Attacks Making Visible the Significance of Gender and Domestic Relations
The fall in the rate of violent crime has stopped. This is a finding of an investigation using the Crime Survey for England and Wales, 1994-2014, and an improved methodology to include the experiences of high-frequency victims. The cap on the number of crimes included has been removed. We prevent overall volatility from rising by using three-year moving averages and regression techniques that take account of all the data points rather than point …
Mainstreaming Domestic and Gender-Based Violence into Sociology and the Criminology of Violence
Sociological and criminological views of domestic and gender-based violence generally either dismiss it as not worthy of consideration, or focus on specific groups of offenders and victims (male youth gangs, partner violence victims). In this paper, we take a holistic approach to violence, extending the definition from that commonly in use to encompass domestic violence and sexual violence. We operationalize that definition by using data from the…
Pathways of disadvantage and smoking careers: Evidence and policy implications
Objectives: To investigate in older industrialised societies (a) how social disadvantage contributes to smoking risk among women (b) the role of social and economic policies in reducing disadvantage and moderating wider inequalities in life chances and living standards. Methods: Review and analysis of (a) the effects of disadvantage in childhood and into adulthood on women’s smoking status in early adulthood (b) policy impacts on the social expos…
Socioeconomic lifecourse influences on women’s smoking status in early adulthood
Study objective: To incorporate women’s domestic trajectories and circumstances into analyses of the socioeconomic influences on women’s smoking status (current and former smoking) in early adulthood. Design: Cross sectional survey Setting: Southampton, UK. Participants: 8437 women aged 25–34 recruited from 1998–2002 via patient lists of general practices Main results: Domestic lifecourse factors contributed to the odds of being a current smoker …
Socioeconomic gradients in smoking among young women: A British survey
The geography of survival after surgery for colo-rectal cancer in southern England
The long term recidivism risk of young sexual offenders in England and Wales– enduring risk or redemption
Changing Patterns of Offending Behaviour Among Young Adults
This paper focuses on the offending behaviour of different generations. It considers the convictions of six cohorts involving 31,456 young adults aged 16–20 in the early 1970s, the late 1970s, the early 1980s, the late 1980s, the early 1990s and the late 1990s. Using latent class analysis, 16 offence clusters for males and five offence clusters for females were identified. For both males and females, the proportions of the population convicted in…
Seasonal prevalence of major congenital malformations in the Fylde of Lancashire 1957-1981
The seasonal prevalence of major congenital malformations was studied in a prospective survey of 88,449 children born in the circumscribed Fylde of Lancashire to residents there over 25 years. Ascertainment was thought to be as complete as was practically possible because cases were recorded daily by one, and for 17 years the only, paediatrician and a very high rate of necropsies was maintained. The number of malformations were classified by mont…
Patterns of infant mortality in rural England and Wales, 1850-1910
The study of nineteenth-century infant mortality in Britain has neglected the rural dimension to a surprising degree. This article maps the change in infant mortality rate (IMR) between the 1850s and the 1900s at registration district (RD) level. Latent trajectory analysis, a longitudinal model-based clustering method, is used to identify the clusters into which rural RDs fell, based on their IMR trajectories. Relationships between IMR and popula…
Spatial modelling of rural infant mortality and occupation in 19th-century Britain
Infant mortality in 19 th century rural places has been largely neglected: to study it offers new insight into rural demography
Does Serious Offending Lead to Homicide: Exploring the Interrelationships and Sequencing of Serious Crime
The interrelationships between serious types of crime have been neglected. Focusing on those convicted of arson (n = 45,915), blackmail (n = 5,774), kidnapping (n = 7,291) and threats to kill (n = 9,816) in England and Wales (1979–2001), we examine the specialization and sequencing of these crimes in relation to the risk of subsequent homicide. All four offences have a heightened likelihood of subsequent homicide compared to the general populatio…
Moral panics and the aftermath: A study of incest
A ‘moral panic’ about child sexual abuse in Britain in the 1980s culminated in ‘the Cleveland affair’ that produced the challenge of widespread incest and sexual abuse within families. This paper considers the aftermath of this ‘moral panic’. The main focus is on the offenders convicted of incest during the years 1988–96 inclusive, with comparative data from an earlier 1973 cohort. A shift in the incest offender profile is demonstrated. The after…
Informal carers of cancer patients: What are their unmet psychosocial needs
This paper considers the significant unmet psychosocial needs of the informal carers of cancer patients, drawing on data generated in a 3-year UK study (1997-2000) on the psychosocial needs of cancer patients and their main carers. While the needs of the carers of cancer patients are increasingly being recognised in healthcare policy documents, there is relatively little published literature on these needs. A "significant unmet need" is defined h…
A New Approach for Ranking 'Serious' Offences. The Use of Paired-Comparisons Methodology
Journal Article A New Approach for Ranking ‘Serious’ Offences. The Use of Paired‐Comparisons Methodology Get access Brian Francis, Brian Francis Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Keith Soothill, Keith Soothill Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Regina Dittrich Regina Dittrich Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The British Journal of …
Geographic Influences on the Uptake of Infant Immunisations: 1. Concepts, Models, and Aggregate Analyses
This is the first of two papers in which the effects on the uptake of immunisation of transport, time-space, and gender-role constraints, among a wider range of influences, are assessed statistically. A critique of a paper by Jarman et al leads to the formulation of an improved conceptual and statistical framework for analyses of uptake. Within this framework, the possibility of explaining immunisation uptake by using readily available data at th…
Geographic Influences on the Uptake of Infant Immunisations: 2. Disaggregate Analyses
This is the second of two papers in which the effects of transport, time-space, and gender-role constraints on the uptake of immunisation are assessed statistically. In the first paper, it was concluded that aggregate analyses, conducted solely at the District Health Authority level, provide unreliable explanations of uptake. In this paper, individual-level analyses are described in which information from interviews with mothers resident in the d…
Definition and Measurement of Violence in the Crime Survey for England and Wales: Implications for the Amount and Gendering of Violence
The definitions and the methodology used in surveys to measure violence have implications for its estimated volume and gendered distribution. The Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) uses quite a narrow definition of ‘violence against the person’ which excludes crimes which are arguably violent in nature. This article expands the CSEW’s measurement of violence by regarding threats, robbery, sexual violence and mixed violence/property crimes …
Improving the Estimate of Trafficking in Human Beings and Modern Slavery by Integrating Data From ILO/Walk Free/IOM and Unodc
An improved global estimate of the amount of trafficking in human beings/modern slavery is produced. The paper develops the methodology for data to populate Indicator 16.2.2 in the UN SDGs, 'the estimated number of victims of human trafficking per 100,000 population, by sex, age, and form of exploitation'. The improved estimate is constructed by integrating data from the International Labour Organization/Walk Free/International Organization for M…
Do Tourism Receipts Contribute to the Sustainability of Current Account Deficits: A Case Study of Barbados
Given Barbados' recent history of persistent current account deficits and reliance on tourism as a major source of foreign exchange and driver of the economy, this paper investigated the contribution of tourism receipts to the sustainability of Barbados' current account deficits. Utilizing an inter-temporal budget approach, it was found that Barbados' current account deficits were weakly sustainable as a result of tourism's contribution, undersco…
The importance of co-convictions in the prediction of dangerous recidivism: Blackmail and kidnapping as a demonstration study
Co-convictions are court convictions made at the same time as a more serious conviction. Their importance has been little recognized.We investigate their value using data on two separate serious crimes. Taking official conviction careers in England and Wales (1979—2001) for blackmail ( n = 5774) and kidnapping offenders ( n = 7291), we considered how much information on co-convictions is normally overlooked, and how knowledge of co-convictions co…
Exploring Paradigms of Crime Reduction: An Empirical Longitudinal Study
Using Danish registers for a 1980 birth cohort of 29,944 males with parental information and following up these cases for 25 years, the study considers four paradigms of crime reduction (parental child rearing, structural factors around adolescence, locality and individual resources). Focusing on offenders with first-time convictions for shoplifting (n = 1,989), for burglary (n = 1,324) and for violence (n = 1,901), all four paradigms made a cont…
Criminal convictions among children and young adults: Changes over time
This study focuses on court conviction rates—that is, the numbers and proportion of the population in England and Wales who are convicted of a crime between the ages of 10—25. Data on over 47,000 male and 10,000 female offenders for six specific birth cohorts (those born in 1953, 1958, 1963, 1968, 1973 and 1978) were extracted from the Offenders Index. We related convictions in three age groups (10—15, 16—20, 21—25) to population estimates for th…
Modelling dependency in multivariate paired comparisons: A log-linear approach
The Value of Finding Employment for White-Collar Ex-Offenders: A 20-Year Criminological Follow-Up
The study describes a 20-year criminological follow-up of a consecutive series of 348 male ex-offenders seeking white-collar employment who were offered the services of a specialist employment agency (APEX) in the early 1970s. At the end of the 20-year follow-up, 36 per cent had been reconvicted. While only 30 per cent of those placed into employment were reconvicted compared with 42 per cent of the ‘unplaced’ group, this variation is explained b…
Interaction of Personality and Treatment Conditions Associated with Success in a Smoking Control Program
The long-term outcome for white-collar offenders after conviction is a comparatively under-researched area in criminology. Do they continue to be engaged in offences involving white-collar crime, for example? Usually the focus is on those who have committed white collar offences. This present study confronts the issue in a different way. It considers offenders who are seeking white collar employment after conviction who may or may not have been e…
Clinical decision-making: A study of general surgery within trent RHA
Seasonal prevalence of major congenital malformations in the Fylde of Lancashire 1957-1981
The seasonal prevalence of major congenital malformations was studied in a prospective survey of 88,449 children born in the circumscribed Fylde of Lancashire to residents there over 25 years. Ascertainment was thought to be as complete as was practically possible because cases were recorded daily by one, and for 17 years the only, paediatrician and a very high rate of necropsies was maintained. The number of malformations were classified by mont…
Sabre: Software for the Analysis of Binary Recurrent Events, Version 2.0
Journal Article SABRE: Software for the Analysis of Binary Recurrent Events, Version 2.0 Get access SABRE: Software for the Analysis of Binary Recurrent Events, Version 2.0. By JON BARRY, BRIAN FRANCIS and RICHARD DA VIES (Lancaster: Centre for Applied Statistics, Lancaster University, 1990-List Price à à à à £200 + VAT for commercial companies; à à à à £100 + VAT for UK institutions and non-UK institutions of higher education; and à à à à £50 fo…
Statistical modelling of university conditional offer requirements
In this paper conditional offers made by universities to candidates resident in England and Wales and taking A levels are analysed. The analysis was conducted at Lancaster University as part of a larger research project funded by the Training Agency during 1988-89, whose main aims were to map the pattern of admissions policies and practices and to examine the rationales, constraints and incentives affecting them. Our aim was to discover for each …
Geographic Influences on the Uptake of Infant Immunisations: 1. Concepts, Models, and Aggregate Analyses
This is the first of two papers in which the effects on the uptake of immunisation of transport, time-space, and gender-role constraints, among a wider range of influences, are assessed statistically. A critique of a paper by Jarman et al leads to the formulation of an improved conceptual and statistical framework for analyses of uptake. Within this framework, the possibility of explaining immunisation uptake by using readily available data at th…
Geographic Influences on the Uptake of Infant Immunisations: 2. Disaggregate Analyses
This is the second of two papers in which the effects of transport, time-space, and gender-role constraints on the uptake of immunisation are assessed statistically. In the first paper, it was concluded that aggregate analyses, conducted solely at the District Health Authority level, provide unreliable explanations of uptake. In this paper, individual-level analyses are described in which information from interviews with mothers resident in the d…
The Value of Finding Employment for White-Collar Ex-Offenders: A 20-Year Criminological Follow-Up
The study describes a 20-year criminological follow-up of a consecutive series of 348 male ex-offenders seeking white-collar employment who were offered the services of a specialist employment agency (APEX) in the early 1970s. At the end of the 20-year follow-up, 36 per cent had been reconvicted. While only 30 per cent of those placed into employment were reconvicted compared with 42 per cent of the ‘unplaced’ group, this variation is explained b…
The geography of survival after surgery for colo-rectal cancer in southern England
Informal carers of cancer patients: What are their unmet psychosocial needs
This paper considers the significant unmet psychosocial needs of the informal carers of cancer patients, drawing on data generated in a 3-year UK study (1997-2000) on the psychosocial needs of cancer patients and their main carers. While the needs of the carers of cancer patients are increasingly being recognised in healthcare policy documents, there is relatively little published literature on these needs. A "significant unmet need" is defined h…
A New Approach for Ranking 'Serious' Offences. The Use of Paired-Comparisons Methodology
Journal Article A New Approach for Ranking ‘Serious’ Offences. The Use of Paired‐Comparisons Methodology Get access Brian Francis, Brian Francis Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Keith Soothill, Keith Soothill Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Regina Dittrich Regina Dittrich Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The British Journal of …
Homicide and the Media: Identifying the Top Cases in The Times
Recent work on homicide and the media has focused on the United States. This study considers the British context and examines the coverage of homicide by a leading British newspaper ( The Times ) over a period of 23 years (1977 to 1999 inclusive). The focus is on the newspaper coverage of the top cases each year and over the whole period. This approach allows for an exploration of the hierarchy within ‘media–homicides’ that are distinguished in t…
Moral panics and the aftermath: A study of incest
A ‘moral panic’ about child sexual abuse in Britain in the 1980s culminated in ‘the Cleveland affair’ that produced the challenge of widespread incest and sexual abuse within families. This paper considers the aftermath of this ‘moral panic’. The main focus is on the offenders convicted of incest during the years 1988–96 inclusive, with comparative data from an earlier 1973 cohort. A shift in the incest offender profile is demonstrated. The after…
Gender, ethics and social work An international study of students' perceptions at entry into social work education
The connections between gender, ethics and social work are complex. Based on a cross-national project, this article investigates how student social workers commencing their professional education in Australia, Canada, the USA and the UK rank the importance of selected social work aims. The equivocal findings from a statistical analysis of gender, age and university of enrolment pose interesting questions for further exploration
The Reporting Trajectories of Top Homicide Cases in the Media: A Case Study of The Times
This study describes the reporting trajectories of the 13 cases that received the most coverage in a leading British newspaper, The Times, over a period of 23 years (1977 to 1999 inclusive). We have classified these as ‘mega‐cases’. This approach moves beyond merely measuring the coverage of cases to charting how cases can escalate to become ‘moral panics’, move into a shared ‘general knowledge’ of killing or, in some cases, come to occupy iconic…
Modelling dependency in multivariate paired comparisons: A log-linear approach
Socioeconomic lifecourse influences on women’s smoking status in early adulthood
Study objective: To incorporate women’s domestic trajectories and circumstances into analyses of the socioeconomic influences on women’s smoking status (current and former smoking) in early adulthood. Design: Cross sectional survey Setting: Southampton, UK. Participants: 8437 women aged 25–34 recruited from 1998–2002 via patient lists of general practices Main results: Domestic lifecourse factors contributed to the odds of being a current smoker …
Pathways of disadvantage and smoking careers: Evidence and policy implications
Objectives: To investigate in older industrialised societies (a) how social disadvantage contributes to smoking risk among women (b) the role of social and economic policies in reducing disadvantage and moderating wider inequalities in life chances and living standards. Methods: Review and analysis of (a) the effects of disadvantage in childhood and into adulthood on women’s smoking status in early adulthood (b) policy impacts on the social expos…
Socioeconomic gradients in smoking among young women: A British survey
Changing Patterns of Offending Behaviour Among Young Adults
This paper focuses on the offending behaviour of different generations. It considers the convictions of six cohorts involving 31,456 young adults aged 16–20 in the early 1970s, the late 1970s, the early 1980s, the late 1980s, the early 1990s and the late 1990s. Using latent class analysis, 16 offence clusters for males and five offence clusters for females were identified. For both males and females, the proportions of the population convicted in…
Criminal convictions among children and young adults: Changes over time
This study focuses on court conviction rates—that is, the numbers and proportion of the population in England and Wales who are convicted of a crime between the ages of 10—25. Data on over 47,000 male and 10,000 female offenders for six specific birth cohorts (those born in 1953, 1958, 1963, 1968, 1973 and 1978) were extracted from the Offenders Index. We related convictions in three age groups (10—15, 16—20, 21—25) to population estimates for th…
Older People and Dissatisfaction with Wheelchair Services
Britain has experienced an unprecedented increase in wheelchair use during the past two decades. The authors take a social model approach to disability and report on their study in the north-west of England into the social implications of this increase. Qualitative interviews and a large-scale social survey reveal the circumstances of users and their experiences. Building on their descriptive statistics, the authors use latent class analysis to i…
Does Serious Offending Lead to Homicide: Exploring the Interrelationships and Sequencing of Serious Crime
The interrelationships between serious types of crime have been neglected. Focusing on those convicted of arson (n = 45,915), blackmail (n = 5,774), kidnapping (n = 7,291) and threats to kill (n = 9,816) in England and Wales (1979–2001), we examine the specialization and sequencing of these crimes in relation to the risk of subsequent homicide. All four offences have a heightened likelihood of subsequent homicide compared to the general populatio…
When do Ex‐Offenders Become Like Non‐Offenders
When can ex-offenders with no further convictions be considered as exhibiting the same risk of reconviction as non-offenders? This issue is relevant for the retention and disclosure of early criminal records, and is a controversial issue. Replicating American work by Kurlychek and his colleagues (2006, 2007), this study focusing on England and Wales broadly endorses their findings by suggesting that groups whose members have either a finding of g…
The importance of co-convictions in the prediction of dangerous recidivism: Blackmail and kidnapping as a demonstration study
Co-convictions are court convictions made at the same time as a more serious conviction. Their importance has been little recognized.We investigate their value using data on two separate serious crimes. Taking official conviction careers in England and Wales (1979—2001) for blackmail ( n = 5774) and kidnapping offenders ( n = 7291), we considered how much information on co-convictions is normally overlooked, and how knowledge of co-convictions co…
Psychology (25 works) · Medicine (23 works) · Political science (20 works) · Sociology (20 works) · Crime Patterns and Interventions (16 works) · Computer Science (15 works) · Criminology (14 works) · Law (13 works) · Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis (12 works) · Demography (9 works)