Susan Kippax
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 101514 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Susan Kippax |
| NOMBRES | Susan |
| APELLIDO | Kippax |
| FIRMA | KIPPAX S |
| AFILIACIONES | UNSW Sydney |
| VERIFICADO | No |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 92 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 427 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 92 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1977 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2023 |
| ÍNDICE H | 12 |
HIV/Aids, Sociology of
HIV, a retrovirus that causes AIDS, is continuing to infect people across the world, albeit in declining numbers. HIV is primarily transmitted via sexual practices and injection drug use. As there is at present no cure, HIV prevention and the treatment of people with HIV are both essential. HIV treatment, which relies on a strict adherence to antiviral drugs, not only stops the progression to AIDS among people living with HIV but also renders the…
A journey to HIV prevention research
This is a personal account of my research in HIV prevention from 1984 to the present day. It demonstrates my disquiet with the individualism of psychology as a way of thinking about what was needed to prevent HIV transmission. HIV prevention requires social transformation which is produced via changes in social practices and norms of communities and networks rather than by changes in behaviours of individuals. My colleagues and I developed a 'soc…
Socialising the Biomedical Turn in HIV Prevention
This book concerns HIV prevention. In it the authors argue that until the world focuses its attention on the social issues carried and revealed by AIDS, it is unlikely that HIV transmission will be eradicated or even significantly reduced. This book’s argument is that at least until such time as biomedicine develops an effective prophylactic vaccine and a cure for HIV, the world must rely on the everyday responses of people and communities to com…
Socialising the Biomedical Turn in HIV Prevention
Aids, Sociology of
AIDS, or acquired immune deficiency syndrome, is caused by a retrovirus identified in 1984: the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Thirty years later, it is estimated that around 36 million people are living with HIV, with 95 percent living in low‐ and middle‐income countries (UNAIDS, 2013). There is at present no cure for AIDS and no effective prophylactic vaccine for HIV, and the number of people living with HIV continues to grow. In 1996 a su…
Scp>Aids , Sociology of
Until biomedicine develops an effective vaccine for HIV, the world will continue to depend on the people most affected to reduce the risk of HIV transmission to themselves and others and, if living with HIV, to be treated. Though not a cure, anti‐retroviral therapy has dramatically reduced the number of AIDS deaths. HIV prevalence has increased, in part due to this reduction in the number of deaths, while HIV incidence, though declining, remains …
No Ordinary Mainstream Illness
Research has shown that social representations of HIV can constitute barriers to health workers' willingness to provide HIV care. Considering a growing shortage in the HIV primary workforce in Western countries, we examine how HIV is perceived today by doctors involved in its care. In 1989 Sontag predicted that once the virus became better understood and treatable, the dehumanizing meanings that defined the early epidemic would vanish and HIV wou…
Australian prescribers' perspectives on ART initiation in the era of “treatment as prevention”
This study explores Australian prescribers' attitudes towards Treatment as Prevention (TasP) and their practices around initiating combination antiretroviral treatment (cART) for HIV. A brief online survey was conducted nationally amongst antiretroviral treatment (ART) prescribers in Australia. The sample broadly represented ART prescribers in Australia (N = 108), with 40.7% general practitioners (GPs), 25.9% sexual health clinic-based physicians…
HIV-Negative Gay Men’s Perceived HIV Risk Hierarchy
Between Individual Agency and Structure in HIV Prevention
When HIV prevention targets risk and vulnerability, it focuses on individual agency and social structures, ignoring the centrality of community in effective HIV prevention. The neoliberal concept of risk assumes individuals are rational agents who act on information provided to them regarding HIV transmission. This individualistic framework does not recognize the communities in which people act and connect. The concept of vulnerability on the oth…
HIV-Negative and HIV-Positive Gay Men’s Attitudes to Medicines, HIV Treatments and Antiretroviral-based Prevention
Beyond the Distinction Between Biomedical and Social Dimensions of HIV Prevention Through the Lens of a Social Public Health
Developing effective HIV prevention requires that we move beyond the historical but problematic distinction between biomedical and social dimensions of HIV. The current claim that prevention has failed has led to a strong interest in the role of treatment as HIV prevention; however, the turn to “biomedical prevention,” “test and treat,” and “combination prevention” instances pervasive confusions about prevention. These confusions arise from a fai…
Kippax and Stephenson Respond
We are pleased that Aral and Blanchard concur that public health needs to move beyond the distinction between biomedical and social dimensions of HIV prevention and resist the increasing biomedicalization of HIV prevention. This move is particularly important in the current context in which HIV prevention is increasingly linked to treatment. Effective HIV prevention, including “treatment as prevention,” requires that people change their social pr…
Solidarity beyond Sexuality
The relevance of community in the face of mounting individualism remains a pressing sociological issue. Social fragmentation challenges traditional communities of shared identifications and collective memberships while flexible relationship options lead sociologists to question the real benefits of friendships and the viability of personal commitments. These issues are sharply defined in current debates about 'gay community' and whether sexual pr…
Patterns of Alcohol and Other Drug Use Associated with Major Depression Among Gay Men Attending General Practices in Australia
HIV Testing, Gay Community Involvement and Internet USE
What moves a family doctor to specialise in HIV? Interviews with Australian policy key informants
The population of people living with HIV in Australia is increasing, requiring an expert primary care workforce to provide HIV clinical care into the future. Yet the numbers of family doctors or general practitioners (GPs) training as community-based HIV medication prescribers may be insufficient to replace those retiring, reducing hours or changing roles. We conducted semi-structured interviews between February and April, 2010, with 24 key infor…
Comparing ‘doctor’ and ‘patient’ beliefs about the role of illicit drug use in gay men’s depression
High rates of both illicit drug use and depression are consistently reported among gay men. However, little is known about how beliefs about drug use shape clinical encounters between gay men and health professionals, and that in turn affect clinical communication and care, particularly in relation to depression. We compared 'doctor' and 'patient' beliefs about the role of illicit drug use in gay men's depression. Semi-structured interviews were …
Discourses of Depression of Australian General Practitioners Working With Gay Men
The data for this article are from a primary health care project on HIV and depression, in which the prevalence, nature, clinical management, and self-management of depression among homosexually active men attending high-HIV-caseload general practice clinics were investigated. One of the qualitative arms consisted of in-depth interviews with general practitioners (GPs) with high caseloads of gay men. The approach to discourse analysis was informe…
The black dog just came and sat on my face and built a kennel
This article reports on in-depth interviews with gay men about their experiences and understanding of depression. It is a key outcome of the collaboration between social researchers, general practitioners and community partners to investigate the management of depression in gay men in primary care settings. As part of the qualitative arm of the project in-depth interviews were conducted with 40 gay men in Sydney and Adelaide (Australia). The appr…
HIV generations? Generational discourse in interviews with Australian general practitioners and their HIV positive gay male patients
Unprotected anal intercourse, risk reduction behaviours, and subsequent HIV infection in a cohort of homosexual men
OBJECTIVE: A range of risk reduction behaviours in which homosexual men practise unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) has been described. We aimed to assess the extent of any reduction in HIV risk associated with these behaviours. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study of HIV-negative homosexual men in Sydney, Australia. METHODS: Men were followed up with 6-monthly detailed behavioural interviews and annual testing for HIV. The four risk reduction beha…
Gay men's current practice of HIV seroconcordant unprotected anal intercourse
We explored seroguessing (serosorting based on the assumption of HIV seroconcordance) and casual unprotected anal intercourse (UAIC) associated with seroguessing. The ongoing Positive Health and Health in Men cohorts, Australia, provided data for trends in seroconcordant UAIC and HIV disclosure to sex partners. In event-level analyses, we used log-binomial regression adjusted for within-individual correlation and estimated prevalence rate ratios …
Does age affect sexual behaviour among gay men in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane, Australia
Concern internationally that young gay men are at increased risk of HIV infection has not been reflected in earlier findings in Australia where younger men have not been found to be at increased likelihood to engage in unprotected anal intercourse with casual partners (UAIC). There has, however, been little attention paid to the issue of age in relation to HIV risk behaviour in Australia in recent years. In 2007, among men who completed Gay Commu…
Enhancing HIV prevention requires addressing the complex relationship between prevention and treatment
Globally each year, HIV continues to infect millions of people, and the number of people living with HIV and AIDS grows. While there has been an increase in funding for HIV and AIDS, there is a growing gap between the funds available and the funds needed for both prevention and treatment. Yet, one of the means of closing that gap – preventing new infections – has slipped down the agenda. In arguing for a significant intensification of the HIV pre…
Sustaining safe practice
Anal Intercourse and Power in Sex Between Men
Anal intercourse between men is discussed using various texts, primarily interview narratives. The focus is upon the way men talk about and experience anal intercourse as a relation of power between men. Drawing upon the work of Foucault, a distinction is made between power as domination and power as negotiated between people. The latter opens up the possibility of intimacy and mutual pleasure within fantasies of domination and submission. Some o…
Dirty, diseased and undeserving
Women negotiating heterosex
Beyond the Distinction Between Biomedical and Social Dimensions of HIV Prevention Through the Lens of a Social Public Health
Developing effective HIV prevention requires that we move beyond the historical but problematic distinction between biomedical and social dimensions of HIV. The current claim that prevention has failed has led to a strong interest in the role of treatment as HIV prevention; however, the turn to “biomedical prevention,” “test and treat,” and “combination prevention” instances pervasive confusions about prevention. These confusions arise from a fai…
Between Individual Agency and Structure in HIV Prevention
When HIV prevention targets risk and vulnerability, it focuses on individual agency and social structures, ignoring the centrality of community in effective HIV prevention. The neoliberal concept of risk assumes individuals are rational agents who act on information provided to them regarding HIV transmission. This individualistic framework does not recognize the communities in which people act and connect. The concept of vulnerability on the oth…
Sexuality Education and Young People's Sexual Behavior
To assess the effects of HIV/AIDS and sexuality education on young people's sexual behavior; a comprehensive literature review was commissioned by the Office of Intervention Development and Support within the World Health Organization's Global Programme on AIDS. Fifty-two reports were reviewed. Of 47 studies that evaluated interventions, 25 reported that HP//AIDS and sexuality education neither increased nor decreased sexual activity and attendan…
Sexuality in the aids crisis
AIDS prevention work needs an understanding of the full spectrum of sexuality. A survey of sexual practices was conducted among gay and bisexual men in New South Wales, Australia. Interviews with 535 men indicate that the repertoire of sexual expression appears to be diminishing under the impact of the AIDS crisis. Particular sexual practices can be grouped into several clusters or factors, and scales can be constructed which focus on anal, oral/…
Women's Sex Talk and Men's Sex Talk
Communication in heterosexual encounters is often problematic, particularly front the perspective of the woman involved. In examining what renders such communication problematic, this article argues that both hegemonic discourses and particular interpersonal contexts need to be taken into account. Communication and negotiation take place in the intersubjective realm, the space where human beings make sense of their experience. An analysis of memo…
Research note
(AIDS Research Unit, Macquarie University, New South Wales)IntroductionThis research note documents part of a continuing research project intothe dynamics of sexual negotiation between men and women, which aimsto specify possible mechanisms for the transformation of sexual practicein the direction of safer sex (Kippax et al 1990; Crawford et al 1990;Waldby et al 1990; Waldby et al 1991). At this point in the history of theAIDS epidemic the gay co…
Using the Mass Media
Patterns of media use in an urban setting are related to media gratification processes, but the relationship of media use to the needs of the media users is a complex one. Television, newspapers, and books are perceived as the most helpful media sources of need gratification, while radio, magazines, and films are perceived as less helpful. Use of the media is, in general, related to their perceived helpfulness. However, use of the media is not cl…
A comparative demographic and sexual profile of older homosexually active men
Our analysis draws a comparative profile of older homosexually active men. For an Australian national telephone survey (Project Male‐Call), 2,583 homosexually active men were interviewed. Questions about demographics, types of sexual partners, attachment to gay community, HIV/AIDS, and sexual practices were asked. About 10% (n = 256) of the Male‐Call men were over 49years. These older men were likely to live alone (52.7%), to be or have been marr…
Theory in the Bedroom
The political and social questions raised by AIDS/HIV are particularly complex ones, concerned as they are with changing the sexual practices of both the heterosexual and the homosexual population. In many ways these questions have tested the limits of orthodox policy‐making processes. The Macquarie University ‘AIDS and Heterosexuality’ project is one of a small number of research projects which have attempted both to analyse critically existing …
Semi-Straight Sort of Sex
Gay Community Attachment has proved a significant predictor of successful behavior change among gay-identifying men in response to HIV/AIDS. Related work at Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia, indicated that attachment to gay community is not a simple issue; rather, complex issues of sexual identity formation, the constraints of social inequality and localized sexual cultures inhibit the process of attachment and, therefore, successful HIV p…
Faking it
Secrecy, Disclosure, and Closet Dynamics
This paper examines the assumption that male homosexuality has a natural affinity with femininity and that male heterosexuality has a natural affinity with masculinity. An analysis of the relationship between people's disclosure or concealment of their homosexual practice or identity, particularly as it relates to notions of hegemonic masculinity and femininity provides the focus of this paper. It is argued that everyday understandings of homosex…
Equality and eroticism
Facing the Epidemic
A 1986-87 field survey of 535 gay and bisexual men in Australia examined changes in social relationships and in sexual conduct in response to the HIV epidemic. Results show the framework of sexual relationships changing little, though many men have moved between types of relationships. Reducing the incidence of sexual contact and being more selective about partners are common. Widespread change towards safe sex is reported; the repertoire is cont…
Factors Associated with 'Feeling Suicidal
This paper examines factors associated with feeling suicidal in a large sample of urban men in Sydney and Melbourne, aged 18-50, including heterosexual, gay and bisexual men, HIV antibody positive and HIV antibody negative. As in previous research, sexuality (being homosexual or bisexual) was found to be a major predictor of suicidality. The research went some way towards explaining the close relationship between feeling suicidal and sexual orien…
Solidarity beyond Sexuality
The relevance of community in the face of mounting individualism remains a pressing sociological issue. Social fragmentation challenges traditional communities of shared identifications and collective memberships while flexible relationship options lead sociologists to question the real benefits of friendships and the viability of personal commitments. These issues are sharply defined in current debates about 'gay community' and whether sexual pr…
Going Down
Women theorising their experiences of anger
This paper represents part of an ongoing project on the social construction of emotion. Although our general findings are that emotions are complex and difficult to separate from one another, this paper focuses on anger - an emotion which presents problems for women. The theories used include social constructionism and the theory-and-method of memory-work developed by Haug (1987). Memory-work is a method of enquiry which is collective, subjective…
Using television
It is shown that audience members actively select amongst available programmes on television. This selection is based upon the social role and situational characteristics of the viewer and it is also directly related to the reasons given by viewers for watching television. Patterns of programme selection are related to three clusters of needs and reasons. The two most important of these are composed of needs relating to information and diversion.…
A journey to HIV prevention research
This is a personal account of my research in HIV prevention from 1984 to the present day. It demonstrates my disquiet with the individualism of psychology as a way of thinking about what was needed to prevent HIV transmission. HIV prevention requires social transformation which is produced via changes in social practices and norms of communities and networks rather than by changes in behaviours of individuals. My colleagues and I developed a 'soc…
No Ordinary Mainstream Illness
Research has shown that social representations of HIV can constitute barriers to health workers' willingness to provide HIV care. Considering a growing shortage in the HIV primary workforce in Western countries, we examine how HIV is perceived today by doctors involved in its care. In 1989 Sontag predicted that once the virus became better understood and treatable, the dehumanizing meanings that defined the early epidemic would vanish and HIV wou…
Using television
It is shown that audience members actively select amongst available programmes on television. This selection is based upon the social role and situational characteristics of the viewer and it is also directly related to the reasons given by viewers for watching television. Patterns of programme selection are related to three clusters of needs and reasons. The two most important of these are composed of needs relating to information and diversion.…
Children's Social Behavior in Three Towns with Difering Television Experience
Although an initial displacer of social engagement, television may ultimately foster increased interpersonal contact by serving as a focal point for shared activities
From the Early Window to The Late Night Show
Using the Mass Media
Patterns of media use in an urban setting are related to media gratification processes, but the relationship of media use to the needs of the media users is a complex one. Television, newspapers, and books are perceived as the most helpful media sources of need gratification, while radio, magazines, and films are perceived as less helpful. Use of the media is, in general, related to their perceived helpfulness. However, use of the media is not cl…
Women as audience
Facing the Epidemic
A 1986-87 field survey of 535 gay and bisexual men in Australia examined changes in social relationships and in sexual conduct in response to the HIV epidemic. Results show the framework of sexual relationships changing little, though many men have moved between types of relationships. Reducing the incidence of sexual contact and being more selective about partners are common. Widespread change towards safe sex is reported; the repertoire is cont…
Women negotiating heterosex
Women theorising their experiences of anger
This paper represents part of an ongoing project on the social construction of emotion. Although our general findings are that emotions are complex and difficult to separate from one another, this paper focuses on anger - an emotion which presents problems for women. The theories used include social constructionism and the theory-and-method of memory-work developed by Haug (1987). Memory-work is a method of enquiry which is collective, subjective…
Theory in the Bedroom
The political and social questions raised by AIDS/HIV are particularly complex ones, concerned as they are with changing the sexual practices of both the heterosexual and the homosexual population. In many ways these questions have tested the limits of orthodox policy‐making processes. The Macquarie University ‘AIDS and Heterosexuality’ project is one of a small number of research projects which have attempted both to analyse critically existing …
Gay Men's Knowledge of HIV Transmission and ‘Safe’ Sex
The study described in this paper is part of a project assessing the impact of the HIV epidemic on 535 men who have sex with men. These men were surveyed about their knowledge of HIV, their sexual practices, other issues concerning the transmission of HIV, and AIDS. This paper focuses on these men's beliefs about HIV transmission, their perceptions of the safety of a number of sexual and social practices, and the factors influencing these percept…
Sexuality in the aids crisis
AIDS prevention work needs an understanding of the full spectrum of sexuality. A survey of sexual practices was conducted among gay and bisexual men in New South Wales, Australia. Interviews with 535 men indicate that the repertoire of sexual expression appears to be diminishing under the impact of the AIDS crisis. Particular sexual practices can be grouped into several clusters or factors, and scales can be constructed which focus on anal, oral/…
Quantitative analysis of burnout and its associated factors in Aids nursing
A study was conducted to examine burnout and associated factors in the nursing care of AIDS patients in the hospital setting. Oncology nurses served as a comparison group and 64 subjects completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Although nurses working in the area of Oncology suffered burnout with greater frequency, nurses working in the area of AIDS showed greater intensity of burnout after adjustment for frequency of burnout. The study identifie…
Equality and eroticism
Sustaining safe sex
OBJECTIVE: TO assess the maintenance of safe sexual practice. (We use the term 'safe' sex throughout the paper, since 'safe' is the term adopted by the Australian National Committee on AIDS). DESIGN: Maintenance was assessed by comparing sexual behaviour with both regular and casual partners reported in a 1986/1987 survey (time 1) with behaviour reported in a second survey in 1991 (time 2). METHOD: The 145 homosexually active participants were a …
Research note
(AIDS Research Unit, Macquarie University, New South Wales)IntroductionThis research note documents part of a continuing research project intothe dynamics of sexual negotiation between men and women, which aimsto specify possible mechanisms for the transformation of sexual practicein the direction of safer sex (Kippax et al 1990; Crawford et al 1990;Waldby et al 1990; Waldby et al 1991). At this point in the history of theAIDS epidemic the gay co…
Women's Sex Talk and Men's Sex Talk
Communication in heterosexual encounters is often problematic, particularly front the perspective of the woman involved. In examining what renders such communication problematic, this article argues that both hegemonic discourses and particular interpersonal contexts need to be taken into account. Communication and negotiation take place in the intersubjective realm, the space where human beings make sense of their experience. An analysis of memo…
Faking it
Some Demographic Correlates of Hiv/Aids‐related Discrimination
In late 1991, a survey was made of HIV/AIDS‐related discrimination in the Australian community. Structured telephone interviews were conducted with a random sample of 2,053 respondents. Twenty‐one questions provided an index of expressed discrimination. Social contact with HIV‐positive people was a significant predictor of low levels of discrimination. Other important predictors of (lower) levels of discrimination were: social contact with gay me…
Going Down
Dirty, diseased and undeserving
Sexual negotiation in the Aids era
OBJECTIVE: To test the safety of the 'negotiated safety' strategy-the strategy of dispensing with condoms within HIV-seronegative concordant regular sexual relationships under certain conditions. METHOD: Data from recently recruited cohort of homosexually active men (Sydney Men and Sexual Health cohort, n = 1037) are used to revisit negotiated safety. The men were surveyed using a structured questionnaire and questions addressing their sexual rel…
Factors associated with unprotected anal intercourse in gay men's casual partnerships in Sydney, Australia
We assessed the factors associated with unprotected anal intercourse in gay men's casual partnerships, using data from a longitudinal cohort study ongoing since October 1992. Participants were recruited through gay community and a variety of other sources and interviewed for the Sydney Men and Sexual Health study. Of 1,037 interviewees at outset, 834 men had casual partners during the six months prior to interview; 609 had any anal intercourse wi…
Sexuality Education and Young People's Sexual Behavior
To assess the effects of HIV/AIDS and sexuality education on young people's sexual behavior; a comprehensive literature review was commissioned by the Office of Intervention Development and Support within the World Health Organization's Global Programme on AIDS. Fifty-two reports were reviewed. Of 47 studies that evaluated interventions, 25 reported that HP//AIDS and sexuality education neither increased nor decreased sexual activity and attendan…
A comparative demographic and sexual profile of older homosexually active men
Our analysis draws a comparative profile of older homosexually active men. For an Australian national telephone survey (Project Male‐Call), 2,583 homosexually active men were interviewed. Questions about demographics, types of sexual partners, attachment to gay community, HIV/AIDS, and sexual practices were asked. About 10% (n = 256) of the Male‐Call men were over 49years. These older men were likely to live alone (52.7%), to be or have been marr…
Cultures of sexual adventurism as markers of HIV seroconversion
A case control analysis within an ongoing cohort study was used to examine differences between seroconverters and men who remained HIV-negative. The cases were interviewed within one to 13 months prior to their seroconversion. Their responses to a structured questionnaire were compared with those of HIV-negative controls drawn from the same time period and from the same longitudinal study, Sydney Men and Sexual Health. Data collected from both ca…
Psychology (74 obras) · Medicine (72 obras) · Sociology (64 obras) · HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions (55 obras) · Political science (44 obras) · Family medicine (40 obras) · Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health (39 obras) · Social Psychology (39 obras) · Demography (37 obras) · HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk (33 obras)