Sarah Sunn Bush
Biographic Data
| ID | 1029593 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Sarah Sunn Bush |
| GIVEN NAMES | Sarah Sunn |
| FAMILY NAME | Bush |
| SIGNATURE | BUSH S S |
| AFFILIATIONS | Yale University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-0889-5916 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 24 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 621 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 24 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2010 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 13 |
The End of Autocratic Norm Adaptation? US Retrenchment and Liberal Norms in Illiberal Regimes
In the post–Cold War era, many authoritarian regimes engaged in strategic liberalization in response to international norms promoted by Western powers. As US support for democracy and human rights recedes, will this retreat prompt a global rollback of liberal reforms? While pessimistic accounts predict a return to overt repression, we argue that liberal norm adaptation within autocracies is likely to prove more resilient. We highlight two sources…
National Identity and Democracy Ratings
Global performance indicators, such as democracy ratings, are influential tools of global governance and can have a direct bearing on foreign policy, aid, and investment. Many of these indicators rely on expert assessments. Although expert assessments are generally understood to be objective, this article suggests raters’ identities may shape their assessments. It specifically examines how national identity shapes democracy ratings. Two data sour…
Gender Equality and Authoritarian Regimes: New Directions for Research
There are competing global trends in terms of gender equality. International concern with gender inequality is significant. The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995), United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security (2000), and the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (2015), among other instruments, pushed countries to increase women’s access to decision-making and basic rights such as education,…
International Rewards for Gender Equality Reforms in Autocracies
How do international audiences perceive, and respond to, gender equality reforms in autocracies? For autocrats, the post-Cold War rewards associated with democracy create incentives to make reforms that will be viewed as democratic but not threaten their political survival. We theorize women's rights as one such policy area, contrasting it with more politically costly reforms to increase electoral competition. A conjoint survey experiment with de…
Stay off my field: Policing boundaries in human rights and democracy promotion
The study of global politics is frequently organized around fields, but the boundaries of these fields are little understood. We explore the relationship between two proximate fields, human rights (HR) and democracy promotion (DP), in order to understand the emergence and maintenance of field boundaries. The two fields are closely linked in international law and practice, yet they have remained largely separate as fields of action, despite vast c…
Facing Change: Gender and Climate Change Attitudes Worldwide
Gender differences in concern about climate change are highly correlated with economic development: when countries are wealthier, a gap emerges whereby women are more likely than men to express concern about our changing climate. These differences stem from cross-national variation in men's attitudes. Men, more than women, tend to be less concerned about climate change when countries are wealthier. This article develops a new theory about the per…
Participation incentives in a survey of international non-profit professionals
Elite surveys are increasingly common in political science, but how best to motivate participation in them remains poorly understood. This study compares the effect of three treatments designed to increase participation in an online survey of international non-profit professionals: a monetary reward, an altruistic appeal emphasizing the study’s benefits, and a promise to give the respondent access to the study’s results. Only the monetary incenti…
Islam, gender segregation, and political engagement: Evidence from an experiment in Tunisia
The Arab world has historically had limited descriptive representation for women, although that is changing. Will having more women officeholders lead women citizens to become more engaged? Or could it depress engagement due to pervasive gender biases? To answer these questions, this paper uses a nationally-representative experiment in Tunisia. Unexpectedly, people were less likely to want to contact their representatives when primed to think of …
Gender Quotas and International Reputation
The global spread of electoral gender quotas has been characterized as one of the most significant institutional developments of the last 30 years. Many of the countries that have adopted these laws designed to increase women's political representation are electoral autocracies that have otherwise‐stark gender inequalities. Some scholars argue that electoral authoritarian states have adopted quotas as a strategy for improving their international …
What's different about the environment? Environmental Ingos in comparative perspective
Existing scholarship has established that environmental NGOs influence political and ecological outcomes across a variety of settings. Yet this work tells us relatively little about how the networks, strategies, and organizations in the environmental NGO sector compare to other NGO sectors. This article argues that adopting a cross-sectoral perspective illuminates how theory and best practice developed for other INGO sectors can apply to the stud…
Foreign Meddling and Mass Attitudes Toward International Economic Engagement
What explains variation in individual preferences for foreign economic engagement? Although a large and growing literature addresses that question, little research examines how partner countries affect public opinion on policies such as trade, foreign aid, and investment. We construct a new theory arguing that political side-taking by outside powers shapes individuals’ support for engaging economically with those countries. We test the theory usi…
National Perspectives and Quantitative Datasets: A Silver Lining
As noted by other contributions to this special issue, an American perspective shapes many leading quantitative datasets used by international relations scholars. This tendency can lead to biased inferences, but it can also enhance scholarly accuracy under certain conditions. Precisely because some datasets reflect national perspectives, they are appropriate to use when seeking to test theories in which the actors of interest subscribe to the sam…
Do electronic devices in face-to-face interviews change survey behavior? Evidence from a developing country
A large literature shows that survey mode and survey technologies significantly affect item non-response and response distributions. Yet as researchers increasingly conduct surveys in the developing world, little attention has been devoted to understanding how new technologies—such as the use of electronic devices in face-to-face interviews—produce bias there. We hypothesize that using electronic devices instead of pen and paper can affect survey…
Density and Decline in the Founding of International NGOs in the United States
It is now commonplace for scholars to note that the number of international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) has exploded. But, in recent years, the growth rate of INGOs globally and in the United States has stagnated. We argue this stagnation can best be explained by changes in the environment in which INGOs work. Specifically, the now dense population environment discourages new INGOs from being founded, while also encouraging competition.…
Who's There? Election Observer Identity and the Local Credibility of Elections
Prior research has sought to understand the rise of election observers and their consequences for outcomes such as fraud, protest, and violence. These studies are important but they overlook a significant individual-level dynamic that observers themselves care about: the effect that election observers have on local attitudes about elections. We argue that the activities of election observers can enhance elections' local credibility, but only when…
The Promise and Limits of Election Observers in Building Election Credibility
Scholars and practitioners posit that election observers (EOs) affect local beliefs about the credibility of elections. Although these effects have important implications for democratization, they remain largely unexamined at the individual level. This article applies models of Bayesian opinion updating and motivated reasoning to illuminate the conditions under which EOs change beliefs about elections. Experimental evidence from a national survey…
The Politics of Rating Freedom: Ideological Affinity, Private Authority, and the Freedom in the World Ratings
TheFreedom in the World(FITW) ratings of countries’ freedom, created by Freedom House in 1972, are widely used by many U.S. audiences, including journalists, policymakers, and scholars. Why and how did these ratings acquire private authority in the United States? Furthermore, why and to what extent have they retained private authority over time and across different audiences? Contrary to previous research on private authority, which emphasizes th…
Small Tribes, Big Gains: The Strategic Uses of Gender Quotas in the Middle East
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from City University of New York via the DOI in this record
Varieties of International Influence and the Middle East
An abstract is not available for this content. As you have access to this content, full HTML content is provided on this page. A PDF of this content is also available in through the ‘Save PDF’ action button
The Effects of Authoritarian Iconography: An Experimental Test
Do public images of state leaders affect individuals’ political attitudes and behaviors? If so, why do they have that effect and among whom? Authoritarian iconography could increase compliance with and support for the state via three causal mechanisms: legitimacy, self-interest, and coercion. This article uses a laboratory experiment in the United Arab Emirates to evaluate the effect of public images of state leaders on individuals’ compliance wi…
The Taming of Democracy Assistance: Why Democracy Promotion Does Not Confront Dictators
Few government programs that aid democracy abroad today seek to foster regime change. Technical programs that do not confront dictators are more common than the aid to dissidents and political parties that once dominated the field. What explains this 'taming' of democracy assistance? This book offers the first analysis of that puzzle. In contrast to previous research on democracy aid, it focuses on the survival instincts of the non-governmental o…
Anti-Americanism, Authoritarian Politics, and Attitudes about Women's Representation: Evidence from a Survey Experiment in Jordan
A pillar of American foreign policy in the Middle East since September 11, 2001, has been promoting democracy, with particular emphasis on support for women's representation. Given high levels of anti-Americanism in the region, does foreign pressure for policy reform undermine this project? Evidence from a nationally representative survey experiment in Jordan shows that an American endorsement of women in politics has no average effect on popular…
International Politics and the Spread of Quotas for Women in Legislatures
Quotas to promote women's representation in the world's legislatures have spread to more than one hundred countries. The diffusion of gender quotas poses a puzzle since they have often been adopted in countries where women have low status. International influence and inducements best explain quota adoption in developing countries. Promoting gender equality, including through gender quotas, has become a key part of international democracy promotio…
"If No-One Speaks Out, Then Nothing Changes": A Personal Response to Liz Crow's Resistance
I am not often rendered speechless. I am rarely haunted by things that I have read or watched. If asked, I would have said that I consider myself to be too long in the tooth, too jaded, too cynical to experience such a visceral response to any work of art, no matter how brilliant. I would have been wrong. Liz Crow, of Roaring Girl Productions, spent ten years creating her installation Resistance: Which Way the Future? Given its subject matter, I …
International Politics and the Spread of Quotas for Women in Legislatures
Quotas to promote women's representation in the world's legislatures have spread to more than one hundred countries. The diffusion of gender quotas poses a puzzle since they have often been adopted in countries where women have low status. International influence and inducements best explain quota adoption in developing countries. Promoting gender equality, including through gender quotas, has become a key part of international democracy promotio…
Gender Quotas and International Reputation
The global spread of electoral gender quotas has been characterized as one of the most significant institutional developments of the last 30 years. Many of the countries that have adopted these laws designed to increase women's political representation are electoral autocracies that have otherwise‐stark gender inequalities. Some scholars argue that electoral authoritarian states have adopted quotas as a strategy for improving their international …
Anti-Americanism, Authoritarian Politics, and Attitudes about Women's Representation: Evidence from a Survey Experiment in Jordan
A pillar of American foreign policy in the Middle East since September 11, 2001, has been promoting democracy, with particular emphasis on support for women's representation. Given high levels of anti-Americanism in the region, does foreign pressure for policy reform undermine this project? Evidence from a nationally representative survey experiment in Jordan shows that an American endorsement of women in politics has no average effect on popular…
Facing Change: Gender and Climate Change Attitudes Worldwide
Gender differences in concern about climate change are highly correlated with economic development: when countries are wealthier, a gap emerges whereby women are more likely than men to express concern about our changing climate. These differences stem from cross-national variation in men's attitudes. Men, more than women, tend to be less concerned about climate change when countries are wealthier. This article develops a new theory about the per…
Who's There? Election Observer Identity and the Local Credibility of Elections
Prior research has sought to understand the rise of election observers and their consequences for outcomes such as fraud, protest, and violence. These studies are important but they overlook a significant individual-level dynamic that observers themselves care about: the effect that election observers have on local attitudes about elections. We argue that the activities of election observers can enhance elections' local credibility, but only when…
The Politics of Rating Freedom: Ideological Affinity, Private Authority, and the Freedom in the World Ratings
TheFreedom in the World(FITW) ratings of countries’ freedom, created by Freedom House in 1972, are widely used by many U.S. audiences, including journalists, policymakers, and scholars. Why and how did these ratings acquire private authority in the United States? Furthermore, why and to what extent have they retained private authority over time and across different audiences? Contrary to previous research on private authority, which emphasizes th…
Density and Decline in the Founding of International NGOs in the United States
It is now commonplace for scholars to note that the number of international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) has exploded. But, in recent years, the growth rate of INGOs globally and in the United States has stagnated. We argue this stagnation can best be explained by changes in the environment in which INGOs work. Specifically, the now dense population environment discourages new INGOs from being founded, while also encouraging competition.…
The Promise and Limits of Election Observers in Building Election Credibility
Scholars and practitioners posit that election observers (EOs) affect local beliefs about the credibility of elections. Although these effects have important implications for democratization, they remain largely unexamined at the individual level. This article applies models of Bayesian opinion updating and motivated reasoning to illuminate the conditions under which EOs change beliefs about elections. Experimental evidence from a national survey…
The Effects of Authoritarian Iconography: An Experimental Test
Do public images of state leaders affect individuals’ political attitudes and behaviors? If so, why do they have that effect and among whom? Authoritarian iconography could increase compliance with and support for the state via three causal mechanisms: legitimacy, self-interest, and coercion. This article uses a laboratory experiment in the United Arab Emirates to evaluate the effect of public images of state leaders on individuals’ compliance wi…
Foreign Meddling and Mass Attitudes Toward International Economic Engagement
What explains variation in individual preferences for foreign economic engagement? Although a large and growing literature addresses that question, little research examines how partner countries affect public opinion on policies such as trade, foreign aid, and investment. We construct a new theory arguing that political side-taking by outside powers shapes individuals’ support for engaging economically with those countries. We test the theory usi…
Small Tribes, Big Gains: The Strategic Uses of Gender Quotas in the Middle East
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from City University of New York via the DOI in this record
International Rewards for Gender Equality Reforms in Autocracies
How do international audiences perceive, and respond to, gender equality reforms in autocracies? For autocrats, the post-Cold War rewards associated with democracy create incentives to make reforms that will be viewed as democratic but not threaten their political survival. We theorize women's rights as one such policy area, contrasting it with more politically costly reforms to increase electoral competition. A conjoint survey experiment with de…
Gender Equality and Authoritarian Regimes: New Directions for Research
There are competing global trends in terms of gender equality. International concern with gender inequality is significant. The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995), United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security (2000), and the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (2015), among other instruments, pushed countries to increase women’s access to decision-making and basic rights such as education,…
Islam, gender segregation, and political engagement: Evidence from an experiment in Tunisia
The Arab world has historically had limited descriptive representation for women, although that is changing. Will having more women officeholders lead women citizens to become more engaged? Or could it depress engagement due to pervasive gender biases? To answer these questions, this paper uses a nationally-representative experiment in Tunisia. Unexpectedly, people were less likely to want to contact their representatives when primed to think of …
National Perspectives and Quantitative Datasets: A Silver Lining
As noted by other contributions to this special issue, an American perspective shapes many leading quantitative datasets used by international relations scholars. This tendency can lead to biased inferences, but it can also enhance scholarly accuracy under certain conditions. Precisely because some datasets reflect national perspectives, they are appropriate to use when seeking to test theories in which the actors of interest subscribe to the sam…
Participation incentives in a survey of international non-profit professionals
Elite surveys are increasingly common in political science, but how best to motivate participation in them remains poorly understood. This study compares the effect of three treatments designed to increase participation in an online survey of international non-profit professionals: a monetary reward, an altruistic appeal emphasizing the study’s benefits, and a promise to give the respondent access to the study’s results. Only the monetary incenti…
Varieties of International Influence and the Middle East
An abstract is not available for this content. As you have access to this content, full HTML content is provided on this page. A PDF of this content is also available in through the ‘Save PDF’ action button
National Identity and Democracy Ratings
Global performance indicators, such as democracy ratings, are influential tools of global governance and can have a direct bearing on foreign policy, aid, and investment. Many of these indicators rely on expert assessments. Although expert assessments are generally understood to be objective, this article suggests raters’ identities may shape their assessments. It specifically examines how national identity shapes democracy ratings. Two data sour…
What's different about the environment? Environmental Ingos in comparative perspective
Existing scholarship has established that environmental NGOs influence political and ecological outcomes across a variety of settings. Yet this work tells us relatively little about how the networks, strategies, and organizations in the environmental NGO sector compare to other NGO sectors. This article argues that adopting a cross-sectoral perspective illuminates how theory and best practice developed for other INGO sectors can apply to the stud…
Do electronic devices in face-to-face interviews change survey behavior? Evidence from a developing country
A large literature shows that survey mode and survey technologies significantly affect item non-response and response distributions. Yet as researchers increasingly conduct surveys in the developing world, little attention has been devoted to understanding how new technologies—such as the use of electronic devices in face-to-face interviews—produce bias there. We hypothesize that using electronic devices instead of pen and paper can affect survey…
"If No-One Speaks Out, Then Nothing Changes": A Personal Response to Liz Crow's Resistance
I am not often rendered speechless. I am rarely haunted by things that I have read or watched. If asked, I would have said that I consider myself to be too long in the tooth, too jaded, too cynical to experience such a visceral response to any work of art, no matter how brilliant. I would have been wrong. Liz Crow, of Roaring Girl Productions, spent ten years creating her installation Resistance: Which Way the Future? Given its subject matter, I …
International Politics and the Spread of Quotas for Women in Legislatures
Quotas to promote women's representation in the world's legislatures have spread to more than one hundred countries. The diffusion of gender quotas poses a puzzle since they have often been adopted in countries where women have low status. International influence and inducements best explain quota adoption in developing countries. Promoting gender equality, including through gender quotas, has become a key part of international democracy promotio…
The Taming of Democracy Assistance: Why Democracy Promotion Does Not Confront Dictators
Few government programs that aid democracy abroad today seek to foster regime change. Technical programs that do not confront dictators are more common than the aid to dissidents and political parties that once dominated the field. What explains this 'taming' of democracy assistance? This book offers the first analysis of that puzzle. In contrast to previous research on democracy aid, it focuses on the survival instincts of the non-governmental o…
Anti-Americanism, Authoritarian Politics, and Attitudes about Women's Representation: Evidence from a Survey Experiment in Jordan
A pillar of American foreign policy in the Middle East since September 11, 2001, has been promoting democracy, with particular emphasis on support for women's representation. Given high levels of anti-Americanism in the region, does foreign pressure for policy reform undermine this project? Evidence from a nationally representative survey experiment in Jordan shows that an American endorsement of women in politics has no average effect on popular…
The Effects of Authoritarian Iconography: An Experimental Test
Do public images of state leaders affect individuals’ political attitudes and behaviors? If so, why do they have that effect and among whom? Authoritarian iconography could increase compliance with and support for the state via three causal mechanisms: legitimacy, self-interest, and coercion. This article uses a laboratory experiment in the United Arab Emirates to evaluate the effect of public images of state leaders on individuals’ compliance wi…
The Promise and Limits of Election Observers in Building Election Credibility
Scholars and practitioners posit that election observers (EOs) affect local beliefs about the credibility of elections. Although these effects have important implications for democratization, they remain largely unexamined at the individual level. This article applies models of Bayesian opinion updating and motivated reasoning to illuminate the conditions under which EOs change beliefs about elections. Experimental evidence from a national survey…
The Politics of Rating Freedom: Ideological Affinity, Private Authority, and the Freedom in the World Ratings
TheFreedom in the World(FITW) ratings of countries’ freedom, created by Freedom House in 1972, are widely used by many U.S. audiences, including journalists, policymakers, and scholars. Why and how did these ratings acquire private authority in the United States? Furthermore, why and to what extent have they retained private authority over time and across different audiences? Contrary to previous research on private authority, which emphasizes th…
Small Tribes, Big Gains: The Strategic Uses of Gender Quotas in the Middle East
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from City University of New York via the DOI in this record
Varieties of International Influence and the Middle East
An abstract is not available for this content. As you have access to this content, full HTML content is provided on this page. A PDF of this content is also available in through the ‘Save PDF’ action button
Who's There? Election Observer Identity and the Local Credibility of Elections
Prior research has sought to understand the rise of election observers and their consequences for outcomes such as fraud, protest, and violence. These studies are important but they overlook a significant individual-level dynamic that observers themselves care about: the effect that election observers have on local attitudes about elections. We argue that the activities of election observers can enhance elections' local credibility, but only when…
National Perspectives and Quantitative Datasets: A Silver Lining
As noted by other contributions to this special issue, an American perspective shapes many leading quantitative datasets used by international relations scholars. This tendency can lead to biased inferences, but it can also enhance scholarly accuracy under certain conditions. Precisely because some datasets reflect national perspectives, they are appropriate to use when seeking to test theories in which the actors of interest subscribe to the sam…
Do electronic devices in face-to-face interviews change survey behavior? Evidence from a developing country
A large literature shows that survey mode and survey technologies significantly affect item non-response and response distributions. Yet as researchers increasingly conduct surveys in the developing world, little attention has been devoted to understanding how new technologies—such as the use of electronic devices in face-to-face interviews—produce bias there. We hypothesize that using electronic devices instead of pen and paper can affect survey…
Density and Decline in the Founding of International NGOs in the United States
It is now commonplace for scholars to note that the number of international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) has exploded. But, in recent years, the growth rate of INGOs globally and in the United States has stagnated. We argue this stagnation can best be explained by changes in the environment in which INGOs work. Specifically, the now dense population environment discourages new INGOs from being founded, while also encouraging competition.…
Foreign Meddling and Mass Attitudes Toward International Economic Engagement
What explains variation in individual preferences for foreign economic engagement? Although a large and growing literature addresses that question, little research examines how partner countries affect public opinion on policies such as trade, foreign aid, and investment. We construct a new theory arguing that political side-taking by outside powers shapes individuals’ support for engaging economically with those countries. We test the theory usi…
Islam, gender segregation, and political engagement: Evidence from an experiment in Tunisia
The Arab world has historically had limited descriptive representation for women, although that is changing. Will having more women officeholders lead women citizens to become more engaged? Or could it depress engagement due to pervasive gender biases? To answer these questions, this paper uses a nationally-representative experiment in Tunisia. Unexpectedly, people were less likely to want to contact their representatives when primed to think of …
Gender Quotas and International Reputation
The global spread of electoral gender quotas has been characterized as one of the most significant institutional developments of the last 30 years. Many of the countries that have adopted these laws designed to increase women's political representation are electoral autocracies that have otherwise‐stark gender inequalities. Some scholars argue that electoral authoritarian states have adopted quotas as a strategy for improving their international …
What's different about the environment? Environmental Ingos in comparative perspective
Existing scholarship has established that environmental NGOs influence political and ecological outcomes across a variety of settings. Yet this work tells us relatively little about how the networks, strategies, and organizations in the environmental NGO sector compare to other NGO sectors. This article argues that adopting a cross-sectoral perspective illuminates how theory and best practice developed for other INGO sectors can apply to the stud…
Participation incentives in a survey of international non-profit professionals
Elite surveys are increasingly common in political science, but how best to motivate participation in them remains poorly understood. This study compares the effect of three treatments designed to increase participation in an online survey of international non-profit professionals: a monetary reward, an altruistic appeal emphasizing the study’s benefits, and a promise to give the respondent access to the study’s results. Only the monetary incenti…
Stay off my field: Policing boundaries in human rights and democracy promotion
The study of global politics is frequently organized around fields, but the boundaries of these fields are little understood. We explore the relationship between two proximate fields, human rights (HR) and democracy promotion (DP), in order to understand the emergence and maintenance of field boundaries. The two fields are closely linked in international law and practice, yet they have remained largely separate as fields of action, despite vast c…
Facing Change: Gender and Climate Change Attitudes Worldwide
Gender differences in concern about climate change are highly correlated with economic development: when countries are wealthier, a gap emerges whereby women are more likely than men to express concern about our changing climate. These differences stem from cross-national variation in men's attitudes. Men, more than women, tend to be less concerned about climate change when countries are wealthier. This article develops a new theory about the per…
Gender Equality and Authoritarian Regimes: New Directions for Research
There are competing global trends in terms of gender equality. International concern with gender inequality is significant. The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995), United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security (2000), and the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (2015), among other instruments, pushed countries to increase women’s access to decision-making and basic rights such as education,…
International Rewards for Gender Equality Reforms in Autocracies
How do international audiences perceive, and respond to, gender equality reforms in autocracies? For autocrats, the post-Cold War rewards associated with democracy create incentives to make reforms that will be viewed as democratic but not threaten their political survival. We theorize women's rights as one such policy area, contrasting it with more politically costly reforms to increase electoral competition. A conjoint survey experiment with de…
The End of Autocratic Norm Adaptation? US Retrenchment and Liberal Norms in Illiberal Regimes
In the post–Cold War era, many authoritarian regimes engaged in strategic liberalization in response to international norms promoted by Western powers. As US support for democracy and human rights recedes, will this retreat prompt a global rollback of liberal reforms? While pessimistic accounts predict a return to overt repression, we argue that liberal norm adaptation within autocracies is likely to prove more resilient. We highlight two sources…
National Identity and Democracy Ratings
Global performance indicators, such as democracy ratings, are influential tools of global governance and can have a direct bearing on foreign policy, aid, and investment. Many of these indicators rely on expert assessments. Although expert assessments are generally understood to be objective, this article suggests raters’ identities may shape their assessments. It specifically examines how national identity shapes democracy ratings. Two data sour…
Political science (22 works) · Law (20 works) · Law (18 works) · Politics (17 works) · Sociology (15 works) · Economics (14 works) · Democracy (12 works) · Political economy (11 works) · Electoral Systems and Political Participation (7 works) · Gender Politics and Representation (7 works)