Tsunehiko Hanihara
Biographic Data
| ID | 104541 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Tsunehiko Hanihara |
| GIVEN NAMES | Tsunehiko |
| FAMILY NAME | Hanihara |
| SIGNATURE | HANIHARA T |
| AFFILIATIONS | Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical School |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 64 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 515 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 64 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1987 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2022 |
| H-INDEX | 13 |
Negritos in Taiwan and the wider prehistory of Southeast Asia: New discovery from the Xiaoma Caves
Taiwan is known as the homeland of the Austronesian-speaking groups, yet other populations already had lived here since the Pleistocene. Conventional notions have postulated that the Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers were replaced or absorbed into the Neolithic Austronesian farming communities. Yet, some evidence has indicated that sparse numbers of non-Austronesian individuals continued to live in the remote mountains as late as the 1800s. The crani…
The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia
Ancient migrations in Southeast Asia The past movements and peopling of Southeast Asia have been poorly represented in ancient DNA studies (see the Perspective by Bellwood). Lipson et al. generated sequences from people inhabiting Southeast Asia from about 1700 to 4100 years ago. Screening of more than a hundred individuals from five sites yielded ancient DNA from 18 individuals. Comparisons with present-day populations suggest two waves of mixin…
The allele frequency of ALDH2*Glu504Lys and ADH1B*Arg47His for the Ryukyu islanders and their history of expansion among East Asians
OBJECTIVES: A cline of frequencies of the derived allele of the ALDH2 gene, which causes a deficiency of an enzyme and "facial flushing" in humans who drink alcohol, has been known among the people of the Japanese archipelago. This cline is conventionally explained by admixture with immigrants from the Asian continent occurring during the Yayoi period. Previous studies lack sufficient data from the peripheral regions of the indigenous Jomon peopl…
Testing Modern Human Out-of-Africa Dispersal Models Using Dental Nonmetric Data
The mode and timing of the dispersal of modern humans out of Africa and into Eurasia has important implications for the genetic and phenotypic structure of extant human populations. However, no consensus exists on the number, geographic route, and chronology of dispersal events. In this paper, we review competing dispersal models and evaluate their spatial and temporal predictions against geographical distances between population samples and meas…
Testing modern human out-of-Africa dispersal models and implications for modern human origins
Comparability of multiple data types from the bering strait region: Cranial and dental metrics and nonmetrics, mtDNA, and Y‐chromosome DNA
Different data types have previously been shown to have the same microevolutionary patterns in worldwide data sets. However, peopling of the New World studies have shown a difference in migration paths and timings using multiple types of data, spurring research to understand why this is the case. This study was designed to test the degree of similarity in evolutionary patterns by using cranial and dental metric and nonmetric data, along with Y‐ch…
Metric characteristics of human limb bones in Asian and Japanese populations
Twelve metric variables of the humerus, radius, femur, and tibia were investigated in 11 male samples from northeastern and eastern Asian populations. Variations among regions and correlations between latitude and respective measurements and indices were calculated and a principal component analysis was conducted to elucidate human limb bone characteristics. Significant correlation and marginally significant correlation were found for the maximum…
Population history of northern Vietnamese inferred from nonmetric cranial trait variation
In this study, nine nonmetric cranial traits were recorded for ancient human remains excavated at early prehistoric (the late Pleistocene, early Holocene, and Pre-Pottery Neolithic) and late prehistoric (the Neolithic and early Iron age) archeological sites in northern Vietnam. The comparative samples consist of prehistoric and early historic crania from the lower Yangtze River basin, together with recent cranial series from Vietnam, Thailand, So…
An Aboriginal Australian Genome Reveals Separate Human Dispersals into Asia
Whole-genome data indicate that early modern humans expanded into Australia 62,000 to 75,000 years ago.
Degenerative changes of the spine in people from prehistoric Okhotsk culture and two ancient human groups from Kanto and Okinawa, Japan
Degenerative changes of the spine in people of the Okhotsk culture were investigated in adult human skeletal remains from 38 males and 34 females. These findings were then compared with those in materials obtained from the medieval Kamakura period and early-modern peasants on Kumejima, Ryukyu Islands. The three samples clearly showed different patterns. In the Okhotsk series, the cervical spine of each sex had most osteophytes on the vertebral bo…
Nonmetric cranial variation of Jomon Japan: Implications for the evolution of eastern Asian diversity
The Jomon ancestors of the northern part of Japan might have expanded southward to Honshu Island with a series of bottlenecks. A possible gene flow from outside source or heterogeneous origin of western Jomon group was, at the same time, suggested. The network relationships of the Jomon with Northeast Asians and, to a lesser extent, with Southeast Asians based on the splitstree analysis may allow us to suppose that the Jomon may be one of the key…
The relative role of drift and selection in shaping the human skull
Human populations across the world vary greatly in cranial morphology. It is highly debated to what extent this variability has accumulated through neutral processes (genetic drift) or through natural selection driven by climate. By taking advantage of recent work showing that geographic distance along landmasses is an excellent proxy for neutral genetic differentiation, we quantify the relative role of drift versus selection in an exceptionally …
Comparative studies of the Ainu, their ancestors, and neighbors: Assessment Based on Metric and Nonmetric Dental Data
Using Mahalanobis' generalized distance for odontometric data and Smith's mean measure of divergence for nonmetric dental data, interpopulation similarities between four local Ainu groups from Sakhalin Island and Hokkaido, as well as their supposedly ancestral and neighboring populations, were analyzed. In this study, multidimensional scaling and multidimensional plots by Andrews were applied to the distance matrices to visualize the intergroup r…
Climate Signatures in the Morphological Differentiation of Worldwide Modern Human Populations
The ability of cranial morphology to reflect population/phylogenetic history, and the degree to which it might be influenced by environmental factors and selection pressures have been widely discussed. Recent consensus views cranial morphology as largely indicative of population history in humans, with some anatomical cranial regions/measurements being more informative on population history, while others being under selection pressure. We test ea…
Metric and nonmetric dental variation and the population structure of the Ainu
Gene flow and genetic drift are important factors affecting geographic variations in human phenotypic traits. In the present study, the effects of gene flow from an outside source on the pattern of within- and among-group variation of the Ainu from Sakhalin Island and three local groups of Hokkaido are examined by applying an R-matrix approach to metric and nonmetric dental data. The comparative samples consist of their ancestral and neighboring …
Regional differences in craniofacial diversity and the population history of Jomon Japan
The people associated with the Jomon culture, the Neolithic inhabitants of Japan, are one of the key groups in the population history of East Asia, because they retain many archaic characters that may be traced back to Eurasian Upper Palaeolithic hunter–gatherers. In this study, the regional diversity of the Jomon skeletal series was estimated by applying the R‐matrix method to 34 craniofacial measurements. The patterns of intraregional variation…
Interpretation of craniometric variation in northeastern Japan, the Tohoku region
It is now generally held that the Neolithic Jomon people with generalized craniofacial features occupied the entire Japanese archipelago. Around 2300–1300 years BP, migrants from somewhere in eastern Asia to the southwestern part of Japan admixed with the indigenous Jomon descendants. Based on this population history, it is expected to find clinal variation of genetic as well as phenotypic traits over space and time, as well as population groups …
Craniometric divergence history of the Japanese populations
The Japan Islands, a small island chain on the western rim of the circum-Pacific region, have experienced several cultural contacts and human migrations from northern and eastern continental Asia. In this study, craniometric diversification of Asian peoples was assessed using the R-matrix method based on 21 metric traits in 25 representative male and female samples of prehistoric and modern northeastern and eastern Asians, including inhabitants o…
Morphological variation of major human populations based on nonmetric dental traits
The patterns of inter‐ and intra‐regional variation among 12 major geographical groups from around the world were investigated based on 15 nonmetric dental traits. The R‐matrix method was applied using a pooled within‐group variance‐covariance matrix estimated with the maximum likelihood method (tetrachoric correlation matrix) and the threshold value for each trait estimated by univariate probit analysis. Using average heritability rates that ran…
Craniometric variation of the Ainu: An assessment of differential gene flow from Northeast Asia into Northern Japan, Hokkaido
In and after the latest Neolithic period in Japan (∼B.P. 2,300 years), there were two distinct waves of migration from eastern Asia. One is well known as successive episodes in which indigenous inhabitants of main‐island Japan were intruded on by new arrivals with advanced technology, and of a different genetic stock. Another migration of people and culture, identified as the Okhotsk culture, reached the northeastern part of Hokkaido. As opposed …
Nonmetric cranial variation in human skeletal remains associated with Okhotsk culture
Population affinities and biological variation in human skeletal series associated with the Okhotsk culture from Hokkaido and Sakhalin Islands from the 5th to 12th centuries AD are investigated using 19 nonmetric cranial traits. The Okhotsk crania have a higher frequency of the supraorbital foramen than the Hokkaido Ainu and Jomon, while the frequency of the transverse zygomatic suture vestige in the Okhotsk is as high as in the Jomon. The mean m…
Dental diseases of human skeletal remains from the early-modern period of Kumejima Island, Okinawa, Japan
Human skeletal remains from the early-modern period (17th–19th centuries AD) of Kumejima Island, the Ryukyu Islands, were examined for dental disease, including dental caries, linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH), antemortem tooth loss (AMTL), and dental calculus. The materials used in this study consisted of 386 adult individuals, 105 male, 89 female, and 192 of unknown sex. The highest rate of dental caries occurred in the adult females. Female physi…
The effect of ancient population bottlenecks on human phenotypic variation
Non-metric dental variation of Sakishima Islanders, Okinawa, Japan: A comparative study among Sakishima and neighboring populations
Twenty-four non-metric tooth crown traits of Miyako and Ishigaki Islanders, from the southernmost Ryukyu Islands, were investigated and compared with those of neighboring populations. The frequency of double-shoveling in Sakishima samples, and especially, Ishigaki Island, is lower than that found among Atayal people (Taiwan) and main-island Japanese. The frequencies of protostylid and cusp 6 in Miyako and Ishigaki Islanders are comparable to thos…
Metric dental diversity of Ryukyu Islanders: A comparative study among Ryukyu and other Asian populations
Mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters were examined to describe and compare patterns of metric dental variation in five modern samples from the Ryukyu Island chain (Miyako, Ishigaki, Tokunoshima, and two samples from Okinawa Island). Principal component analysis applied to two separate datasets, raw measurement and standardized (C-score) data, for 32 Asian and Pacific samples, including the five Ryukyu Islander series, produced an overall …
Morphological variation of major human populations based on nonmetric dental traits
The patterns of inter‐ and intra‐regional variation among 12 major geographical groups from around the world were investigated based on 15 nonmetric dental traits. The R‐matrix method was applied using a pooled within‐group variance‐covariance matrix estimated with the maximum likelihood method (tetrachoric correlation matrix) and the threshold value for each trait estimated by univariate probit analysis. Using average heritability rates that ran…
Characterization of biological diversity through analysis of discrete cranial traits
In the present study, the frequency distributions of 20 discrete cranial traits in 70 major human populations from around the world were analyzed. The principal‐coordinate and neighbor‐joining analyses of Smith's mean measure of divergence (MMD), based on trait frequencies, indicate that 1) the clustering pattern is similar to those based on classic genetic markers, DNA polymorphisms, and craniometrics; 2) significant interregional separation and…
Metric dental variation of major human populations
Mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters of all teeth recorded in 72 major human population groups and seven geographic groups were analyzed. The results obtained are fivefold. First, the largest teeth are found among Australians, followed by Melanesians, Micronesians, sub-Saharan Africans, and Native Americans. Philippine Negritos, Jomon/Ainu, and Western Eurasians have small teeth, while East/Southeast Asians and Polynesians are intermediat…
Dental and cranial affinities among populations of East Asia and the pacific: The basic populations in East Asia, IV
The origins of the four major geographical groups recognized as Australomelanesians, Micronesians, Polynesians, and East and Southeast Asians are still far from obvious. The earliest arrivals in Sahulland may have migrated from Sundaland about 40,000–50,000 years B.P. and begun the Australomelanesian lineage. The aboriginal populations in Southeast Asia may have originated in the tropical rain forest of Sundaland, and their direct descendants may…
Testing modern human out-of-Africa dispersal models and implications for modern human origins
The relative role of drift and selection in shaping the human skull
Human populations across the world vary greatly in cranial morphology. It is highly debated to what extent this variability has accumulated through neutral processes (genetic drift) or through natural selection driven by climate. By taking advantage of recent work showing that geographic distance along landmasses is an excellent proxy for neutral genetic differentiation, we quantify the relative role of drift versus selection in an exceptionally …
Morphological affinities between Jomon and Ainu: Reassessment Based on Nonmetric Cranial Traits
This study reevaluates the relationship between the prehistoric Jomon and modern Ainu based on 18 nonmetric cranial traits. Although the two Ainu series from the northeast coast and central/southern regions of Hokkaido Island are always associated with Jomon, significant differences between the Ainu and Jomon were detected in the frequencies of seven traits: metopism, supraorbital foramen, ovale–spinosum confluence, hypoglossal canal bridging, ju…
Nonmetric cranial variation in human skeletal remains associated with Okhotsk culture
Population affinities and biological variation in human skeletal series associated with the Okhotsk culture from Hokkaido and Sakhalin Islands from the 5th to 12th centuries AD are investigated using 19 nonmetric cranial traits. The Okhotsk crania have a higher frequency of the supraorbital foramen than the Hokkaido Ainu and Jomon, while the frequency of the transverse zygomatic suture vestige in the Okhotsk is as high as in the Jomon. The mean m…
Comparability of multiple data types from the bering strait region: Cranial and dental metrics and nonmetrics, mtDNA, and Y‐chromosome DNA
Different data types have previously been shown to have the same microevolutionary patterns in worldwide data sets. However, peopling of the New World studies have shown a difference in migration paths and timings using multiple types of data, spurring research to understand why this is the case. This study was designed to test the degree of similarity in evolutionary patterns by using cranial and dental metric and nonmetric data, along with Y‐ch…
Craniofacial Features of Southeast Asians and Jomonese: A Reconsideration of Their Microevolution Since the Late Pleistocene
Univariate and multivariate statistical procedures were applied to 24 measurements recorded in 944 crania from East and Southeast Asia and Oceania to assess the possible origins and affinities of these populations with special reference to the origin of Jomonese. The results show that Jomonese are much more like the prehistoric mainland Southeast Asians and recent aboriginal people in Borneo, the Dajaks, than like East Asians, Polynesians (Hawaii…
Craniometric divergence history of the Japanese populations
The Japan Islands, a small island chain on the western rim of the circum-Pacific region, have experienced several cultural contacts and human migrations from northern and eastern continental Asia. In this study, craniometric diversification of Asian peoples was assessed using the R-matrix method based on 21 metric traits in 25 representative male and female samples of prehistoric and modern northeastern and eastern Asians, including inhabitants o…
Non-metric dental variation of Sakishima Islanders, Okinawa, Japan: A comparative study among Sakishima and neighboring populations
Twenty-four non-metric tooth crown traits of Miyako and Ishigaki Islanders, from the southernmost Ryukyu Islands, were investigated and compared with those of neighboring populations. The frequency of double-shoveling in Sakishima samples, and especially, Ishigaki Island, is lower than that found among Atayal people (Taiwan) and main-island Japanese. The frequencies of protostylid and cusp 6 in Miyako and Ishigaki Islanders are comparable to thos…
Negritos, Australian Aborigines, and the “proto‐sundadont” dental pattern: The basic populations in East Asia, V
Five evolutionarily significant dental traits were identified from a B‐square distance analysis of nine crown characters recorded for several populations of East Asia and Oceania. Intergroup variation in these traits distinguishes three major divisions of the Mongoloid dental complex: sundadonty, sinodonty, and the dental pattern of Australian Aborigines. The Australian crown features may be characterized as having high frequencies of evolutionar…
Degenerative changes of the spine in people from prehistoric Okhotsk culture and two ancient human groups from Kanto and Okinawa, Japan
Degenerative changes of the spine in people of the Okhotsk culture were investigated in adult human skeletal remains from 38 males and 34 females. These findings were then compared with those in materials obtained from the medieval Kamakura period and early-modern peasants on Kumejima, Ryukyu Islands. The three samples clearly showed different patterns. In the Okhotsk series, the cervical spine of each sex had most osteophytes on the vertebral bo…
Regional differences in craniofacial diversity and the population history of Jomon Japan
The people associated with the Jomon culture, the Neolithic inhabitants of Japan, are one of the key groups in the population history of East Asia, because they retain many archaic characters that may be traced back to Eurasian Upper Palaeolithic hunter–gatherers. In this study, the regional diversity of the Jomon skeletal series was estimated by applying the R‐matrix method to 34 craniofacial measurements. The patterns of intraregional variation…
Nonmetric cranial variation of early modern human skeletal remains from Kumejima, Okinawa and the peopling of the Ryukyu Islands
Nonmetric cranial variation of the Ryukyuans, including the Kumejima population, and their neighboring peoples was investigated. Among the populations compared, incidences of supernumerary ossicles in the Ryukyu series were high. The frequency of the supraorbital foramen of the Kumejima series was shown to be intermediate between those of the East Asians and Ainu. Mean measures of divergence (MMDs) based on 16 nonmetric traits showed that Kumejim…
Population prehistory of East Asia and the pacific as viewed from craniofacial morphology: The basic populations in East Asia, VII
Distance analyses were applied to 11 craniofacial measurements recorded in samples from East and Southeast Asia, Australia, Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia for the purpose of assessing the biological affinities and possible origins of these populations. A clear separation between Australomelanesians and other populations from East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific is evident. The craniofacial variations suggest that the generalized Asian po…
Metric dental diversity of Ryukyu Islanders: A comparative study among Ryukyu and other Asian populations
Mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters were examined to describe and compare patterns of metric dental variation in five modern samples from the Ryukyu Island chain (Miyako, Ishigaki, Tokunoshima, and two samples from Okinawa Island). Principal component analysis applied to two separate datasets, raw measurement and standardized (C-score) data, for 32 Asian and Pacific samples, including the five Ryukyu Islander series, produced an overall …
Interpretation of craniometric variation in northeastern Japan, the Tohoku region
It is now generally held that the Neolithic Jomon people with generalized craniofacial features occupied the entire Japanese archipelago. Around 2300–1300 years BP, migrants from somewhere in eastern Asia to the southwestern part of Japan admixed with the indigenous Jomon descendants. Based on this population history, it is expected to find clinal variation of genetic as well as phenotypic traits over space and time, as well as population groups …
A Human Skeleton of the Early Phase of the Okhotsk Culture Unearthed at the Hamanaka-2 Site, Rebun Island, Hokkaido
A burial site of the early phase of the Okhotsk culture was found at the Hamanaka-2 site, Rebun Island, Hokkaido, from which an adult female human skeleton was unearthed. This is the oldest extant human remains from the Okhotsk culture. Both measurements and nonmetric traits of the skeleton showed that she has common physical characteristics with the Northern Mongoloid populations. Because her skeletal morphology shows a contrast to those of the …
Metric characteristics of human limb bones in Asian and Japanese populations
Twelve metric variables of the humerus, radius, femur, and tibia were investigated in 11 male samples from northeastern and eastern Asian populations. Variations among regions and correlations between latitude and respective measurements and indices were calculated and a principal component analysis was conducted to elucidate human limb bone characteristics. Significant correlation and marginally significant correlation were found for the maximum…
Population history of northern Vietnamese inferred from nonmetric cranial trait variation
In this study, nine nonmetric cranial traits were recorded for ancient human remains excavated at early prehistoric (the late Pleistocene, early Holocene, and Pre-Pottery Neolithic) and late prehistoric (the Neolithic and early Iron age) archeological sites in northern Vietnam. The comparative samples consist of prehistoric and early historic crania from the lower Yangtze River basin, together with recent cranial series from Vietnam, Thailand, So…
Testing Modern Human Out-of-Africa Dispersal Models Using Dental Nonmetric Data
The mode and timing of the dispersal of modern humans out of Africa and into Eurasia has important implications for the genetic and phenotypic structure of extant human populations. However, no consensus exists on the number, geographic route, and chronology of dispersal events. In this paper, we review competing dispersal models and evaluate their spatial and temporal predictions against geographical distances between population samples and meas…
Craniometric variation of the Ainu: An assessment of differential gene flow from Northeast Asia into Northern Japan, Hokkaido
In and after the latest Neolithic period in Japan (∼B.P. 2,300 years), there were two distinct waves of migration from eastern Asia. One is well known as successive episodes in which indigenous inhabitants of main‐island Japan were intruded on by new arrivals with advanced technology, and of a different genetic stock. Another migration of people and culture, identified as the Okhotsk culture, reached the northeastern part of Hokkaido. As opposed …
Dental diseases of human skeletal remains from the early-modern period of Kumejima Island, Okinawa, Japan
Human skeletal remains from the early-modern period (17th–19th centuries AD) of Kumejima Island, the Ryukyu Islands, were examined for dental disease, including dental caries, linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH), antemortem tooth loss (AMTL), and dental calculus. The materials used in this study consisted of 386 adult individuals, 105 male, 89 female, and 192 of unknown sex. The highest rate of dental caries occurred in the adult females. Female physi…
Preliminary analysis of numerical taxonomy of the genusSaguinus based on dental measurements
An analysis of interspecific relationships ofSaguinus based on cranial measurements
Numerical analysis of sexual dimorphism inSaguinus dentition
Evolutionary trends of the hairy-faceSaguinus in terms of the dental and cranial morphology
Morphological variations of the cranium within the genusLeontopithecus
Comparative studies of geographically isolated populations in Japan based on dental measurements
In recent years, considerable attention has been paid on the physical characteristics of the Ainu and the Okinawa Islanders in connection with the origin of modern Japanese. In the present study, the metric traits of the dentition in the Tokunoshima Islanders, the Aogashima Islanders, the Okinawa Islanders and the Ainu were compared with each other and with those in the modern populations from Tokyo and Nagasaki, and the Aeneolithic Yayoi populat…
Affinities of the Philippine Negritos as viewed from dental characters: A preliminary report
Dental characteristics of Aeta, one of the Negrito tribes in westcentral Luzon, the Philippines, were compared with those of Japanese, Ainu, PimaIndians, Australian Aborigines, Filipinos, American Caucasoids and American Blacks. The overall tooth size of Negritos is smallest among the populations compared and closest to Ainu. As regards the shape factor of the dental measurements, they are closely related to Mongoloid populations as revealed by Q…
Comparative studies of dental characteristics in the Aogashima islanders
Metric and non-metric data of the dental traits of the Aogashima Islanders were compared with those from the Honshu Japanese (Tokyo and Kyoto areas), the Okinawa Islanders, the Ainu, the Jomon and the Yayoi populations using multivariate analysis methods. The overall tooth size of the Aogashima Islanders is closest to the Tokyo residents, larger than the Jomon population, the Okinawa Islanders and the Ainu, and smaller. than the Yayoi population.…
Multivariate analysis of tooth crown morphology in Japanese-American F1 hybrids
Studies on the affinities of Sakhalin Ainu based on dental characters: The basic populations in East Asia, III
This paper is concerned with the problem of the origin and the racial affiliation of recent Sakhalin Ainu, rather than with the well-known uniqueness of the cranial morphology of this population. In this study, odontometric and morphological observations were performed on the dentition of Sakhalin Ainu
Affinities of the Philippine Negritos with Japanese and the Pacific populations based on dental measurements: The basic populations in East Asia. I
Late Pleistocene Sundaland is thought to be the geogenetic centedr from which all the Pacific populations have radiated. As early as 30, 000-40, 000 years B. P., the ancestral "Proto-Australoid" of Southeast Asia might have moved into Wallacea as well as Sahulland and evolved under the particular selective forces. In the tropical rain-forest of Sundaland, this "Proto-Australoid" might have evolved into the "Proto-Malay", one of whose descendants …
Dental anthropological evidence of affinities among the Oceania and the Pan-Pacific populations: The basic populations in East Asia, II
Non-metric dental traits of modern human populations reflect not simply phenotypic plasticity but also reflect genetic change. In the present study, seven discrete crown characters were observed
Dentition of Nansei Islanders and Peopling of the Japanese Archipelago: The Basic Populations in East Asia, IX
The dental features of 4 geographical samples from the Nansei Island chain were compared with those of East and Southeast Asian samples. The series from Amami-, Okinawa-, and Sakishima-Islands exhibit inter-regional difference in both metric and non-metric dental features, pointing to some clinal variation in the Nansei Island chain. The original morphology is supposed to be represented by Jomonese. This clinal variation may reflect the post-Yayo…
The Origin and Microevolution of Ainu as Viewed from Dentition: The Basic Populations in East Asia. VIII
Metric and non-metric dental variation among several Ainu samples was analyzed. Recent Ainu samples from Hokkaido and Sakhalin form a tight cluster. The sample from the people of the Okhotsk culture, or Omisaki sample, shows a quite dispersed arrangement. Extending the comparisons to include East and Southeast Asian and the Pacific samples validates the relatively homogeneous dental pattern of recent Ainu. The Omisaki sample has dental characteri…
Dental Variation of the Polynesian Populations
Metric and nonmetric dental variation was studied for several samples from Polynesia and Southeast Asia. Within the Polynesian samples, the Tonga sample aligns with a sample from Marquesas. A few Hawaiian samples form a relatively tight cluster
Biological Relationships among Southeast Asians, Jomonese, and the Pacific Populations as Viewed from Dental Characters: The Basic Populations in East Asia, X
Morphological patterns of similarity and difference derived from an assessment of metric and non-metric dental characters in a series of Jomonese and their lineage in Japan, Southeast Asians, Micronesians, and Polynesians were presented. Despite the marked difference of phenotypic features, the dentitions of Negritos, Dajaks, and Filipinos show close resemblance to each other. The original dental traits of Southeast Asians may have occurred by th…
Negritos, Australian Aborigines, and the “proto‐sundadont” dental pattern: The basic populations in East Asia, V
Five evolutionarily significant dental traits were identified from a B‐square distance analysis of nine crown characters recorded for several populations of East Asia and Oceania. Intergroup variation in these traits distinguishes three major divisions of the Mongoloid dental complex: sundadonty, sinodonty, and the dental pattern of Australian Aborigines. The Australian crown features may be characterized as having high frequencies of evolutionar…
Dental and cranial affinities among populations of East Asia and the pacific: The basic populations in East Asia, IV
The origins of the four major geographical groups recognized as Australomelanesians, Micronesians, Polynesians, and East and Southeast Asians are still far from obvious. The earliest arrivals in Sahulland may have migrated from Sundaland about 40,000–50,000 years B.P. and begun the Australomelanesian lineage. The aboriginal populations in Southeast Asia may have originated in the tropical rain forest of Sundaland, and their direct descendants may…
Population prehistory of East Asia and the pacific as viewed from craniofacial morphology: The basic populations in East Asia, VII
Distance analyses were applied to 11 craniofacial measurements recorded in samples from East and Southeast Asia, Australia, Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia for the purpose of assessing the biological affinities and possible origins of these populations. A clear separation between Australomelanesians and other populations from East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific is evident. The craniofacial variations suggest that the generalized Asian po…
Craniofacial Features of Southeast Asians and Jomonese: A Reconsideration of Their Microevolution Since the Late Pleistocene
Univariate and multivariate statistical procedures were applied to 24 measurements recorded in 944 crania from East and Southeast Asia and Oceania to assess the possible origins and affinities of these populations with special reference to the origin of Jomonese. The results show that Jomonese are much more like the prehistoric mainland Southeast Asians and recent aboriginal people in Borneo, the Dajaks, than like East Asians, Polynesians (Hawaii…
Cranial Morphological Contrasts between Negritos, Australians, and Neighboring Populations
This study examined metric cranial variation in samples of Australian Aborigines, Southeast Asian Negritos, and neighboring populations. The difference between Australians and Negritos is particularly marked in neurocranial dimensions and the magnitude of prognathism. The cranial features of the three Negrito tribes of Luzon Island, the Malay Peninsula, and the Andaman Islands suggest the biological distinctiveness of the so-called Negritos, a te…
Dental calculus and other dental disease in a human skeleton of the Okhotsk Culture unearthed at Hamanaka‐2 site, Rebun‐Island, Hokkaido, Japan
A human skeleton of the Okhotsk Culture from the Hamanaka‐2 site of Rebun Island, northern part of Hokkaido, was found with abnormally large deposits of dental calculus, especially on the right upper 2nd and 3rd molars. This may relate to the early loss of the corresponding right lower molars. Root apex cementum hyperplasia and resorption of alveolar bone due to periodontal disease were also observed; these may have been associated with the calcu…
A Human Skeleton of the Early Phase of the Okhotsk Culture Unearthed at the Hamanaka-2 Site, Rebun Island, Hokkaido
A burial site of the early phase of the Okhotsk culture was found at the Hamanaka-2 site, Rebun Island, Hokkaido, from which an adult female human skeleton was unearthed. This is the oldest extant human remains from the Okhotsk culture. Both measurements and nonmetric traits of the skeleton showed that she has common physical characteristics with the Northern Mongoloid populations. Because her skeletal morphology shows a contrast to those of the …
Craniofacial continuity and discontinuity of Far Easterners in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene
Reply to Bellwood's Letter
I recognize the use of unsuitable expressions which cause misunderstanding with my expression (Hanihara, 1993, p. 39, lines 1-2).In this point, I must apologize to P. Bellwood and others.My recent study (Hanihara, 1994) agrees with Bellwood's view that the people once lived in the southern part of present-China may have been populations with physical affinities to the present Southeast Asians, apart from the question of their center of origin in …
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