Jan Luiten Van Zanden
Biographic Data
| ID | 1046544 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Jan Luiten Van Zanden |
| GIVEN NAMES | Jan Luiten |
| FAMILY NAME | Van Zanden |
| SIGNATURE | VAN ZANDEN J L |
| AFFILIATIONS | Utrecht University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-6078-9427 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 55 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 647 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 53 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 2 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1993 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 13 |
Pioneers of Capitalism – A Response
The aim of Pioneers of Capitalism was to provide a synthesis of the research that has been done over the past 25 years by the Utrecht social and economic history group, in particular, and by scholars in this field more generally. The framework was the capitalism debate that has received much attention recently. What does the Dutch case tell us about capitalism as an economic and socio-political system
Pioneers of Capitalism: The Netherlands 1000–1800
Bert de Vries, Ontspoord Kapitalisme. Hoe het kapitalisme ontspoorde en na de coronacrisis kan worden hervormd
TSEG (Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis) - The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History, is het Nederlands-Vlaamse vaktijdschrift op het gebied van de sociale en economische geschiedenis
Two concerns about the interpretation of the estimates of historical national accounts before 1850
As contribution to the debate about the interpretation of the process of economic growth before the Industrial Revolution, we discuss two concerns about the currently available estimates of historical national accounts and the way in which these estimates should be interpreted. Firstly, we argue that estimates of the long-term trends of economic growth should make use of all information contained in time series of Gross Domestic Product (GDP henc…
Two worlds of female labour: Gender wage inequality in western Europe, 1300–1800
Labour market engagement by women is an important determinant of female autonomy that may also affect their demographic behaviour. In order to bring about the conditions for the female autonomy that characterized the European marriage pattern (in which women had a say in the decision about when and whom they marry), women needed to earn a decent wage. This is clearly affected by the gender wage ratio and the possibility of women earning their own…
Occupational Structure and Structural Change in Indonesia, 1880–2000
Osamu Saito's pioneering research into the long‐term changes in occupational structure of Japan has inspired scholars to take a fresh look at structural change in other countries. This article offers a case study of Indonesia. We find a rather slow pace of structural transformation until the 1970s – the immediate post‐war period even saw a reversal of trends. After 1970, during a growth spurt, employment growth in manufacturing was not impressive…
Walter Scheidel, Escape from Rome. The Failure of Empire and the Road to Prosperity
TSEG (Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis) - The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History, is het Nederlands-Vlaamse vaktijdschrift op het gebied van de sociale en economische geschiedenis
Church building and the economy during Europe’s ‘Age of the Cathedrals’, 700–1500 CE
The Origins of Globalization: World Trade in the Making of the Global Economy, 1500-1800
For better or for worse, in recent times the rapid growth of international economic exchange has changed our lives. But when did this process of globalization begin, and what effects did it have on economies and societies? Pim de Zwart and Jan Luiten van Zanden argue that the networks of trade established after the voyages of Columbus and Da Gama of the late fifteenth century had transformative effects inaugurating the first era of globalization.…
Income and its distribution in preindustrial Poland
This article presents per capita GDP and income distribution estimates for preindustrial Poland. It is based on a social table for the Voivodeship of Cracow in 1578. Our evidence indicates that income in Poland was distributed more equally than in contemporary Holland. However, the extraction rate was much higher than in the North Sea area. Furthermore, income inequality in the countryside of the Voivodeship was higher than inequality in Cracow. …
Introduction: Family Systems and Economic Development
The family is a universal, perhaps the oldest, institution, present in all societies we know of - from hunter gatherers to the twenty-first-century Internet age - and has shown a great deal of flexibility and resilience over the centuries (Hill 2012). It is the first institution that 'takes care' of us. Families' essential function historically has been to contribute to the basic economic survival of family members (Hill 2012, 1). It is also the …
The European Marriage Pattern and Its Measurement
We review different interpretations of the European Marriage Pattern (EMP) and explore how they relate to the discussion of the link between the EMP and economic growth. Recently Dennison and Ogilvie have argued that the EMP did not contribute to growth in Early Modern Europe. We argue that the link between the EMP and economic growth is incorrectly conceptualized. Age of marriage is not a good scale for the degree to which countries were charact…
Growth under Extractive Institutions? Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times
This article presents new estimations of per capita GDP in colonial times for the two pillars of the Spanish empire: Mexico and Peru. We find dynamic economies as evidenced by increasing real wages, urbanization, and silver mining. Their growth trajectories are such that both regions reduced the gap with respect to Spain; Mexico even achieved parity at times. While experiencing swings in growth, the notable turning point is in 1780s as bottleneck…
Optimistic but Flawed? A Reply
Replying to Rafael Dobado-González’s article on living standards in Spanish America during the colonial period, we discuss the methodology and evidence published in Arroyo Abad, Davis, and van Zanden (2012)
Discovering the Dutch: On Culture and Society of the Netherlands
Introduction. Economic History in the Netherlands between 1914 and 2014
TSEG (Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis) - The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History, is het Nederlands-Vlaamse vaktijdschrift op het gebied van de sociale en economische geschiedenis
Debates on Industrialisation and Economic Growth in the Netherlands
TSEG (Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis) - The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History, is het Nederlands-Vlaamse vaktijdschrift op het gebied van de sociale en economische geschiedenis
Labour productivity and human capital in the European maritime sector of the eighteenth century
Pre-modern growth was to a large extent dependent on processes of commercialization and specialization, based on cheap transport. Seminal interpretations of the process of economic growth before the Industrial Revolution have pointed to the strategic importance of the rise of the Atlantic economy and the growth of cities linked to this, but have not really explained why Europeans were so efficient in organizing large international networks of shi…
TheMaddisonProject: Collaborative Research on Historical National Accounts
TheMaddisonProject, initiated inMarch 2010 by a group of close colleagues ofAngusMaddison, aims to develop an effective system of cooperation between scholars to continueMaddison's work on measuring economic performance in the world economy. This article is a first product of the project. Its goal is to explain the aims and approach of the project, and, as a first result of this 'collaboratory', to inventory recent research on historical national…
An Economic History of Indonesia
Based on new datasets, this book presents an economic history of Indonesia. It analyses the causes of stagnation of growth during the colonial and independence period, making use of new theoretical insights from institutional economics and new growth theory. The book looks at the major themes of Indonesian history: colonial exploitation and the successes and limitations of the post 1900 welfare policies, the price of instability after 1945, and t…
From Baghdad to London: Unraveling Urban Development in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, 800–1800
This paper empirically investigates why, between 800 and 1800, the urban center of gravity moved from the Islamic world to Europe. Using a large new city-specific data set covering Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa, we unravel the role of geography and institutions in determining long-run city development in the two regions. We find that the main reasons for the Islamic world's stagnation and Europe's long-term success are specific to eac…
Technology, Skills and the Pre-Modern Economy in the East and the West
Technology, Skills and the Pre-Modern Economy investigates how technological skills and knowledge were reproduced and disseminated in the advanced agrarian societies of China, India, Russia and Europe in the centuries before the Industrial Revolution. The book offers regional surveys of Europe, China and India, as well as comparative studies of building, porcelain manufacturing, instrument making, printing, and shipbuilding. The authors engage wi…
In Good Company: About Agency and Economic Development in Global Perspective
The paper discusses some evidence, based on a review of new literature on economic history, about what is coined the Sen-hypothesis, that increasing human agency (of both men and women) is a key factor in economic development. It briefly discusses various dimensions of agency (or its absence): slavery (as the absolute suppression of human agency), access to markets, agency concerning marriage, and political participation. This concept perhaps als…
Een reactie van De Moor en Van Zanden op het tseg-artikel van Manon van der Heijden, Elise van Nederveen Meerkerk en Ariadne Schmidt: Terugkeer van het patriarchaat? Vrije vrouwen in de republiek
TSEG (Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis) - The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History, is het Nederlands-Vlaamse vaktijdschrift op het gebied van de sociale en economische geschiedenis
Before the Great Divergence? Comparing the Yangzi Delta and the Netherlands at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century
This article tests recent ideas about the long-term economic development of China compared with Europe on the basis of a detailed comparison of structure and level of GDP in part of the Yangzi delta and the Netherlands in the 1820s. We find that Dutch GDP per capita was almost twice as high as in the Yangzi delta. Agricultural productivity there was at about the same level as in the Netherlands (and England), but large productivity gaps existed i…
Wages, prices, and living standards in China, 1738–1925: In comparison with Europe, Japan, and India
This article develops data on the history of wages and prices in Beijing, Canton, and Suzhou/Shanghai in China from the eighteenth century to the twentieth, and compares them with leading cities in Europe, Japan, and India in terms of nominal wages, the cost of living, and the standard of living. In the eighteenth century, the real income of building workers in Asia was similar to that of workers in the backward parts of Europe but far behind tha…
Girl power: The European marriage pattern and labour markets in the North Sea region in the late medieval and early modern period 1
This article argues that the European Marriage Pattern (EMP) has played a fundamental role in western Europe's economic development. The EMP emerged in north-western Europe in the late medieval period as a result of the preaching of the Catholic Church promoting marriage based on consensus, the rise of labour markets, and specific institutions concerning property transfers between generations that encouraged wage labour by women. It resulted in a…
TheMaddisonProject: Collaborative Research on Historical National Accounts
TheMaddisonProject, initiated inMarch 2010 by a group of close colleagues ofAngusMaddison, aims to develop an effective system of cooperation between scholars to continueMaddison's work on measuring economic performance in the world economy. This article is a first product of the project. Its goal is to explain the aims and approach of the project, and, as a first result of this 'collaboratory', to inventory recent research on historical national…
The rise and decline of European parliaments, 1188–1789 1
This article quantifies the activities of medieval and early modern parliaments. It traces the long‐term evolution of this European institution, and offers a first pass at analysing its impact on long‐term economic development. Starting in Spain in the twelfth century, parliaments gradually spread over the Latin west between 1200 and 1500. In the early modern period, parliaments declined in influence in southern and central Europe and further gai…
Between conquest and independence: Real wages and demographic change in Spanish America, 1530–1820
Persistent but not consistent: The growth of national income in Holland 1347–1807
Charting the “Rise of the West”: Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries
This article estimates the development of manuscripts and printed books in Western Europe over the course of thirteen centuries. As these estimates show, medieval and early modern book production was a dynamic economic sector, with an average annual growth rate of around one percent. Rising production after the middle of the fifteenth century probably resulted from lower book prices and higher literacy. To explain the dynamics of medieval book pr…
The European Marriage Pattern and Its Measurement
We review different interpretations of the European Marriage Pattern (EMP) and explore how they relate to the discussion of the link between the EMP and economic growth. Recently Dennison and Ogilvie have argued that the EMP did not contribute to growth in Early Modern Europe. We argue that the link between the EMP and economic growth is incorrectly conceptualized. Age of marriage is not a good scale for the degree to which countries were charact…
Before the Great Divergence? Comparing the Yangzi Delta and the Netherlands at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century
This article tests recent ideas about the long-term economic development of China compared with Europe on the basis of a detailed comparison of structure and level of GDP in part of the Yangzi delta and the Netherlands in the 1820s. We find that Dutch GDP per capita was almost twice as high as in the Yangzi delta. Agricultural productivity there was at about the same level as in the Netherlands (and England), but large productivity gaps existed i…
Roots of growth and productivity change in Dutch shipping industry, 1500–1800
Growth under Extractive Institutions? Latin American Per Capita GDP in Colonial Times
This article presents new estimations of per capita GDP in colonial times for the two pillars of the Spanish empire: Mexico and Peru. We find dynamic economies as evidenced by increasing real wages, urbanization, and silver mining. Their growth trajectories are such that both regions reduced the gap with respect to Spain; Mexico even achieved parity at times. While experiencing swings in growth, the notable turning point is in 1780s as bottleneck…
Rich and poor before the Industrial Revolution: A comparison between Java and the Netherlands at the beginning of the 19th century
Labour productivity and human capital in the European maritime sector of the eighteenth century
Pre-modern growth was to a large extent dependent on processes of commercialization and specialization, based on cheap transport. Seminal interpretations of the process of economic growth before the Industrial Revolution have pointed to the strategic importance of the rise of the Atlantic economy and the growth of cities linked to this, but have not really explained why Europeans were so efficient in organizing large international networks of shi…
Every Woman Counts: A Gender-Analysis of Numeracy in the Low Countries during the Early Modern Period
New evidence from Flanders and the Netherlands demonstrates that age heaping was gradually diminishing in large parts of the Low Countries during the sixteenth century, that (unexpectedly) almost no gender gap was apparent in the change (women even outperforming men at times), and that differences between town and countryside were small. These findings suggest an early rise in numeracy (or at least a "number sense") in both urban and rural areas,…
Two worlds of female labour: Gender wage inequality in western Europe, 1300–1800
Labour market engagement by women is an important determinant of female autonomy that may also affect their demographic behaviour. In order to bring about the conditions for the female autonomy that characterized the European marriage pattern (in which women had a say in the decision about when and whom they marry), women needed to earn a decent wage. This is clearly affected by the gender wage ratio and the possibility of women earning their own…
The Return of the Guilds: Towards a Global History of the Guilds in Pre-industrial Times
An abstract is not available for this content. As you have access to this content, full HTML content is provided on this page. A PDF of this content is also available in through the 'Save PDF' action button
The 'revolt of the early modernists' and the 'first modern economy: An Assessment
Established views of the early modern economy have changed considerably. De Vries and Van der Woude maintain that the Dutch economy was exceptional in its process of 'modern economic growth' in 1500-1815. This article argues that economic growth in the Netherlands was probably not much faster than in England, as is clear from the development of real wages. The modernity of the Dutch economy in this period appears to be a product of economic and i…
The Malthusian intermezzo: Women's wages and human capital formation between the late Middle Ages and the demographic transition of the 19th century
The paper offers a new explanation for ‘the great conundrum’, the acceleration of population growth in England in the second half of the 18th century. It is argued that it was not only population growth that was ‘different’ in England, but the stagnation of the rise of literacy and of human capital in general, seems to be an anomaly of this period. This ‘conundrum’ has been explained in the following way. It is demonstrated that in England the ge…
The Height of Conscripts and National Income: Apparent Relations and Misconceptions
Church building and the economy during Europe’s ‘Age of the Cathedrals’, 700–1500 CE
Introduction: Family Systems and Economic Development
The family is a universal, perhaps the oldest, institution, present in all societies we know of - from hunter gatherers to the twenty-first-century Internet age - and has shown a great deal of flexibility and resilience over the centuries (Hill 2012). It is the first institution that 'takes care' of us. Families' essential function historically has been to contribute to the basic economic survival of family members (Hill 2012, 1). It is also the …
On the Efficiency of Markets for Agricultural Products: Rice Prices and Capital Markets in Java, 1823–1853
I use rice prices in three cities to analyze the efficiency of the marketing system and the institutional framework of Javanese agriculture, 1823–1853. I show that imperfections in rural capital markets caused the extreme fluctuations in rice prices and that the segmentation of the capital market modifies the McCloskey and Nash interpretation of the relationship between seasonal fluctuations of grain (or rice) prices and interest rates. I argue t…
Two concerns about the interpretation of the estimates of historical national accounts before 1850
As contribution to the debate about the interpretation of the process of economic growth before the Industrial Revolution, we discuss two concerns about the currently available estimates of historical national accounts and the way in which these estimates should be interpreted. Firstly, we argue that estimates of the long-term trends of economic growth should make use of all information contained in time series of Gross Domestic Product (GDP henc…
Colonial State Formation and Patterns of Economic Development in Java, 1800–1913
During the 19th century Java was one of the most thoroughly colonized societies in the world. The influence of the relatively small number of Dutch administrators, military and merchants present in the colony on the social and economic development of the island was relatively
Introduction: Factor markets in global economic history
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
The Height of Conscripts and National Income: Apparent Relations and Misconceptions
Wages and the standard of living in Europe, 1500-1800
It is argued that the study of the development of the living standard of large segments of the European population between 1500 and 1800 should make use of the available evidence on prices and wages. On the basis of wage data for about twenty European cities and regions, the geographical patterns in silver and grain wages and their development over time are studied. This leads to the conclusion that there is no clear relationship between economic…
The Great Convergence from a West-European Perspective: Some Thoughts and Hypotheses
Between 1995 and 2000 a number of synthetic studies on the economic history of Asia in the Early Modern Period were published which have changed – or should change – our ideas and perceptions of the ‘rise of the west’ and the parallel ‘decline of the east’ in a fundamental way. The potential impact of these studies is comparable to that of a previous brief spell of brilliance in our profession, the early 1970s, with the pioneering publications by…
The Growing Maturity of Indonesian Economic History
In recent years two high quality overviews of the economic history of Indonesia in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have been published that testify of the growing maturity of the field. The two books – The Indonesian Economy in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: A History of Missed Opportunities by Anne Booth (1998), and The Emergence of a National Economy. An Economic History of Indonesia, 1800-2000 by a team of authors (Howard Dick,…
The 'revolt of the early modernists' and the 'first modern economy: An Assessment
Established views of the early modern economy have changed considerably. De Vries and Van der Woude maintain that the Dutch economy was exceptional in its process of 'modern economic growth' in 1500-1815. This article argues that economic growth in the Netherlands was probably not much faster than in England, as is clear from the development of real wages. The modernity of the Dutch economy in this period appears to be a product of economic and i…
Rich and poor before the Industrial Revolution: A comparison between Java and the Netherlands at the beginning of the 19th century
The jump‐start of the Holland economy during the late‐medieval crisis, c.1350–c.1500 1
By c .1500 the Holland economy had already acquired modern traits, as witnessed by the occupational structure and the urbanization rate. This article tries to explain the remarkable development of the Holland economy between 1350 and 1500, linking it to the specific occupation history of the region in the eleventh to thirteenth centuries. The combination of high wages in this frontier economy with increasing difficulties in arable agriculture as …
On the Efficiency of Markets for Agricultural Products: Rice Prices and Capital Markets in Java, 1823–1853
I use rice prices in three cities to analyze the efficiency of the marketing system and the institutional framework of Javanese agriculture, 1823–1853. I show that imperfections in rural capital markets caused the extreme fluctuations in rice prices and that the segmentation of the capital market modifies the McCloskey and Nash interpretation of the relationship between seasonal fluctuations of grain (or rice) prices and interest rates. I argue t…
De timmerman, de boekdrukker en het ontstaan van de Europese kenniseconomie. Over de prijs en het aanbod van kennis voor de Industriële Revolutie
TSEG (Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis) - The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History, is het Nederlands-Vlaamse vaktijdschrift op het gebied van de sociale en economische geschiedenis
The road to the Industrial Revolution: Hypotheses and conjectures about the medieval origins of the ‘European Miracle’
The article uses various ways of measuring the efficiency of institutions regulating market exchange, such as interest rates, the skill premium, and the level of market integration, to try to answer the question about the quality of institutions in the different parts of Eurasia in the centuries before the ‘Great Divergence’. It appears that Western Europe, from as early as the late medieval period, had a relatively well-developed set of institut…
Van fouten kan je leren. Een kritische benadering van de mogelijkheden van 'leeftijdstapelen' voor sociaal-economisch onderzoek naar gecijferdheid in het pre-industriële Vlaanderen en Nederland
TSEG (Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis) - The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History, is het Nederlands-Vlaamse vaktijdschrift op het gebied van de sociale en economische geschiedenis
Economische en sociale geeschiedenis voor de eenentwintigste eeuw
TSEG (Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geschiedenis) - The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History, is het Nederlands-Vlaamse vaktijdschrift op het gebied van de sociale en economische geschiedenis
The institutional organization of land markets: Introduction
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Do ut des (I Give So That You Give Back): Collaboratories as a New Method for Scholarly Communication and Cooperation for Global History
With the growing need for large sets of data in historical science, especially now that global history and world history are the objects of increased attention, cooperation among historians has become more useful and necessary. An academic career is often not long enough to gather all the data necessary to support a hypothesis. But researchers are not always willing to share their data because developing data sets requires a great deal of time an…
The Return of the Guilds: Towards a Global History of the Guilds in Pre-industrial Times
An abstract is not available for this content. As you have access to this content, full HTML content is provided on this page. A PDF of this content is also available in through the 'Save PDF' action button
The Long Road to the Industrial Revolution: The European Economy in a Global Perspective, 1000-1800
Why did the Industrial Revolution happen in Western Europe? Was it a sudden acceleration of the European economy, or should we look at specific institutions arising in Western Europe since the Middle Ages? This book puts these big questions of European economic history in a global perspective, deals with the institutions that developed in Europe, and measures their relative efficiency over time and compared with other parts of Eurasia. It traces …
Introduction: Factor markets in global economic history
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Charting the “Rise of the West”: Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries
This article estimates the development of manuscripts and printed books in Western Europe over the course of thirteen centuries. As these estimates show, medieval and early modern book production was a dynamic economic sector, with an average annual growth rate of around one percent. Rising production after the middle of the fifteenth century probably resulted from lower book prices and higher literacy. To explain the dynamics of medieval book pr…
Roots of growth and productivity change in Dutch shipping industry, 1500–1800
Girl power: The European marriage pattern and labour markets in the North Sea region in the late medieval and early modern period 1
This article argues that the European Marriage Pattern (EMP) has played a fundamental role in western Europe's economic development. The EMP emerged in north-western Europe in the late medieval period as a result of the preaching of the Catholic Church promoting marriage based on consensus, the rise of labour markets, and specific institutions concerning property transfers between generations that encouraged wage labour by women. It resulted in a…
Colonial State Formation and Patterns of Economic Development in Java, 1800–1913
During the 19th century Java was one of the most thoroughly colonized societies in the world. The influence of the relatively small number of Dutch administrators, military and merchants present in the colony on the social and economic development of the island was relatively
Wages, prices, and living standards in China, 1738–1925: In comparison with Europe, Japan, and India
This article develops data on the history of wages and prices in Beijing, Canton, and Suzhou/Shanghai in China from the eighteenth century to the twentieth, and compares them with leading cities in Europe, Japan, and India in terms of nominal wages, the cost of living, and the standard of living. In the eighteenth century, the real income of building workers in Asia was similar to that of workers in the backward parts of Europe but far behind tha…
Every Woman Counts: A Gender-Analysis of Numeracy in the Low Countries during the Early Modern Period
New evidence from Flanders and the Netherlands demonstrates that age heaping was gradually diminishing in large parts of the Low Countries during the sixteenth century, that (unexpectedly) almost no gender gap was apparent in the change (women even outperforming men at times), and that differences between town and countryside were small. These findings suggest an early rise in numeracy (or at least a "number sense") in both urban and rural areas,…
Law and Long-Term Economic Change: A Eurasian Perspective
Chapter Two. Productivity Changes In Shipping In The Dutch Republic: The Evidence From Freight Rates, 1550–1800
This study gives strong evidence for the idea that commercial factors heavily influenced costs of sea transport. Estimating the dating and sources of productivity growth in the shipping sector is critical to the understanding of short term Dutch success and long term developments within Europe. The massive character of the freight market had several consequences. The comparison between the series of input and output prices offers help in dealing …
Historical Economic and Social Studies (41 works) · Economics (40 works) · Political science (29 works) · Economy (21 works) · History (20 works) · Art (18 works) · Law (17 works) · Culture, Economy, and Development Studies (16 works) · Geography (16 works) · Economic history (15 works)