Paul Longley
Biographic Data
| ID | 1077294 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Paul Longley |
| GIVEN NAMES | Paul |
| FAMILY NAME | Longley |
| SIGNATURE | LONGLEY P |
| AFFILIATIONS | University College London |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4727-6384 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 71 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 291 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 71 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1984 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 10 |
Geodemographic Classification of Interactivity: Proof of Concept for Greater London
Geodemographic classifications are a proven tool for characterizing individuals according to the locations in which they live or work. With the advent of smart data, they are extensible to representing how social systems function, bringing focus to newly observed patterns of human interactivity; that is, the generalized patterns of observed movements that are revealed by user interactions with smart devices. This can greatly extend geodemographic…
A scene-based spatiotemporal data model of immovable cultural relics
The quality of cultural relic database design is crucial for realizing the value of cultural relic data. Currently, many databases of immovable cultural relics (ICRs) include information on various aspects of ICR from different perspectives. However, there is insufficient comprehensiveness and completeness in the expression of this information. In this study, considering the characteristics and application requirements of ICR information, a geogr…
Understanding place-to-place interactions using flow patterns derived from in-app mobile phone location data
Functional roles of neighbourhoods change throughout the day, as both a cause and consequence of human mobility fluctuations. Here we review how neighbourhoods can be characterised by origin-destination flows derived from individual level GPS-enabled in-app data. These are used to track individual trajectories from start to end points prior to aggregation. We leverage securely held individual level in-app mobile phone location data that preserve …
Smart Data infrastructure for urban analytics, city science, planning and design
Classifying and mapping residential structure through the London Output Area Classification
This paper outlines the creation of the London Output Area Classification (LOAC) from the 2021 Census, set within the broader context of geodemographic classification systems in the United Kingdom. The LOAC 2021 was developed in collaboration with the Greater London Authority (GLA) and offers an enhanced, statistically robust typology adept at capturing the unique spatial, socio-economic and built characteristics of London’s residential neighbour…
A neighbourhood Output Area Classification from the 2021 and 2022 UK censuses
UK-wide multivariate neighbourhood classifications have been built using small area population data following every census since 1971, and have been built using Output Area geographies since 2001. Policy makers in both the public and private sectors find such taxonomies, typically arranged into hierarchies of Supergroups, Groups and Subgroups, useful across a wide range of applications in business and service planning. Recent and forthcoming rele…
Geography, ethnicity, genealogy and inter‐generational social inequality in Great Britain
This paper documents population‐wide inequalities of outcome in Great Britain amongst and between long‐established and more recently arrived family groups. ‘Establishment’ is defined using family group presence in the 1851 Census of Population as a benchmark, and the ethnicity or nationality of more recent migrants is determined through classification of given and family names. Inequalities of outcome are measured using a harmonised indicator of …
Professor Stan Openshaw (1946–2022)
Ethnic disparities in preventable hospitalisation in England: An analysis of 916 375 emergency admissions
OBJECTIVES: To study ethnic inequalities in ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSC) in England. DESIGN: Observational study of inpatient hospital admission database enhanced with ethnicity coding of patient surnames. The primary diagnosis of the first episode in spells with emergency admission were coded with definitions for acute ACSC, chronic ACSC and vaccine-preventable diseases. SETTING: National Health Service England. PARTICIPANTS: 916 …
Family names, city size distributions and residential differentiation in Great Britain, 1881–1901
Cities have specialised in particular urban functions throughout history, with consequential implications for urban and regional patterns of economic and social change. This specialisation takes place within overall national city size distributions and is manifest in different but often similarly variegated residential structures. Here we develop a novel and consistent methodological approach for measuring macro-scale city size and micro-scale re…
Measuring the changing pattern of ethnic segregation in England and Wales with Consumer Registers
Analysis of changing patterns of ethnic residential segregation is usually framed by the coarse categorisations of ethnicity used in censuses and other large-scale public sector surveys and by the infrequent time intervals at which such surveys are conducted. In this paper, we use names-based classification of Consumer Registers to investigate changing degrees of segregation in England and Wales over the period 1997–2016 at annual resolution. We …
Interactive web mapping of geodemographics through user-specified regionalisations
The analysis of spatial distributions is possible using a broad spectrum of new and existing digital data sources. Challenges can arise with respect to use of areal units that are both appropriate and compatible. In addition, regional statistics are prone to scale and aggregation effects that manifest the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). This paper introduces a web mapping system that allows users to experiment with standard and bespoke zona…
Ethnic inequalities in hospital admissions in England: An observational study
The results of this study were consistent with known inequalities, but also found previously unreported disparities in nutritional deficiencies, endocrine disorders, and sense organ diseases. Further studies would be required to map out the relevant care pathways for ethnic minorities and establish whether preventive measures can be strengthened
Urban Morphology and Residential Differentiation across Great Britain, 1881-1901
The nineteenth century saw rapid urbanization and dramatic social change in Great Britain, some of which can now be viewed at national scales for the first time through linkage of georeferenced digital historical data to contemporary and historical framework data. Here, we attempt to georeference every individual address record from the 1881, 1891, and 1901 censuses for Great Britain and to define the fast-growing historical street networks and r…
Interactive display of surnames distributions in historic and contemporary Great Britain
We introduce a method to calculate and store approximately 1.2 million surname distributions calculated for surnames found in Great Britain for six years of historic population data and 20 years of contemporary population registers compiled from various consumer sources. We subsequently show how this database can be incorporated into an interactive web-environment specifically designed for the public dissemination of detailed surname statistics. …
Family Name Origins and Intergenerational Demographic Change in Great Britain
We develop bespoke geospatial routines to typify 88,457 surnames by their likely ancestral geographic origins within Great Britain. Linking this taxonomy to both historic and contemporary population data sets, we characterize regional populations using surnames that indicate whether their bearers are likely to be long-settled. We extend this approach in a case study application, in which we summarize intergenerational change in local populations …
Geographic scales of residential segregation in English cities
The barriers to social integration posed by ethnic residential segregation are currently receiving renewed attention in Great Britain. A common characteristic of past studies of ethnic segregation in Britain is reliance upon aggregated Census data, raising potential issues of ecological fallacy. In this study, we address this challenge by using novel individual-level Consumer Register data for the UK to calculate an entropy-based spatial segregat…
Data-driven urban management: Mapping the landscape
Big data analytics and artificial intelligence, paired with blockchain technology, the Internet of Things, and other emerging technologies, are poised to revolutionise urban management. With massive amounts of data collected from citizens, devices, and traditional sources such as routine and well-established censuses, urban areas across the world have - for the first time in history - the opportunity to monitor and manage their urban infrastructu…
Geodemographic Profiling
Geodemographics is defined as the analysis of people by where they live. This entry describes its roots in urban sociology and its subsequent use as a means of profiling neighborhood areas for commercial and public service planning applications. Geodemographics has traditionally provided a framework for understanding human identity using data from cross‐sectional social surveys and business data. It can be enriched through use of geotemporal data…
Modifiable Areal Unit Problem
The modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) describes the interrelated effects of scale and aggregation upon the results of geographical analysis. It was brought to the attention of geographers in an influential series of papers written by geographer Stan Openshaw in the 1980s and 1990s. Geocomputational methods can be used to demonstrate the nature and potential extent of this problem, in particular empirical settings, and the results of experiment…
More bark than bytes? Reflections on 21+ years of geocomputation
This year marks the 21st anniversary of the International GeoComputation Conference Series. To celebrate the occasion, Environment and Planning B invited some members of the geocomputational community to reflect on its achievements, some of the unrealised potential, and to identify some of the on-going challenges
The geography of Twitter topics in London
Social media data are increasingly perceived as alternative sources to public attitude surveys because of the volume of available data that are time-stamped and (sometimes) precisely located. Such data can be mined to provide planners, marketers and researchers with useful information about activities and opinions across time and space. However, in their raw form, textual data are still difficult to analyse coherently and Twitter streams pose par…
Regional surnames and genetic structure in Great Britain
Following the increasing availability of DNA-sequenced data, the genetic structure of populations can now be inferred and studied in unprecedented detail. Across social science, this innovation is shaping new bio-social research agendas, attracting substantial investment in the collection of genetic, biological and social data for large population samples. Yet genetic samples are special because the precise populations that they represent are unc…
The internal structure of Greater London: A comparison of national and regional geodemographic models
Geodemographic classifications are categorical measures representing salient multidimensional population and built environment attributes of small areas. The UK Output Area Classification (OAC) is one such classification, created on behalf of the Office for National Statistics, and was built with an open methodology and entirely from 2011 Census variables. However, one criticism of national classifications such as OAC is that they do not adequate…
The Geotemporal Demographics of Twitter Usage
This paper presents a preliminary empirical evaluation of the strategic importance of infusing Twitter social media data into classifications of small areas, as a way of moving beyond the nighttime residential geographies of conventional geodemographic classifications. We attempt an empirically based critique of the merits and drawbacks of the use of social media data, in which the value of high spatial and temporal granularity of revealed activi…
Urban Growth and Form: Scaling, Fractal Geometry, and Diffusion-Limited Aggregation
In this paper, we propose a model of growth and form in which the processes of growth are intimately linked to the resulting geometry of the system. The model, first developed by Witten and Sander and referred to as the diffusion-limited aggregation or DLA model, generates highly ramified tree-like clusters of particles, or populations, with evident self-similarity about a fixed point. The extent to which such clusters fill space is measured by t…
The Family Name as Socio-Cultural Feature and Genetic Metaphor: From Concepts to Methods
A recent workshop entitled "The Family Name as Socio-Cultural Feature and Genetic Metaphor: From Concepts to Methods" was held in Paris in December 2010, sponsored by the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and by the journal Human Biology. This workshop was intended to foster a debate on questions related to the family names and to compare different multidisciplinary approaches involving geneticists, historians, geographers, so…
Geographic scales of residential segregation in English cities
The barriers to social integration posed by ethnic residential segregation are currently receiving renewed attention in Great Britain. A common characteristic of past studies of ethnic segregation in Britain is reliance upon aggregated Census data, raising potential issues of ecological fallacy. In this study, we address this challenge by using novel individual-level Consumer Register data for the UK to calculate an entropy-based spatial segregat…
The Geotemporal Demographics of Twitter Usage
This paper presents a preliminary empirical evaluation of the strategic importance of infusing Twitter social media data into classifications of small areas, as a way of moving beyond the nighttime residential geographies of conventional geodemographic classifications. We attempt an empirically based critique of the merits and drawbacks of the use of social media data, in which the value of high spatial and temporal granularity of revealed activi…
Creating a regional geography of Britain through the spatial analysis of surnames
Geographical Information Systems: Will developments in urban remote sensing and GIS lead to ‘better’ urban geography
Do Green Belts Change the Shape of Urban Areas? A Preliminary Analysis of the Settlement Geography of South East England
LONGLEY P., BATTY M., SHEPHERD J. and SADLER G. (1992) Do Green Belts change the shape of urban areas? A preliminary analysis of the settlement geography of South East England, Reg. Studies 26, 437–452. In this paper, we embark on a preliminary exploration of the settlement geography of South East England, with specific reference to the effect that the green belt has had upon the shape and size of towns comprising this region. In common with seve…
Delineating Europe's Cultural Regions: Population Structure and Surname Clustering
Surnames (family names) show distinctive geographical patterning and in many disciplines remain an underutilized source of information about population origins, migration and identity. This paper investigates the geographical structure of surnames, using a unique individual level database assembled from registers and telephone directories from 16 European countries. We develop a novel combination of methods for exhaustively analyzing this multina…
Uncertainty in the Analysis of Ethnicity Classifications: Issues of Extent and Aggregation of Ethnic Groups
Uncertainty is inherent in the conception and measurement of ethnicity, by both individuals themselves and those who seek to gather evidence of discrimination or inequalities in social and economic outcomes. These issues have received attention in the literature, yet rather little research has been carried out on the uncertainty subsequently created through the analysis of such measurements. We argue that, while general-purpose ethnicity classifi…
Geographical Information Systems: A renaissance of geodemographics for public service delivery
Spatial Dependence and Heterogeneity in Patterns of Hardship: An Intra-Urban Analysis
Developments in the provision and quality of digital data are creating possibilities for spatial and temporal measurement of the properties of socioeconomic systems at finer levels of granularity. In this article, we suggest that the “lifestyles” datasets collected by private sector organizations in the U.K. and the U.S. provide one such prospect for better inferring the structure, composition, and heterogeneity of urban areas. Using a case study…
Data-driven urban management: Mapping the landscape
Big data analytics and artificial intelligence, paired with blockchain technology, the Internet of Things, and other emerging technologies, are poised to revolutionise urban management. With massive amounts of data collected from citizens, devices, and traditional sources such as routine and well-established censuses, urban areas across the world have - for the first time in history - the opportunity to monitor and manage their urban infrastructu…
Linking Social Deprivation and Digital Exclusion in England
This paper develops a cross-classification of material deprivation and lack of digital engagement, at a far more spatially disaggregated level than has previously been attempted in the UK. This is achieved by matching the 2004 Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) with a unique nation-wide geodemographic classification of ICT usage, aggregated to unit postcodes. The results of the cross-classification suggest that lack of digital engagement and mat…
Morphology from Imagery: Detecting and Measuring the Density of Urban Land Use
Defining urban morphology in terms of the shape and density of urban land use has hitherto depended upon the informed yet subjective recognition of patterns consistent with spatial theory. In this paper we exploit the potential of urban image analysis from remotely sensed data to detect, then measure, various elements of urban form and its land use, thus providing a basis for consistent definition and thence comparison. First, we introduce method…
Creating open source geodemographics: Refining a national classification of census output areas for applications in higher education
Geographical Information Systems: Developments in socio-economic data infrastructures
Creating Small Area Measures of Urban Deprivation
In recent years, the scale and pace of urban change have been associated with fine-scale fragmentation of the lifestyles of urban populations. One manifestation of this is that households of diverse means and circumstances may be found living in proximity to one another, particularly in urban areas. In this paper we argue that in these changed circumstances conventional deprivation indicators fail adequately to detect within and between small are…
On the Measurement and Generalisation of Urban Form
Developments in the provision and quality of digital data are opening up possibilities for more detailed measures of the form of urban areas. This paper begins with a review of some of the new data sources that are available in the United Kingdom, specifically the Ordnance Survey's ADDRESS-POINT product. The authors go on to develop a fine-scale data model of population densities, and fractal measures of the way in which urban development fills s…
The Fractal Simulation of Urban Structure
This paper is addressed to the problem of developing realistic-looking patterns of land use and activity from predictions generated by conventional urban models. The method developed is based on a geometric model of irregularity involving hierarchical cascading and recursion, whose rationale lies in the emergent field of fractal geometry. First the idea of fractals-shapes with fractional dimension-is introduced and then it is shown how two-dimens…
Regional surnames and genetic structure in Great Britain
Following the increasing availability of DNA-sequenced data, the genetic structure of populations can now be inferred and studied in unprecedented detail. Across social science, this innovation is shaping new bio-social research agendas, attracting substantial investment in the collection of genetic, biological and social data for large population samples. Yet genetic samples are special because the precise populations that they represent are unc…
The Quantitative Analysis of Family Names: Historic Migration and the Present Day Neighborhood Structure of Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
This article describes the way in which a unique new quantitative data resource and evidence base has been used to relate historic measures of U.K. migration flows to the contemporary socioeconomic patterning of neighborhoods. The resource enables generalized analysis of the regional origins of British and Irish people from their family names, and makes it possible to relate the current regional distribution of names in the United States, Great B…
Housing careers, asset accumulation and subsidies to owner occupiers — A microsimulation
Owner occupiers in the UK housing market receive considerable central government subsidies, namely through provision of tax relief upon mortgage interest, through exemption of private house sales from capital gains tax and through tax advantages relative to those who pay rent out of their net incomes. This paper sets out a framework for assessing the incidence of these subsidies upon different groups of owner occupiers over time, and suggests how…
The Size, Shape and Dimension of Urban Settlements
In this paper, we propose a scale theory of urban form and growth which enables us to consistently explain and estimate relationships between urban population size, area, field and boundary length for a system of settlements. Our approach is based on a synthesis of allometry and fractal growth theory, and the associated relationships are uniquely specified by dimensional parameters whose values vary from 1 to 2, from the line to the plane. The th…
Diffusion-limited aggregation and the fractal nature of urban growth
Urban Morphology and Residential Differentiation across Great Britain, 1881-1901
The nineteenth century saw rapid urbanization and dramatic social change in Great Britain, some of which can now be viewed at national scales for the first time through linkage of georeferenced digital historical data to contemporary and historical framework data. Here, we attempt to georeference every individual address record from the 1881, 1891, and 1901 censuses for Great Britain and to define the fast-growing historical street networks and r…
Scaling Residential Preferences: A Methodological Note
The Fractal Simulation of Urban Structure
This paper is addressed to the problem of developing realistic-looking patterns of land use and activity from predictions generated by conventional urban models. The method developed is based on a geometric model of irregularity involving hierarchical cascading and recursion, whose rationale lies in the emergent field of fractal geometry. First the idea of fractals-shapes with fractional dimension-is introduced and then it is shown how two-dimens…
Research and teaching functions in undergraduate projectwork: Some integrating themes
This paper describes and evaluates an undergraduate project in which the interaction between teaching and research functions proved beneficial to both. The project initially involved undergraduate students in a major detailed questionnaire survey of shopping preferences in Cardiff. We found that we were able to extend the scope of the undergraduate project whilst simultaneously helping to fulfil a research function more effectively. We attempt to…
Graphical Assessment of Housing Market Models
This paper considers the selection of appropriate functional forms for discrete choice models of housing market behaviour. It is argued that uncritical adoption of linear or log-linear forms may be inappropriate, and that Box-Tukey transformations are unnecessarily cumbersome and mechanistic devices in the search for more general functional forms. An alternative graphical assessment procedure based on partial residuals is first presented and is t…
Microanalysis and simulation of housing careers: Subsidy and accumulation in the U.K. Housing market
Diffusion‐limited Aggregation and the Fractal Nature of Urban Growth
Microanalysis and Simulation of Housing Careers: Subsidy and Accumulation in the U.K. Housing Market
Diffusion-limited aggregation and the fractal nature of urban growth
Urban Growth and Form: Scaling, Fractal Geometry, and Diffusion-Limited Aggregation
In this paper, we propose a model of growth and form in which the processes of growth are intimately linked to the resulting geometry of the system. The model, first developed by Witten and Sander and referred to as the diffusion-limited aggregation or DLA model, generates highly ramified tree-like clusters of particles, or populations, with evident self-similarity about a fixed point. The extent to which such clusters fill space is measured by t…
Housing careers, asset accumulation and subsidies to owner occupiers — A microsimulation
Owner occupiers in the UK housing market receive considerable central government subsidies, namely through provision of tax relief upon mortgage interest, through exemption of private house sales from capital gains tax and through tax advantages relative to those who pay rent out of their net incomes. This paper sets out a framework for assessing the incidence of these subsidies upon different groups of owner occupiers over time, and suggests how…
The Size, Shape and Dimension of Urban Settlements
In this paper, we propose a scale theory of urban form and growth which enables us to consistently explain and estimate relationships between urban population size, area, field and boundary length for a system of settlements. Our approach is based on a synthesis of allometry and fractal growth theory, and the associated relationships are uniquely specified by dimensional parameters whose values vary from 1 to 2, from the line to the plane. The th…
Do Green Belts Change the Shape of Urban Areas? A Preliminary Analysis of the Settlement Geography of South East England
LONGLEY P., BATTY M., SHEPHERD J. and SADLER G. (1992) Do Green Belts change the shape of urban areas? A preliminary analysis of the settlement geography of South East England, Reg. Studies 26, 437–452. In this paper, we embark on a preliminary exploration of the settlement geography of South East England, with specific reference to the effect that the green belt has had upon the shape and size of towns comprising this region. In common with seve…
The Geographical Implications of Changing Local Taxation Regimes
Britain is currently experiencing a rapid succession of different local taxation regimes, namely the domestic rates, the community charge (adjusted by various amounts of transitional relief) and the council tax. Although each of these regimes is in practice a hybrid tax based upon dwelling attributes and household characteristics, the principal mechanisms of taxation have changed significantly over the last four years. Little is known about the r…
Quantitative Analysis, Technological change, and the Dissemination of GIS Research: Some Reflections and Prospects
Morphology from Imagery: Detecting and Measuring the Density of Urban Land Use
Defining urban morphology in terms of the shape and density of urban land use has hitherto depended upon the informed yet subjective recognition of patterns consistent with spatial theory. In this paper we exploit the potential of urban image analysis from remotely sensed data to detect, then measure, various elements of urban form and its land use, thus providing a basis for consistent definition and thence comparison. First, we introduce method…
Fractal Cities: A Geometry of Form and Function
Beyond Analogue Models: Space Filling and Density Measurement of an Urban Settlement
Spatial Analysis: Modelling in a GIS Environment
Spatial Analysis in the New Millennium
Econometric theory is like an exquisitely balanced French recipe, spelling out precisely with how many turns to mix the sauce, how many carats of spice to add, and for how many seconds to bake the mixture at exactly 474 degrees of temperature. But when the statistical cook turns to the raw materials, he finds that hearts of cactus fruits are unavailable, so he substitutes cantaloupe; where the recipe calls for vermicelli he uses shredded wheat; a…
On the Measurement and Generalisation of Urban Form
Developments in the provision and quality of digital data are opening up possibilities for more detailed measures of the form of urban areas. This paper begins with a review of some of the new data sources that are available in the United Kingdom, specifically the Ordnance Survey's ADDRESS-POINT product. The authors go on to develop a fine-scale data model of population densities, and fractal measures of the way in which urban development fills s…
Measurement of density gradients and space-filling in urban systems
Measurement of density gradients and space‐filling in urban systems
Geographical Information Systems: Will developments in urban remote sensing and GIS lead to ‘better’ urban geography
Creating Small Area Measures of Urban Deprivation
In recent years, the scale and pace of urban change have been associated with fine-scale fragmentation of the lifestyles of urban populations. One manifestation of this is that households of diverse means and circumstances may be found living in proximity to one another, particularly in urban areas. In this paper we argue that in these changed circumstances conventional deprivation indicators fail adequately to detect within and between small are…
Geographical Information Systems: Developments in socio-economic data infrastructures
Geography (46 works) · Computer Science (34 works) · Sociology (33 works) · Economic geography (23 works) · Regional science (23 works) · Population (22 works) · Demography (20 works) · Land Use and Ecosystem Services (17 works) · Cartography (16 works) · Mathematics (16 works)