George Rapp
Biographic Data
| ID | 108418 |
|---|---|
| NAME | George Rapp |
| GIVEN NAMES | George |
| FAMILY NAME | Rapp |
| SIGNATURE | RAPP G |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Minnesota, Duluth |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 53 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 194 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 51 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 3 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1973 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2020 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Geoarchaeology
Phytolith Systematics
Recent Discoveries and Some Thoughts on Early Urbanization at Anyang
The study of earliest cities and civilizations has been one of the dominant subjects of archaeological research in China. Anyang is a modern city in the northern Henan panhandle where two of the earliest cities developed in early Bronze Age China. These two urban sites are named Yinxu and Huanbei. This chapter discusses some recent discoveries in Anyang, followed by some thoughts concerning the nature of the Shang cities and the material and soci…
Ceramic Raw Materials
Gemstones Seal Stones and Ceremonial Stones
Metals and Related Minerals and Ores
Building, Monumental, and Statuary Materials
Exploitation of Mineral and Rock Raw Materials
Pigments and Colorants
Lithic Materials
Introduction and History
Soft Stones and Other Carvable Materials
Properties of Minerals
Abrasives Salt Shells and Miscellaneous Geologic Raw Materials
Archaeomineralogy
Archaeomineralogy provides a wealth of information for mineralogists, geologists and archaeologists involved in archaeometric stuides of our past. The first edition was very well recieved and praised for its systematic description of the rocks and minerals used througout the world by our ancestors and for its excellent list of over 500 references, providing easy access to the fields of archaeomineralogy and geoacrchaeology. This second edition of…
Ceramic Production in Shang Societies of Anyang
This article describes the results of petrographic analyses of ceramic thin sections from the Shang sites of Huanbei and Yinxu in Anyang, Henan, China. The initial goal was to determine the physical composition of locally produced ceramic artifacts. This was accomplished by focusing upon gray wares, the most common ceramic class in Shang contexts at Anyang, and comparing the findings to local, clay-rich sediments in both qualitative and quantitat…
Soils, stones and symbols
Sotira Kaminoudhia
The Coastal Evolution of the Ambracian Embayment and Its Relationship to Archaeological Settings
The Lower Acheron River Valley
Sotira Kaminoudhia
An Introduction to Optical Dating
The largest walled Shang City located in Anyang, China
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Provenance Studies of the Earliest Chinese Protoporcelain Using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis
The Identification of Granitic Fire-Cracked Rocks Using Luminescence of Alkali Feldspars
The question of Fire-Cracked Rock (FCR) in Woodland contexts has become an important and controversial topic in Western Great Lakes archaeology. There are no clear and widely accepted criteria for distinguishing FCR when the rocks show no observable characteristics associated with fire (heating and cooling). To help overcome this shortcoming, we analyzed both the thermoluminescence (TL) and the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of alkali fe…
Ceramic Production in Shang Societies of Anyang
This article describes the results of petrographic analyses of ceramic thin sections from the Shang sites of Huanbei and Yinxu in Anyang, Henan, China. The initial goal was to determine the physical composition of locally produced ceramic artifacts. This was accomplished by focusing upon gray wares, the most common ceramic class in Shang contexts at Anyang, and comparing the findings to local, clay-rich sediments in both qualitative and quantitat…
Archaeomineralogy
Archaeomineralogy provides a wealth of information for mineralogists, geologists and archaeologists involved in archaeometric stuides of our past. The first edition was very well recieved and praised for its systematic description of the rocks and minerals used througout the world by our ancestors and for its excellent list of over 500 references, providing easy access to the fields of archaeomineralogy and geoacrchaeology. This second edition of…
Soils, stones and symbols
Geoarchaeological aids in the investigation of early Shang civilization on the floodplain of the lower Yellow River, China
This study deals with the stratigraphic and geomorphic contexts of prehistoric and early historic settlements in the Shangqiu area, an archaeologically important region for investigating the origins of Shang civilization. Geoarchaeological investigation has provided significant insights into the early cultural history of the area by elucidating the impact of landscape evolution on the spatial and temporal pattern of archaeological sites. Various …
Late Holocene palaeogeomorphic reconstructions in the area of the Bay of Navarino
Lead in bone II
Measurements of skeletal‐lead content (by atomic absorption spectroscopy) were made for 16 individuals recovered from a Colonial (1670–1730) plantation cemetery in Virginia. Archaeological and historical evidence allowed the identification of two social groups (plantation proprietors and laborers) within this small population, each with vastly different estimated lifetime lead exposure, reflecting different living conditions. Measured bone‐lead l…
Anthropological Applications of Skeletal Lead Analysis
Provenance Studies of the Earliest Chinese Protoporcelain Using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis
Holocene landscape evolution and its impact on the neolithic and bronze age sites in the Shangqiu area, Northern China
The Shangqiu area, situated on the alluvial plain of the lower Yellow River, is traditionally considered the center of the predynastic and early Shang culture. Archaeologic remains dating to predynastic and dynastic Shang periods, however, have remained elusive. The current pattern of Neolithic and Bronze Age sites is characterized by their upland settings; and it has been often assumed that the area had the same landscape from the Neolithic thro…
Palaeogeography of Carthage (Tunisia)
Assessing archaeological evidence for seismic catastrophies
Archaeologists frequently ascribe “destruction” layers uncovered during excavation to the effects of earthquake‐induced phenomena. Undoubtedly, ancient societies that lived in active seismic zones were as plagued by seismic destruction as we are today. However, other geological phenomena can account for many observed features. This paper reviews the geologic and archaeological background for assessing the evidence for prehistoric earthquake destr…
Lead exposure in italy
Certain social and industrial activities that were common among Imperial Age Romans have been suggested to have caused lead poisoning whose sociological consequences may have afflicted many members of the aristocratic social stratum. Evaluation of this suggestion has awaited quantitative data. This study reports the skeletal lead content of twenty Italian archaeological populations. Imperial Age populations demonstrated up to ten-fold more bone l…
The Archaeological Field Staff
This article is the first in a series devoted to discussions of the responsibilities, activities, and techniques of the various specialists who might make up a modern archaeological field staff The articles are all written by scholars with extensive field experience. It is hoped that the series will be beneficial to scholars in framing the design of their research projects, in planning their budgets, and in determining the number and types of spe…
Excavations at Nichoria in Messenia
The Lower Acheron River Valley
The largest walled Shang City located in Anyang, China
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Environmental Archaeology of Prehistoric NW Crete
The occurrence of Central European tree-types no longer growing on Crete indicates that Neolithic and Bronze Age climates were moister than at present. Of equal significance is the appearance of large quantities of olive pollen in Late Neolithic levels, suggesting the practice of olive cultivation. Early Bronze Age levels show a disappearance of some Central European tree pollen and an increase in Mediterranean tree types, suggesting that the cli…
The Identification of Granitic Fire-Cracked Rocks Using Luminescence of Alkali Feldspars
The question of Fire-Cracked Rock (FCR) in Woodland contexts has become an important and controversial topic in Western Great Lakes archaeology. There are no clear and widely accepted criteria for distinguishing FCR when the rocks show no observable characteristics associated with fire (heating and cooling). To help overcome this shortcoming, we analyzed both the thermoluminescence (TL) and the optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of alkali fe…
Trace‐element variability of native copper within a large ore body
This study attempts both single‐site and regional trace‐element variability assessments focusing on the Kingston Mine, Keweenaw County, Michigan, USA, and other sources of native copper in the Lake Superior region of the United States and Canada. This information is of potential significance to all studies trying to characterize and distinguish between individual mineral sources. It is of particular importance to geoarchaeologists/archaeometrists…
The Pass at Thermopylae, Greece
Conflicts among historians over the battle at Thermopylae in 480 B.C. tend to center around supposed inconsistencies between ancient sources, particularly Herodotus, and the modern topography of the region. The area, however, is one of extensive tectonic activity, fluctuations in sea level, and sediment deposition. Any attempt to reconstruct ancient events on the basis of modern topography alone is therefore bound to be misleading. Precise paleog…
The Minnesota Messenia Expedition
The Minnesota Messenia Expedition
The Geologist
Excavations at Nichoria in Messenia
The Archaeological Field Staff
This article is the first in a series devoted to discussions of the responsibilities, activities, and techniques of the various specialists who might make up a modern archaeological field staff The articles are all written by scholars with extensive field experience. It is hoped that the series will be beneficial to scholars in framing the design of their research projects, in planning their budgets, and in determining the number and types of spe…
The Minnesota Messenia Expedition. Reconstructing a Bronze Age Regional Environment
Excavations at Nichoria in Southwest Greece. Vol. 1
Late Holocene palaeogeomorphic reconstructions in the area of the Bay of Navarino
Lead in bone II
Measurements of skeletal‐lead content (by atomic absorption spectroscopy) were made for 16 individuals recovered from a Colonial (1670–1730) plantation cemetery in Virginia. Archaeological and historical evidence allowed the identification of two social groups (plantation proprietors and laborers) within this small population, each with vastly different estimated lifetime lead exposure, reflecting different living conditions. Measured bone‐lead l…
Lead in bone III. Prediction of social correlates from skeletal lead content in four Colonial American populations (Catoctin Furnace, College Landing, Governor's Land, and Irene Mound)
Lead content was determined in the skeletal tissue of 82 individuals representing two black and two white Colonial American populations: Catoctin Furnace, College Landing, Governor's Land, and Irene Mound. Group and individual differences in bone lead concentrations were used to assess behavioral, social and occupational characteristics. Variations in skeletal lead content suggested that the white owners of the Catoctin iron furnace shared little…
Assessing archaeological evidence for seismic catastrophies
Archaeologists frequently ascribe “destruction” layers uncovered during excavation to the effects of earthquake‐induced phenomena. Undoubtedly, ancient societies that lived in active seismic zones were as plagued by seismic destruction as we are today. However, other geological phenomena can account for many observed features. This paper reviews the geologic and archaeological background for assessing the evidence for prehistoric earthquake destr…
The Pass at Thermopylae, Greece
Conflicts among historians over the battle at Thermopylae in 480 B.C. tend to center around supposed inconsistencies between ancient sources, particularly Herodotus, and the modern topography of the region. The area, however, is one of extensive tectonic activity, fluctuations in sea level, and sediment deposition. Any attempt to reconstruct ancient events on the basis of modern topography alone is therefore bound to be misleading. Precise paleog…
Anthropological Applications of Skeletal Lead Analysis
The Palynology Of Two Archaeological Sites In The Southeast Missouri Ozarks
Palynological investigations of two archaeological sites-Round Spring Shelter, Round Spring Site 23SH19 and Gooseneck Site 23CT54 located in Shannon and Carter counties, Missouri-provide botanical information associated with Indian occupation. The pollen sequence from Round Spring Shelter suggests the presence of a pine-oak forest in the vicinity of Round Spring. Based on associated Middle Woodland artifacts, the pine-oak forest may be dated from…
Stone axe studies (vol. 2)
Trace‐element variability of native copper within a large ore body
This study attempts both single‐site and regional trace‐element variability assessments focusing on the Kingston Mine, Keweenaw County, Michigan, USA, and other sources of native copper in the Lake Superior region of the United States and Canada. This information is of potential significance to all studies trying to characterize and distinguish between individual mineral sources. It is of particular importance to geoarchaeologists/archaeometrists…
Phytolith Systematics
A Morphological Classification of Grass Silica-Bodies
A formalized approach to analysis of geoarchaeological sediment samples
This article concerns, first, the development of an approach to data analysis of sedimentological, micro‐ and macrofaunal, and artifactual data obtained from analysis of geoarchaeological sediment core samples and, second, an algorithmic ordering of resulting sediment groups to arrive at a definitive stratigraphic sequence. Correspondence analysis (CA) was the principal data analysis technique applied, and the algorithmic ordering is one develope…
Lead exposure in italy
Certain social and industrial activities that were common among Imperial Age Romans have been suggested to have caused lead poisoning whose sociological consequences may have afflicted many members of the aristocratic social stratum. Evaluation of this suggestion has awaited quantitative data. This study reports the skeletal lead content of twenty Italian archaeological populations. Imperial Age populations demonstrated up to ten-fold more bone l…
Palaeogeography of Carthage (Tunisia)
Excavations at Tel Michal, Israel
Holocene landscape evolution and its impact on the neolithic and bronze age sites in the Shangqiu area, Northern China
The Shangqiu area, situated on the alluvial plain of the lower Yellow River, is traditionally considered the center of the predynastic and early Shang culture. Archaeologic remains dating to predynastic and dynastic Shang periods, however, have remained elusive. The current pattern of Neolithic and Bronze Age sites is characterized by their upland settings; and it has been often assumed that the area had the same landscape from the Neolithic thro…
Archaeological Prospection 1.1
Environmental Archaeology of Prehistoric NW Crete
The occurrence of Central European tree-types no longer growing on Crete indicates that Neolithic and Bronze Age climates were moister than at present. Of equal significance is the appearance of large quantities of olive pollen in Late Neolithic levels, suggesting the practice of olive cultivation. Early Bronze Age levels show a disappearance of some Central European tree pollen and an increase in Mediterranean tree types, suggesting that the cli…
Archaeology (40 works) · Geography (35 works) · History (25 works) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (24 works) · Geology (20 works) · Geology (20 works) · Ancient history (13 works) · Paleontology (11 works) · Paleontology (11 works) · Geology and Paleoclimatology Research (10 works)