Ernest Cashmore
Biographic Data
| ID | 108548 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Ernest Cashmore |
| GIVEN NAMES | Ernest |
| FAMILY NAME | Cashmore |
| SIGNATURE | CASHMORE E |
| AFFILIATIONS | Aston University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-3432-5041 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 73 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 368 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 73 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1978 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Digital Patriarchy and the Perceived Threat of Andrew Tate: Women’s Experiences in the Platformed Risk Society
This article examines how digital infrastructures mediate the production and circulation of gendered harm through the cultural prominence of Andrew Tate, a controversial online figure associated with misogynistic rhetoric. Drawing on Ulrich Beck’s theory of the risk society, Zygmunt Bauman’s concept of liquid modernity and feminist critiques of platform governance, the study introduces the concept of the platformed risk society to theorise how di…
Why football violence made a comeback in continental Europe but spared England
Football violence has returned to continental Europe but not to England. This article explores reasons for the different experiences. It is argued that, after the Hillsborough disaster of 1989, English football recreated itself, purging what it considered its undesirable elements and transforming into a type of family entertainment. Hooliganism declined amid the changes and policing of football softened. Traditional conceptions of masculinity ass…
Will Euro2024 struggle to keep war protests out of football? 8 out of 10 fans oppose using the tournament as a political platform for Ukraine and Gaza
Eighty percent of football fans involved in the present study do not want EURO2024 to be deployed as a platform for protest against the extensively covered conflicts in Ukraine and Gaza. The majority accept that, as one of 2024's global sports spectacles, EURO2024, like the Paris Olympics, will be watched by billions and command the attention of the global media. They also understand how sport has catalysed geopolitical change, for example, playi…
Banter and the rise of LGBTQ+ awareness in football cultures: A bourdieusian approach
Using data from a 2020 survey of 2,663 football fans, this paper explores their perspectives on LGBTQ+ language at UK men's football matches. Results revealed that 95 percent of participants expressed their support for LGBTQ+ players, challenging the assumption that football fans are homophobic. Paradoxically, 78 percent acknowledged encountering language with LGBTQ+ themes when attending stadiums but interpret this in contrasting ways: 41 percen…
Why are There STILL No Gay Professional Association Football Players in Men's Major Leagues? Revisiting the Views of Football Fans in the United Kingdom
In a survey of 3,500 association football fans conducted by members of the research team over a decade ago, most participants predicted that at least one gay football player would feel comfortable enough to disclose their sexuality publicly by 2014, and that many other players would follow this lead in the following years. Ten years on, gay players can be found in all major sports, but association football remains an outlier. Using an anonymous o…
A little less conversation’: An exploration of soccer fan attitudes towards ‘the knee’ protest and the anti-racism message
Taking the knee has become an enduring feature of many sports since 2020: it is a powerful social and political gesture signalling a resistance against racism, not only in sports but in all forms. The research sampled 1001 sports fans, inviting them to share their beliefs, experiences and perspectives on racism in football. In particular, they were asked whether the knee should remain an expression of the sport’s fight against racism. While 34.8%…
Fan Reflections on Sexuality in Women's Football in the United Kingdom
This article presents the responses of 1,432 male association football fans, collected via an online survey from March 2020 to April 2020, regarding their views on sexuality in women's football in the United Kingdom. The analysis focuses on two broad themes that emerged from the data: (1) the association of women footballers with masculinity and how they subsequently transgress the traditional characteristics of femininity; and (2) a reduced stig…
Analyzing the Presence of Homosexually- Themed Language Among Association Football Fans in the United Kingdom
This article is based on the views of 2,663 association football fans, collected via an online survey from March 2020 to April 2020, regarding the presence of homosexually-themed language at men’s professional football matches across the United Kingdom. The results indicate that whilst 95% would support a gay player at their club, 41% have heard language they interpret as malicious or toxic, while 37% believe it is not intentionally hostile and a…
Kardashian Kulture: How Celebrities Changed Life in the 21st Century
Using the royal family of celebrity culture, the Kardashians, as a lens through which to scrutinize early 21st century culture, this book examines the worlds of business, politics, technology and entertainment, to show how celebrity has fundamentally changed the way we live
Screen Society
Nothing Will Be the Same Again After the Stade de France Attack: Reflections of Association Football Fans on Terrorism, Security and Surveillance
Following the attempted terrorist attack at the friendly match between France and Germany at the Stade de France on November 13, 2015, this article draws on the response of 1,500 association football fans to the threat of terrorism in the world's most popular sport. Its primary focus was to ask fans to reflect on their own experiences of security and surveillance and what extent the attempted attack on the Stade de France will have on the managem…
Popular Culture Icons: Bob Marley (1945–1981)
While his putative remit was to produce music, Marley's status extended far beyond, embracing the roles of prophet, sage, and emissary for Rastafari, a cultural movement that attracted acolytes wherever there were black people. In common with other charismatic leaders who have been attributed with divine qualities by their followers, Marley never explicitly denied that he was some sort of holy messenger. He was sincere: The credo of Rastafari inc…
Celebrity Culture
Celebrity culture is characterized by a pervasive preoccupation with famous persons and an extravagant value attached to the lives of public figures whose actual accomplishments may be limited, but whose visibility is extensive. It became a feature of social life, especially in the developed world, during the late 1980s/early 1990s and extended into the twenty‐first century, assisted by a global media which promoted, lauded, sometimes abominated,…
Spectacular Girls: Media Fascination and Celebrity Culture by Sarah Projansky
Football fans' views of racism in British football
This article analyses 2500 responses from association football (soccer) fans to an anonymous online survey conducted from November 2011 to February 2012 that examined the extent of racism in British football. Eighty-three per cent of the participants stated that racism remains culturally embedded and when exploring the reasons behind its continuation from the 1970s and 1980s, Bourdieu's concepts of field and habitus proved useful for understandin…
Football Fans' Views of Violence in British Football: Evidence of a Sanitized and Gentrified Culture
This article draws on the responses of 1,500 fans from across the United Kingdom to an online survey posted from August 2013 to November 2013 regarding their experience of football violence. Reflecting the 2013 Home Office report that indicated a continued long-term decline of football fan violence in England and Wales, 89% of fans illustrate a decrease in violent behavior from the 1980s with 56% indicating this is due to better policing, 56% att…
Sports and Christianity: Historical and contemporary perspectives and We love to hate each other: mediated football fan culture
For academic writers, sport is a glorious presence: a competition becomes a moral paradigm, a social litmus paper, an incantatory ritual in which participants lurk in the shadow of spectacle, a man
Fans, Racism and British Football in the Twenty-First Century: The Existence of a 'Colour-Blind' Ideology
This article was published in the journal, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies [(c) Taylor & Francis] and the definitive version is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2013.777524
The Logic of Racism (Routledge Revivals)
First published in 1987, The Logic of Racism provides a portrait of race relations based on the stories of 800 different individuals from all sections of society. In this book, voices from the author’s tape recorder are converted to the page for the reader to experience the vivid, sometimes humorous and frequently disturbing impressions of race relations as they are experienced. Interviewees include people from different age groups, sexes, races,…
Beyond Black: Celebrity and Race in Obama’s America
Beyond Black is Ellis Cashmore's compelling appraisal of the impact of black celebrities on the cultural landscape of contemporary America. In recent years a new variety of African American celebrity has emerged: acquisitive, ambitious, flamboyantly successful and individualistic - more interested in channelling their energy into career development than into the political struggles that animated some of their predecessors. Bill Cosby and Oprah Wi…
Fans, homophobia and masculinities in association football: Evidence of a More Inclusive Environment
This article draws on 3,500 responses from fans and professionals involved in association football (soccer) to an anonymous online survey posted from June 2010 to October 2010 regarding their views towards gay footballers. The overall findings are that, contrary to assumptions of homophobia, there is evidence of rapidly decreasing homophobia within the culture of football fandom. The results advance inclusive masculinity theory with 93 per cent o…
Celebrity in the Twenty-First Century Imagination
Keywords: aspirational consumerscelebritycelebrity culturecharismainteractive mediavoyeurism
Glasswing Butterflies: Gay Professional Football Players and Their Culture
Only one association football (soccer) player in history has declared his homosexuality during his professional active playing career. Before or since that player's death in 1998, no other professional footballer player has come out. The prohibitively traditional culture of association football is popularly regarded as being responsible for this. Fans habitually use homophobic epithets to abuse players. In recent years, England's governing organi…
Why aren't there more black football managers
Closed access. This article was published in the journal, Ethnic and Racial Studies [(c) Taylor & Francis] and the definitive version is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2011.595556
Buying Beyoncé
The image of old racial order has been vitiated by the rise of a new variety of African American celebrities: acquisitive, ambitious, flamboyantly successful and individualistic; the kind of people who are interested in channelling their energies into their own careers, rather into indeterminate causes such as racism. In Beyoncé, the United States – and perhaps the world – has a symbol of glamour and unrestrained consumption that offers, if not a…
Fans, homophobia and masculinities in association football: Evidence of a More Inclusive Environment
This article draws on 3,500 responses from fans and professionals involved in association football (soccer) to an anonymous online survey posted from June 2010 to October 2010 regarding their views towards gay footballers. The overall findings are that, contrary to assumptions of homophobia, there is evidence of rapidly decreasing homophobia within the culture of football fandom. The results advance inclusive masculinity theory with 93 per cent o…
Fans, Racism and British Football in the Twenty-First Century: The Existence of a 'Colour-Blind' Ideology
This article was published in the journal, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies [(c) Taylor & Francis] and the definitive version is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2013.777524
One David Beckham? Celebrity, Masculinity, and the Soccerati
Sporting celebrities are not regularly discussed within the broader realms of sociological debate. Yet that is not to say that their identities cannot offer insight into wider patterns of cultural change. Indeed, it is our contention within this paper that the reverse is true: that analyses of the autobiographical details of contemporary sports figures represent key sites through which cultural change can be viewed. To this end, we take one sport…
Glasswing Butterflies: Gay Professional Football Players and Their Culture
Only one association football (soccer) player in history has declared his homosexuality during his professional active playing career. Before or since that player's death in 1998, no other professional footballer player has come out. The prohibitively traditional culture of association football is popularly regarded as being responsible for this. Fans habitually use homophobic epithets to abuse players. In recent years, England's governing organi…
Football Fans' Views of Violence in British Football: Evidence of a Sanitized and Gentrified Culture
This article draws on the responses of 1,500 fans from across the United Kingdom to an online survey posted from August 2013 to November 2013 regarding their experience of football violence. Reflecting the 2013 Home Office report that indicated a continued long-term decline of football fan violence in England and Wales, 89% of fans illustrate a decrease in violent behavior from the 1980s with 56% indicating this is due to better policing, 56% att…
The experiences of ethnic minority police officers in Britain: Under-Recruitment and Racial Profiling in a Performance Culture
The findings draw on independent research conducted in the aftermath of the Macpherson Report of 1999 and are based on in-depth interviews with African Caribbean and South Asian officers in five British police services. Serving officers offer their frequently contrasting views on the underrecruitment of ethnic minority officers and their experiences in the police force and beyond. While many question whether increasing the recruitment of ethnic m…
Why aren't there more black football managers
Closed access. This article was published in the journal, Ethnic and Racial Studies [(c) Taylor & Francis] and the definitive version is available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2011.595556
Football fans' views of racism in British football
This article analyses 2500 responses from association football (soccer) fans to an anonymous online survey conducted from November 2011 to February 2012 that examined the extent of racism in British football. Eighty-three per cent of the participants stated that racism remains culturally embedded and when exploring the reasons behind its continuation from the 1970s and 1980s, Bourdieu's concepts of field and habitus proved useful for understandin…
Behind the window dressing: Ethnic minority police perspectives on cultural diversity
Bedrock assumptions about the benefits of recruiting more ethnic minority police officers and enhancing cultural diversity training for police are critically evaluated by black and Asian police officers in Britain. Neither policy finds favour among groups which articulate a previously concealed interpretation of such aims: that their value lies in presenting an outward image of action rather than furthering the public good. The research reported …
Analyzing the Presence of Homosexually- Themed Language Among Association Football Fans in the United Kingdom
This article is based on the views of 2,663 association football fans, collected via an online survey from March 2020 to April 2020, regarding the presence of homosexually-themed language at men’s professional football matches across the United Kingdom. The results indicate that whilst 95% would support a gay player at their club, 41% have heard language they interpret as malicious or toxic, while 37% believe it is not intentionally hostile and a…
Buying Beyoncé
The image of old racial order has been vitiated by the rise of a new variety of African American celebrities: acquisitive, ambitious, flamboyantly successful and individualistic; the kind of people who are interested in channelling their energies into their own careers, rather into indeterminate causes such as racism. In Beyoncé, the United States – and perhaps the world – has a symbol of glamour and unrestrained consumption that offers, if not a…
Beyond Black: Celebrity and Race in Obama’s America
Beyond Black is Ellis Cashmore's compelling appraisal of the impact of black celebrities on the cultural landscape of contemporary America. In recent years a new variety of African American celebrity has emerged: acquisitive, ambitious, flamboyantly successful and individualistic - more interested in channelling their energy into career development than into the political struggles that animated some of their predecessors. Bill Cosby and Oprah Wi…
A little less conversation’: An exploration of soccer fan attitudes towards ‘the knee’ protest and the anti-racism message
Taking the knee has become an enduring feature of many sports since 2020: it is a powerful social and political gesture signalling a resistance against racism, not only in sports but in all forms. The research sampled 1001 sports fans, inviting them to share their beliefs, experiences and perspectives on racism in football. In particular, they were asked whether the knee should remain an expression of the sport’s fight against racism. While 34.8%…
Nothing Will Be the Same Again After the Stade de France Attack: Reflections of Association Football Fans on Terrorism, Security and Surveillance
Following the attempted terrorist attack at the friendly match between France and Germany at the Stade de France on November 13, 2015, this article draws on the response of 1,500 association football fans to the threat of terrorism in the world's most popular sport. Its primary focus was to ask fans to reflect on their own experiences of security and surveillance and what extent the attempted attack on the Stade de France will have on the managem…
Fan Reflections on Sexuality in Women's Football in the United Kingdom
This article presents the responses of 1,432 male association football fans, collected via an online survey from March 2020 to April 2020, regarding their views on sexuality in women's football in the United Kingdom. The analysis focuses on two broad themes that emerged from the data: (1) the association of women footballers with masculinity and how they subsequently transgress the traditional characteristics of femininity; and (2) a reduced stig…
Banter and the rise of LGBTQ+ awareness in football cultures: A bourdieusian approach
Using data from a 2020 survey of 2,663 football fans, this paper explores their perspectives on LGBTQ+ language at UK men's football matches. Results revealed that 95 percent of participants expressed their support for LGBTQ+ players, challenging the assumption that football fans are homophobic. Paradoxically, 78 percent acknowledged encountering language with LGBTQ+ themes when attending stadiums but interpret this in contrasting ways: 41 percen…
Tiger Woods and the New Racial Order
There is no more serviceable celebrity than Tiger Woods. He is a colour-free emblem of a new America in which racism is dead and there are no barriers to progress for any member of its citizenry - a new racial order. His success obscures the grimmer reality of contemporary America. This article examines Woods, less as a person, more as a commodity of immense utility: something that effectively advertises a society that has long struggled with the…
No Future: Youth and Society
The champions of failure: Black sportsmen
1983). The champions of failure: Black sportsmen. Ethnic and Racial Studies: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 90-102
Why football violence made a comeback in continental Europe but spared England
Football violence has returned to continental Europe but not to England. This article explores reasons for the different experiences. It is argued that, after the Hillsborough disaster of 1989, English football recreated itself, purging what it considered its undesirable elements and transforming into a type of family entertainment. Hooliganism declined amid the changes and policing of football softened. Traditional conceptions of masculinity ass…
Kardashian Kulture: How Celebrities Changed Life in the 21st Century
Using the royal family of celebrity culture, the Kardashians, as a lens through which to scrutinize early 21st century culture, this book examines the worlds of business, politics, technology and entertainment, to show how celebrity has fundamentally changed the way we live
And There Was Television
United Kingdom? Class, Race and Gender Since the War
Part 1 Class: reform and reaction two gears of class the mechanics of nonchange. Part 2 Race: the solution that started a problem making sense of racism a quiet fire. Part 3 Gender: out of the ideal home shaping moulds the feminist solution conclusion - potential and prohibition
Rastaman: The Rastafarian Movement in England
Preface 1. Introduction: The Sociological Interest in Rasta 2. The Rastaman in Jamaica 3. From Evasion to Truculence 4. Rasta Renaissance 5. The Journey to Jah 6. Echoes of Suffering 7. Creating Rastafarian Reality 8. In search of the True Self 9. Encounters in Babylon 10. The Handsworth Panic 11. Conclusion: The Spell of Africa Appendix: Statement of a Rastaman Bibliography Index
More than a Version: A Study of Reality Creation
The Social Organization of Canadian Immigration Law
More than a Version: A Study of Reality Creation
After the Rastas
(1981). After the Rastas. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 173-181
Rastaman: The Rastafarian Movement in England
Preface 1. Introduction: The Sociological Interest in Rasta 2. The Rastaman in Jamaica 3. From Evasion to Truculence 4. Rasta Renaissance 5. The Journey to Jah 6. Echoes of Suffering 7. Creating Rastafarian Reality 8. In search of the True Self 9. Encounters in Babylon 10. The Handsworth Panic 11. Conclusion: The Spell of Africa Appendix: Statement of a Rastaman Bibliography Index
Black youth, sport and education
(1982). Black youth, sport and education. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies: Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 213-221
The champions of failure: Black sportsmen
1983). The champions of failure: Black sportsmen. Ethnic and Racial Studies: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 90-102
Rastaman: The Rastafarian Movement in England
Journal Article Rastaman: The Rastafarian Movement in England, by Ernest Cashmore. Boston: George Allen and Unwin, 1979, 257 pp. $9.95 Get access Constance J. Durant Constance J. Durant Junior College of Albany, New York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Sociology of Religion, Volume 45, Issue 1, Spring 1984, Pages 66–67, https://doi.org/10.2307/3711324 Published: 01 March 1984
Soccer Madness.Janet Lever
Dictionary of Race and Ethnic Relations
Issues of ethnicity and racial relations are almost universally seen as one of the prime motivating forces behind social conflict and change. The often volatile and complex nature of racial interaction resonates through all aspects of modern society. Even social issues which appear to have little or no connection with race often become entangled with ethnic friction to create far more complex problems. Race is also used as a powerful weapon by in…
Introduction to Race Relations
No Future: Youth and Society
Introduction to Race Relations
The Logic of Racism
Short reviews
Edward Kolodziej, EMIGRACJA Z ZIEM POLSKICH I POLONIA 1865–1939, Krakow: Nakladem Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego, 1988, 237 pp., 540 zl. Lena Dominelli, ANTI‐RACIST SOCIAL WORK, London: Macmillan Education, 1988, 189 pp., £20. Jeffrey T. Sammons, BEYOND THE RING: THE ROLE OF BOXING IN AMERICAN SOCIETY, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, 319 pp., £24.95. J. A. Mangan (ed.), ’BENEFITS BESTOWED'? EDUCATION AND BRITISH IMPERIALISM, Manchester:…
The Dawkins Case: Official ethnic status for rastas
(1989). The Dawkins Case: Official ethnic status for rastas. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 158-160
Books
Nony Ardill and Nigel Cross, Undocumented Lives: Britain's Unauthorised Migrant Workers London: Runnymede Trust, 1988, 105 pp., £2.95 p.b. Peter A. Roberts, West Indians and their Language Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988, 215 pp., £8.95 p.b. Alison Shaw, A Pakistani Community in Britain Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988, 187 pp., £19.50 h.b. Clive Y. Thomas, The Poor and The Powerless: Economic Policy and Change in the Caribbean London: L…
Short reviews
Milton J. Esman and Itamar Rabinovich (eds), ETHNICITY, PLURALISM, AND THE STATE IN THE MIDDLE EAST, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1988, 304 pp., $35.00 cloth, $12.95 paper. Akbar S. Ahmed, DISCOVERING ISLAM, MAKING SENSE OF MUSLIM HISTORY AND SOCIETY, London: Routledge, 1988, 251 pp., £9.99 (paper). Edmund Burke, III and Ira M. Lapidus (eds), ISLAM, POLITICS, AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS, London: I. B. Tauris, 1988, 332 pp., £29.50. Asaf …
Making Sense of Sport
Sport and the Working Class in Modern Britain
The status of association football as people's game has masked the continued success of other sports such as bowls or quoits, whilst the enormously popular northern cricket leagues have been virtually ignored. Little is known about how ordinary people joined clubs and what kinds of sociable activities they enjoyed after the match, nor about the local authority support. In trying to understand sport as an integral part of our popular heritage, thi…
United Kingdom? Class, Race and Gender Since the War
Part 1 Class: reform and reaction two gears of class the mechanics of nonchange. Part 2 Race: the solution that started a problem making sense of racism a quiet fire. Part 3 Gender: out of the ideal home shaping moulds the feminist solution conclusion - potential and prohibition
Books
Marq de Villiers, White Tribe Dreaming: Apartheid's Bitter Roots as Witnessed by Eight Generations of an Afrikaner Family Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1990, 420 pp., £5.99 p.b. M Cross, J Wrench and S Barnett, Ethnic Minorities and the Careers Service: An Investigation into Processes of Assessment and Placement Research Paper No 73, London: Department of Employment 1990, 150 pp., (free). N Jewson, D Mason, S Waters and J Harvey, Ethnic Minoritie…
Flying business class: Britain's new ethnic elite
Following in the footsteps of America's black bourgeoisie, Britain's emerging class of business‐owners has risen to a position of relative economic power. Many hope to trigger future changes, first by personal inspiration and, second, by job creation. While they may achieve the first contribution, a new form of racism is forcing successful black (South Asian and Afro‐Caribbean) entrepreneurs to close off opportunities for other aspiring blacks
Books
Richard Williams, Hierarchical Structures and Social Value: The Creation of Black and Irish Identities in the United States, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991, 190 pp., £25.00 h.b. Joseph T. O'Connell, Milton Israel and Willard G. Oxtoby (eds), Sikh History and Religion in the Twentieth Century, South Asian Studies Papers No 3, Toronto: University of Toronto Centre for South Asian Studies, 1988, 496 pp., n.p., p.b. Peter D. Pumfrey and …
The New Black Bourgeoisie
The emergence of a British ethnic minority business class over the past decade promises much for the future of black people, but may deliver very little in terms of material improvement. Like its U.S. counterpart, which grew in the aftermath of the 1960's disorders, the British Black bourgeoisie is a product of post-riot developments. Many members of Britain's Afro-Caribbean and South Asian populations have lost faith in their power collectively …
Out of Order? Policing Black People
Sociology (55 works) · Political science (46 works) · Gender Studies (32 works) · Law (32 works) · Law (21 works) · Media studies (21 works) · Art (19 works) · Gender Studies (19 works) · Sport and Mega-Event Impacts (19 works) · Sports, Gender, and Society (18 works)