Sarah A Schrader
Biographic Data
| ID | 108732 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Sarah A Schrader |
| GIVEN NAMES | Sarah A |
| FAMILY NAME | Schrader |
| SIGNATURE | SCHRADER S A |
| AFFILIATIONS | Leiden University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0424-6748 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 39 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 65 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 39 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2012 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
A Strong Supporter: Evidence for the Role of the Fifth Finger in Habitual Gripping Activity
The influence of activity levels on humeral retroversion: A bioarchaeological study
0.000001). There were no differences by sex, laterality, age, or burial cemetery. We hypothesize that those who were able to live to old age were better resourced with lower physical demands than other members of the community and thus developed less retroversion. Our results also indirectly support the postulate that an increase in general upper extremity physical activity may result in increased retroversion, and not exclusively due to throwing…
Lower respiratory tract disease as an indicator of childhood health in the post-medieval Low Countries
OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of lower respiratory tract diseases (LRTDs) in post-medieval non-adult skeletal assemblages from the Low Countries and to assess whether their occurrence was influenced by socioeconomic status. MATERIALS: We analyzed 146 non-adult individuals from eight urban sites dating between 1492 and 1850 CE, representing populations from diverse socioeconomic groups. METHODS: New bone formation on visceral surfaces of ri…
The embodied poor: Health, care, and survival in early modern Dutch institutions
Introduction In our modern world, the Netherlands is known as one of the leading countries in communal health and social support, with health insurance for all, long-term care, disability and unemployment benefits as well as housing assistance. What are the origins of such a support system? And, if said system existed in the past, does this social response to communal health impact bioarchaeological interpretations? Methods This article will addr…
An Analysis of Frontal Sinusitis in Three Ancient Populations From the Turpan Basin, Xinjiang, China
This study used computed tomography (CT) to investigate pathological manifestations of frontal sinusitis in three populations from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age in the Turpan Basin, Xinjiang. CT analysis of 116 individuals from the Yanghai, Jiayi, and Shengjindian cemeteries revealed a high prevalence of frontal sinusitis, with rates of 59.4% at Yanghai, 56.7% at Jiayi, and 50% at Shengjindian. Statistical analysis showed no significant di…
A Bioarchaeological Approach to Everyday Life: Squatting Facets at Abu Fatima
Human skeletal remains adapt throughout the life course, thereby recording a lived experience. Bioarchaeologists can interpret skeletal data in light of everyday life, a crucial component to social practice, structure, and transformation. In this article, I examine tibial squatting facets, as an embodied product of repetitive squatting, to elucidate everyday life in Bronze Age Nubia. I use the site of Abu Fatima (2500-1500 BCE, Third Cataract) as…
Archers in desert oases: Skeletal traces of archery-related activity in ancient Subeixi populations, China
To Sell or Not to Sell: The British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology’s Position on the Trade and Sales of Human Remains in the UK
We introduce the British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology’s ‘Trading and Sale of Human Remains Task Force’. This member-based subgroup started in 2016 and brings together professionals from a range of fields, including osteoarchaeology and forensic and biological anthropology, across academia, curatorial roles, and cultural heritage management. Subgroup members are concerned with and actively monitor the proliferation …
The Effects of Urban Living on Child, Infant, and Maternal Health: A Comparative Study of Linear Enamel Hypoplasia Between Two Dutch Postmedieval Populations
Substantial research has been done assessing health inequalities between rural and urban contexts in the low countries; however, fewer studies have considered the effect of urban living on non‐adults. Because dental enamel does not remodel, recording the time of dental stress insults in both deciduous and permanent teeth allows for the analysis of episodes of stress, including those occurring during the fetal period. Thus, through the analysis of…
Composition variations in archaeological human bone proteomes
Sampling strategies within the field of skeletal palaeoproteomics are often based on specimen availability. Knowledge of bone biology might assist in improving sample selection strategies and minimise unnecessary sampling of precious (hominin) material. We study ten bone sample locations across four bone elements, for a total of 10 adult, archaeological human skeletons. We compare bone proteome composition and modification for skeletal elements f…
Présentation du projet Consensus: Enregistrement Des Marqueurs D’activité Et Des Indicateurs De Santé Sur Le Squelette Humain
International audience
Daily life in a New Kingdom fortress town in Nubia: A reexamination of physical activity at Tombos
Previous analysis of skeletal indicators of physical activity suggested that the population at Tombos, an Egyptian colonial town in Nubia, may have benefited from an imperial framework through occupations that were not physically demanding. With more than ten years of continued excavations, coupled with further biomolecular testing, we reanalyze entheseal changes at Tombos. We compare entheseal changes between the three areas of cemetery, which h…
Tumplines, baskets, and heavy burden? Interdisciplinary approach to load carrying in Bronze Age Abu Fatima, Sudan
Altres ajuts: acords transformatius de la UAB
Chronic Maxillary Sinusitis: A comparison of osteological and CT methods of diagnosis
OBJECTIVE: To assess the differences between endoscopic and radiological methods of analysis for diagnosing chronic maxillary sinusitis (CMS) in archaeological skeletal remains. MATERIALS: 32 crania from a Dutch post-medieval rural population. METHODS: We assessed the presence of bone changes indicative of CMS (i.e., bone growth and bone resorption) both endoscopically and through computed tomography (CT), and then compared results. RESULTS: We o…
Decolonizing Bioarchaeology in Sudan
Bioarchaeology, as a subdiscipline, has begun confronting its colonial origins and discussing how to incorporate stakeholders and ethically move forward. Here, we frame this discussion within the context of Sudan and Ancient Nubia. We argue that first we must acknowledge the sordid history of the discipline and then actively take steps to dismantle continuing systems of racism, sexism, and western-centered biases. We begin by discussing the histo…
Social inequality and body mass differences in two post‐Medieval Dutch populations
Adult body mass is largely related to nutrition levels, which can be affected by external stressors, such as diet, environment, and disease. High‐status and low‐status groups likely had very different nutrition and stress experiences, which might result in differences in population's body mass. Since inequality between social statuses prevailed in Europe in the post‐Medieval period, did these differences result in body mass variations between hig…
Using computed tomography to diagnose chronic frontal sinusitis in the skeletal remains of a post-medieval Dutch rural community (AD 1829–1866)
Chronic frontal sinusitis (CFS) has afflicted humanity throughout history and continues to be a significant global health issue today. In bioarchaeology, sinusitis is often diagnosed through the identification of bone alterations within the maxillary sinus cavities by macroscopic and/or endoscopic examination. However, due to the inaccessible nature of frontal sinuses, CFS specifically has not been studied extensively archaeologically yet. This p…
Smoking histories: A bioarchaeological approach to tobacco consumption in two skeletal populations from The Netherlands (1300-1829 CE)
Over the past decade, the history of tobacco's introduction to Europe and its societal impact has been extensively studied, resulting in prevailing narratives about its adoption and consumption. In the Netherlands, historical records generally concur that: (I) tobacco rose in popularity among all socioeconomic classes between 1590 and 1630 CE; and (II) it spread throughout the Country as a male habit. However, the presence and consumption of toba…
The urban sea: Cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis, linear enamel hypoplasia, and sinusitis in three diachronic urban sites from the Dutch province of Zeeland (1030-1800 CE)
Until the 17th century, the Dutch coastal region of Zeeland ranked among Europe's most urbanized areas, driven by thriving international trade networks. People living in this time of flourishing economy benefitted enormously from it in terms of employment opportunities and working conditions, which were reportedly better than in the rest of the Low Countries. However, the rapid growth of Zeeland's urban centers likely presented increasing challen…
Precarious adolescence: Adolescent rickets and anterior sacral angulation in two Dutch skeletal collections from the 18th–19th centuries
A distant city: Assessing the impact of Dutch socioeconomic developments on urban and rural health using respiratory disease as a proxy
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of respiratory disease in several populations from the Netherlands across different time periods and socioeconomic conditions. MATERIALS: We analyzed 695 adult individuals from six different Dutch contexts of urban and rural settlements dating to different time periods (i.e., early-medieval, late-medieval, post-medieval). METHODS: For each individual, the presence/absence of chronic maxillary sinusitis, o…
Toward standardization of statistical reporting in studies on entheseal changes
Statistical analysis, while at first glance an objective way to extract insights from data, remains at its core a human endeavor. Elements of subjectivity are introduced by the many decisions that go into the selection of a statistical method. Such subjectivity may harm the evidentiary value of results from statistical analyses. Standardization of statistical methods decreases the degrees of freedom available to researchers and may thus be seen a…
Emerging inequality in the San Pedro de Atacama oases (Chile): An investigation of entheseal patterns using Ancova and factorial Anova
Bioarcheologists have focused extensively over the past few decades on how to best investigate past activity, often concentrating on data collection protocols and more recently focusing on statistical approaches. Here, we complement ongoing studies focusing on emerging inequality during the Middle Period (AD 400-1000) in the San Pedro de Atacama oases (Chile) by investigating entheseal patterns among individuals (n = 210) interred in four cemeter…
Exploring the impact of tobacco consumption on the respiratory health of two Dutch skeletal populations (1300-1829 CE)
Urban Beings: A Bioarchaeological Approach to Socioeconomic Status, Cribra Orbitalia, Porotic Hyperostosis, Linear Enamel Hypoplasia, and Sinusitis in the Early-Modern Northern Low Countries (A.D. 162…
Starting from the twelfth century, the Netherlands experienced substantial socioeconomic change. Several towns expanded in terms of size and industrial production, making the gap between rich and poor even greater. Access to certain resources (e.g., food, living spaces, etc.) became largely dependent on socioeconomic status, with the rich being able to afford an overall better lifestyle than the poor. The aim of this study was to determine whethe…
Activity patterns in New Kingdom Nubia: An examination of entheseal remodeling and osteoarthritis at Tombos
The effects of Egyptian imperial expansion into Nubia during the New Kingdom Period (1,550–1,069 BC) have been debated. Here, the impacts of the Egyptian Empire are investigated through an examination of osteological indicators of activity at the archaeological site of Tombos. Entheseal changes to fibrocartilaginous attachment sites and osteoarthritis are examined to infer what types of physical activities this colonial town was engaging in. Many…
Elucidating inequality in N ubia: An examination of entheseal changes at K erma ( S udan)
Located 10 km south of the Third Cataract of the Nile River, the ancient city of Kerma was once capital to the second largest state in Africa. The Eastern Cemetery at Kerma (∼4 km east of city center) encompasses 80+ hectares and was used over a period of 1,500 years (3,200–1,500 BC). Excavated in the early 20th century by George Reisner, the cemetery contained an estimated 20,000–40,000 individuals. Reisner classified these burials into multiple…
Urbanization and respiratory stress in the Northern Low Countries: A comparative study of chronic maxillary sinusitis in two early modern sites from the Netherlands (AD 1626-1866)
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between urbanization and upper respiratory health in two early modern populations from the Netherlands. For this purpose, we analyzed the prevalence of chronic maxillary sinusitis in the adult urban population of Arnhem (n = 83) and in the rural village of Middenbeemster (n = 74). A slightly higher prevalence of chronic maxillary sinusitis was observed in the Arnhem sample (55.4%) compared…
Symbolic equids and Kushite state formation: A horse burial at Tombos
Embodied labors during the state formation of Egypt and Nubia (ca. 4800–1750 BCE): Elucidating transformations in behavioral patterns with entheseal changes
Throughout Egypt and Nubia's state formation periods (4400–1750 BCE), broad transformations impacted Nile Valley communities, which experienced agricultural consolidation, sedentarization, and more complex social organization. The current study examines the various patterns and levels of physical activity in the skeletal remains of 259 predynastic and early dynastic individuals from Nubia (Northern Dongola Reach) and Egypt (el‐Badari, Naqada, el‐…
Daily life in a New Kingdom fortress town in Nubia: A reexamination of physical activity at Tombos
Previous analysis of skeletal indicators of physical activity suggested that the population at Tombos, an Egyptian colonial town in Nubia, may have benefited from an imperial framework through occupations that were not physically demanding. With more than ten years of continued excavations, coupled with further biomolecular testing, we reanalyze entheseal changes at Tombos. We compare entheseal changes between the three areas of cemetery, which h…
The urban sea: Cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis, linear enamel hypoplasia, and sinusitis in three diachronic urban sites from the Dutch province of Zeeland (1030-1800 CE)
Until the 17th century, the Dutch coastal region of Zeeland ranked among Europe's most urbanized areas, driven by thriving international trade networks. People living in this time of flourishing economy benefitted enormously from it in terms of employment opportunities and working conditions, which were reportedly better than in the rest of the Low Countries. However, the rapid growth of Zeeland's urban centers likely presented increasing challen…
Exploring the impact of tobacco consumption on the respiratory health of two Dutch skeletal populations (1300-1829 CE)
Intraregional 87Sr/86Sr variation in Nubia: New insights from the Third Cataract
Tumplines, baskets, and heavy burden? Interdisciplinary approach to load carrying in Bronze Age Abu Fatima, Sudan
Altres ajuts: acords transformatius de la UAB
Decolonizing Bioarchaeology in Sudan
Bioarchaeology, as a subdiscipline, has begun confronting its colonial origins and discussing how to incorporate stakeholders and ethically move forward. Here, we frame this discussion within the context of Sudan and Ancient Nubia. We argue that first we must acknowledge the sordid history of the discipline and then actively take steps to dismantle continuing systems of racism, sexism, and western-centered biases. We begin by discussing the histo…
Using computed tomography to diagnose chronic frontal sinusitis in the skeletal remains of a post-medieval Dutch rural community (AD 1829–1866)
Chronic frontal sinusitis (CFS) has afflicted humanity throughout history and continues to be a significant global health issue today. In bioarchaeology, sinusitis is often diagnosed through the identification of bone alterations within the maxillary sinus cavities by macroscopic and/or endoscopic examination. However, due to the inaccessible nature of frontal sinuses, CFS specifically has not been studied extensively archaeologically yet. This p…
Smoking histories: A bioarchaeological approach to tobacco consumption in two skeletal populations from The Netherlands (1300-1829 CE)
Over the past decade, the history of tobacco's introduction to Europe and its societal impact has been extensively studied, resulting in prevailing narratives about its adoption and consumption. In the Netherlands, historical records generally concur that: (I) tobacco rose in popularity among all socioeconomic classes between 1590 and 1630 CE; and (II) it spread throughout the Country as a male habit. However, the presence and consumption of toba…
Toward standardization of statistical reporting in studies on entheseal changes
Statistical analysis, while at first glance an objective way to extract insights from data, remains at its core a human endeavor. Elements of subjectivity are introduced by the many decisions that go into the selection of a statistical method. Such subjectivity may harm the evidentiary value of results from statistical analyses. Standardization of statistical methods decreases the degrees of freedom available to researchers and may thus be seen a…
Emerging inequality in the San Pedro de Atacama oases (Chile): An investigation of entheseal patterns using Ancova and factorial Anova
Bioarcheologists have focused extensively over the past few decades on how to best investigate past activity, often concentrating on data collection protocols and more recently focusing on statistical approaches. Here, we complement ongoing studies focusing on emerging inequality during the Middle Period (AD 400-1000) in the San Pedro de Atacama oases (Chile) by investigating entheseal patterns among individuals (n = 210) interred in four cemeter…
The embodiment of colonial strategy: Osteoarthritis in ancient Nubia
The Egyptian Empire conquered and colonized Nubia, what is today northern Sudan, on multiple occasions. The colonization strategy employed was highly variable through time, ranging from the construction of militarized fortresses (Middle Kingdom 2050-1650 BCE) to an amicable co-existence approach (New Kingdom 1550-1050 BCE). Egyptian tactics also varied spatially, depending on several factors including a colonized community's utility to the empire…
Activity patterns in New Kingdom Nubia: An examination of entheseal remodeling and osteoarthritis at Tombos
The effects of Egyptian imperial expansion into Nubia during the New Kingdom Period (1,550–1,069 BC) have been debated. Here, the impacts of the Egyptian Empire are investigated through an examination of osteological indicators of activity at the archaeological site of Tombos. Entheseal changes to fibrocartilaginous attachment sites and osteoarthritis are examined to infer what types of physical activities this colonial town was engaging in. Many…
Illuminating the Nubian ‘Dark Age’: A bioarchaeological analysis of dental non-metric traits during the Napatan Period
Elucidating inequality in N ubia: An examination of entheseal changes at K erma ( S udan)
Located 10 km south of the Third Cataract of the Nile River, the ancient city of Kerma was once capital to the second largest state in Africa. The Eastern Cemetery at Kerma (∼4 km east of city center) encompasses 80+ hectares and was used over a period of 1,500 years (3,200–1,500 BC). Excavated in the early 20th century by George Reisner, the cemetery contained an estimated 20,000–40,000 individuals. Reisner classified these burials into multiple…
Everyday Life after Collapse: A Bioarchaeological Examination of Entheseal Change and Accidental Injury in Postcolonial Nubia
Bioarchaeological perspectives of collapse scenarios have contributed to our understanding of the persistence and regeneration of communities after the fall of states and empires. We suggest that the osteological examination of everyday lived experience can further elucidate local lifeways during these transitory periods. Focusing on ancient Nubia after the decline of the colonial Egyptian New Kingdom Empire, we examine musculoskeletal activity p…
Symbolic equids and Kushite state formation: A horse burial at Tombos
Activity, Diet and Social Practice: Addressing Everyday Life in Human Skeletal Remains
The Anthropology and Bioarchaeology of Quotidian Experiences
Social Practice and Theoretical Integration of Everyday Life
Intraregional 87Sr/86Sr variation in Nubia: New insights from the Third Cataract
Urbanization and respiratory stress in the Northern Low Countries: A comparative study of chronic maxillary sinusitis in two early modern sites from the Netherlands (AD 1626-1866)
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between urbanization and upper respiratory health in two early modern populations from the Netherlands. For this purpose, we analyzed the prevalence of chronic maxillary sinusitis in the adult urban population of Arnhem (n = 83) and in the rural village of Middenbeemster (n = 74). A slightly higher prevalence of chronic maxillary sinusitis was observed in the Arnhem sample (55.4%) compared…
Urban Beings: A Bioarchaeological Approach to Socioeconomic Status, Cribra Orbitalia, Porotic Hyperostosis, Linear Enamel Hypoplasia, and Sinusitis in the Early-Modern Northern Low Countries (A.D. 162…
Starting from the twelfth century, the Netherlands experienced substantial socioeconomic change. Several towns expanded in terms of size and industrial production, making the gap between rich and poor even greater. Access to certain resources (e.g., food, living spaces, etc.) became largely dependent on socioeconomic status, with the rich being able to afford an overall better lifestyle than the poor. The aim of this study was to determine whethe…
Special issue adaptive tools for resilient bones: Biostatistical approaches to past physical activity in osteoarchaeology
In this introduction to the special issue, Adaptive Tools for Resilient Bones: Biostatistical Approaches to Past Physical Activity in Osteoarchaeology , we discuss the outcome of the workshop held in Leiden (the Netherlands; November 18–19, 2021). We review statistical approaches to entheseal changes and present a series of new contributions to this field. These research, commentary, and review articles present different statistical approaches to…
Embodied labors during the state formation of Egypt and Nubia (ca. 4800–1750 BCE): Elucidating transformations in behavioral patterns with entheseal changes
Throughout Egypt and Nubia's state formation periods (4400–1750 BCE), broad transformations impacted Nile Valley communities, which experienced agricultural consolidation, sedentarization, and more complex social organization. The current study examines the various patterns and levels of physical activity in the skeletal remains of 259 predynastic and early dynastic individuals from Nubia (Northern Dongola Reach) and Egypt (el‐Badari, Naqada, el‐…
The embodiment of colonial strategy: Osteoarthritis in ancient Nubia
The Egyptian Empire conquered and colonized Nubia, what is today northern Sudan, on multiple occasions. The colonization strategy employed was highly variable through time, ranging from the construction of militarized fortresses (Middle Kingdom 2050-1650 BCE) to an amicable co-existence approach (New Kingdom 1550-1050 BCE). Egyptian tactics also varied spatially, depending on several factors including a colonized community's utility to the empire…
It runs in the family: Kinship analysis using foot anomalies in the cemetery of Middenbeemster (Netherlands, 17th to 19th century)
In bioarchaeology, the universal concept of "kinship" can be explored through the study of archaeological remains and as such offers a way to connect modern-day life to the life of past people. This study examines the social structure of post-medieval Dutch communities and their level of genetic homogeneity and inter-relatedness. The research aims were to identify probable genetic relatives within the Middenbeemster skeletal collection through de…
Precarious adolescence: Adolescent rickets and anterior sacral angulation in two Dutch skeletal collections from the 18th–19th centuries
A distant city: Assessing the impact of Dutch socioeconomic developments on urban and rural health using respiratory disease as a proxy
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the prevalence of respiratory disease in several populations from the Netherlands across different time periods and socioeconomic conditions. MATERIALS: We analyzed 695 adult individuals from six different Dutch contexts of urban and rural settlements dating to different time periods (i.e., early-medieval, late-medieval, post-medieval). METHODS: For each individual, the presence/absence of chronic maxillary sinusitis, o…
Toward standardization of statistical reporting in studies on entheseal changes
Statistical analysis, while at first glance an objective way to extract insights from data, remains at its core a human endeavor. Elements of subjectivity are introduced by the many decisions that go into the selection of a statistical method. Such subjectivity may harm the evidentiary value of results from statistical analyses. Standardization of statistical methods decreases the degrees of freedom available to researchers and may thus be seen a…
Emerging inequality in the San Pedro de Atacama oases (Chile): An investigation of entheseal patterns using Ancova and factorial Anova
Bioarcheologists have focused extensively over the past few decades on how to best investigate past activity, often concentrating on data collection protocols and more recently focusing on statistical approaches. Here, we complement ongoing studies focusing on emerging inequality during the Middle Period (AD 400-1000) in the San Pedro de Atacama oases (Chile) by investigating entheseal patterns among individuals (n = 210) interred in four cemeter…
Exploring the impact of tobacco consumption on the respiratory health of two Dutch skeletal populations (1300-1829 CE)
Chronic Maxillary Sinusitis: A comparison of osteological and CT methods of diagnosis
OBJECTIVE: To assess the differences between endoscopic and radiological methods of analysis for diagnosing chronic maxillary sinusitis (CMS) in archaeological skeletal remains. MATERIALS: 32 crania from a Dutch post-medieval rural population. METHODS: We assessed the presence of bone changes indicative of CMS (i.e., bone growth and bone resorption) both endoscopically and through computed tomography (CT), and then compared results. RESULTS: We o…
Decolonizing Bioarchaeology in Sudan
Bioarchaeology, as a subdiscipline, has begun confronting its colonial origins and discussing how to incorporate stakeholders and ethically move forward. Here, we frame this discussion within the context of Sudan and Ancient Nubia. We argue that first we must acknowledge the sordid history of the discipline and then actively take steps to dismantle continuing systems of racism, sexism, and western-centered biases. We begin by discussing the histo…
Social inequality and body mass differences in two post‐Medieval Dutch populations
Adult body mass is largely related to nutrition levels, which can be affected by external stressors, such as diet, environment, and disease. High‐status and low‐status groups likely had very different nutrition and stress experiences, which might result in differences in population's body mass. Since inequality between social statuses prevailed in Europe in the post‐Medieval period, did these differences result in body mass variations between hig…
Using computed tomography to diagnose chronic frontal sinusitis in the skeletal remains of a post-medieval Dutch rural community (AD 1829–1866)
Chronic frontal sinusitis (CFS) has afflicted humanity throughout history and continues to be a significant global health issue today. In bioarchaeology, sinusitis is often diagnosed through the identification of bone alterations within the maxillary sinus cavities by macroscopic and/or endoscopic examination. However, due to the inaccessible nature of frontal sinuses, CFS specifically has not been studied extensively archaeologically yet. This p…
Smoking histories: A bioarchaeological approach to tobacco consumption in two skeletal populations from The Netherlands (1300-1829 CE)
Over the past decade, the history of tobacco's introduction to Europe and its societal impact has been extensively studied, resulting in prevailing narratives about its adoption and consumption. In the Netherlands, historical records generally concur that: (I) tobacco rose in popularity among all socioeconomic classes between 1590 and 1630 CE; and (II) it spread throughout the Country as a male habit. However, the presence and consumption of toba…
Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies (28 works) · Geography (22 works) · Sociology (18 works) · Archaeology (16 works) · Medicine (15 works) · History (14 works) · Paleopathology and ancient diseases (14 works) · Demography (13 works) · Population (10 works) · History (8 works)