Kai Michael Kenkel
Biographic Data
| ID | 1092579 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Kai Michael Kenkel |
| GIVEN NAMES | Kai Michael |
| FAMILY NAME | Kenkel |
| SIGNATURE | KENKEL K M |
| AFFILIATIONS | Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4356-9304 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 21 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 93 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 21 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2010 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
Binding militaries to democratic concepts
Stability abroad, instability at home? Changing UN peace operations and civil–military relations in Global South troop contributing countries
This article highlights the domestic effects of the ongoing changes in United Nations peacekeeping practice on troop contributing states from the Global South. It juxtaposes scholarship on stabilization, the specific motivations of Global South troop contributing countries, and in particular the effects on civilian control of armed forces of peacekeeping participation. It argues that the “diversionary peace” hypothesis—which posits beneficial eff…
Responding to the crisis in United Nations peace operations
This special forum discusses the future trajectory of UN peace operations at a time many stakeholders and analysts consider to be one of crisis, contestation, or at the very least transition. The UN is facing difficulties in responding effectively to many of the world’s worst recent conflicts, even where it has (or until recently had) operations. Even before COVID-19, the blue helmets were facing a period of serious retrenchment and budgetary con…
Brazil As a Rising Power
Explaining emerging powers’ reluctance to adopt intervention norms
We argue that emerging powers’ reluctance to conform to new norms at the global level is grounded not in rejection of norms’ content, but in contestation of norms’ implementation, and of the hierarchical manner in which responsibility is defined and attributed. The assessment of Brazil and India’s approach to the issue of intervention supports our argument
Southern democracies and the Responsibility to Protect
For the better part of a decade, the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) concept served as the locus for the global conversation, both diplomatic and academic, on sovereignty and intervention. The concept's controversial application by NATO in Libya in 2011 robbed it of relevance in the Syrian conflict, leading decision-makers to seek other mobilizing labels for action to prevent genocide and atrocities. R2P nonetheless played a fundamental role in s…
Brazil
Examining the complex past of Brazil, which some commentators still persist in labelling the eternal country of tomorrow (the implied corollary being ‘but never today’), is a monumental task. Laying bare the effects of that past on the present day is especially important in light of the clash of visions for its future Brazil currently faces. In this tome of correspondingly monumental size, Lilia Schwarcz and Heloisa Starling are extraordinarily a…
Contesting perspectives on South Atlantic maritime security governance
Faced with significant changes to the economic and strategic scenario in the South Atlantic over the past decade, the region’s two major powers – Brazil and South Africa – have taken divergent approaches to policymaking for the maritime sphere. Whereas Brazil has, in essence, transferred its terrestrial security policy to the oceans and maintains a state-based deterrent approach, South Africa has invested heavily in governance-based approaches at…
Brazilian Policy and the Creation of a Regional Security Complex in the South Atlantic
Over the past five years, the South Atlantic region has become a central element of Brazilian security policy, with Brazil actively supporting the notion of a trans-oceanic security consciousness involving African littoral states. It has invested in diplomatic initiatives such as the Zone of Peace and Cooperation of the South Atlantic (ZPCSA, or ZOPACAS), and extensive military co-operation with West African states such as São Tomé e Príncipe, Na…
Are rising powers consistent or ambiguous foreign policy actors? Brazil, humanitarian intervention and the 'graduation dilemma
This article illustrates how Brazil responded to the policy challenges its foreign policy activism posed for its engagement with a fundamental question of the international order: the tension between the protection of human rights and the prohibitions on intervention and the use of force. Leading the military component of the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) implicated accepting the mission's robust mandate that contradicted Brazil's …
Rising powers and intervention
The papers in this special section are the results of two workshops that were held in 2014, both organized by the editors of this special section. The first workshop was financed by a Venture Resea
Emerging Powers and the Notion of International Responsibility
The rise of new powers and attendant shifts in the global balance of power have led to calls for UN Security Council reform. Established powers have often responded by linking increased influence in the international system with the assumption of more international responsibility by aspirant powers. Based on ethical and philosophical approaches from the individual and state levels, and a case study of Brazil, this article analyses the way in whic…
Brazil and the Responsibility While Protecting Initiative
This article examines Brazil’s responsibility while protecting (RwP) initiative as an example of norm sponsorship available to nonpermanent members of the Security Council. After setting the stage with Brazil’s historical engagement with intervention issues, it discusses the reasons behind the Brazilian initiative. It examines RwP’s key proposals and the reactions they generated. RwP’s normative implications are discussed, together with an examin…
Localization and Subsidiarity in Brazil’s Engagement with the Responsibility to Protect
This article makes empirical use of the concepts of norm localization and norm subsidiarity, as developed by Acharya and revamped by Prantl and Nakano, to analyze Brazil’s engagement with the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and its development of the ‘responsibility while protecting’ (RwP) note in 2011. Many rising powers face a clear clash between their own normative priors and putatively universal norms such as R2P; the RwP note is one of the c…
A Ciberguerra É Moderna! Uma Investigação sobre a Relação entre Tecnologia e Modernização na Guerra
O presente artigo investiga o papel da tecnologia na modernidade a partir do fenômeno da ciberguerra. Argumenta-se que o processo de modernização tem por característica a conjunção entre guerra, ciência e tecnologia e que a incorporação da cibernética à guerra é representativa disso. Para tanto, procede-se a uma genealogia da ciberguerra, o que permite investigar as significações constitutivas do atual discurso, bem como analisar suas condições d…
Discourses of cyberspace securitization in Brazil and in the United States
This paper uses the framework of the Copenhagen School to understand the process of securitization of cyberspace, exploring how something in such sphere becomes a threat. Seeking to contribute to the debate, this study analyses the securitization discourses of Brazil and of the United States from Hansen and Nissenbaum's (2009) theorization about the existence of a specific sector for cybersecurity. To comprehend the securitization of cyberspace i…
Five generations of peace operations
This article combines both international practice and analytical contributions into a systematic and synthetic presentation of the evolution of peace operations from their modern inception in 1948 to the present. It seeks to serve a didactic purpose in proposing a basic structure for Brazilian scholars' burgeoning debate on peace operations and intervention, rather than a definitive characterization of blue helmet practice. Peace operations' prog…
Brazil and R2P
This article traces the reaction of the Brazilian government to the emergence of the R2P norm. After an initial period of rejection, followed by a period of absence from UN debates, Brazil has recently engaged cautiously with R2P. The article gives a detailed analysis of the origins of the Latin American system of legal protections that resulted in an interpretation in the region that reduces sovereignty almost exclusively to the inviolability of…
Dedication to Dr Pablo Gabriel Dreyfus and Ana Carolina Rodrigues
The guest editor of this issue wishes to dedicate it to the memory of Dr Pablo Gabriel Dreyfus and his wife, Ana Carolina Rodrigues, who perished in the crash of Air France flight 447 on 1 June 200
Stepping out of the Shadow
South American states' contributions to peace operations have experienced rapid growth over the last decade. While this alone merits the attention of analysts, the growing North–South gap in the norms and practice of these missions places even greater emphasis on the natural intermediary functions these states can perform. Within the context of the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti, these states have begun to develop a distinctive approach to pea…
South America's Emerging Power
This article assesses the utility of the notion of emerging powers in analysing key characteristics of Brazil's past and present policy towards peace operations. After decoupling emerging powers analytically from traditional middle powers, it addresses a series of political and behavioural factors specific to South America. Finally, the analysis identifies those elements derived from Brazil's emerging power status and South American identity that…
South America's Emerging Power
This article assesses the utility of the notion of emerging powers in analysing key characteristics of Brazil's past and present policy towards peace operations. After decoupling emerging powers analytically from traditional middle powers, it addresses a series of political and behavioural factors specific to South America. Finally, the analysis identifies those elements derived from Brazil's emerging power status and South American identity that…
Five generations of peace operations
This article combines both international practice and analytical contributions into a systematic and synthetic presentation of the evolution of peace operations from their modern inception in 1948 to the present. It seeks to serve a didactic purpose in proposing a basic structure for Brazilian scholars' burgeoning debate on peace operations and intervention, rather than a definitive characterization of blue helmet practice. Peace operations' prog…
Responding to the crisis in United Nations peace operations
This special forum discusses the future trajectory of UN peace operations at a time many stakeholders and analysts consider to be one of crisis, contestation, or at the very least transition. The UN is facing difficulties in responding effectively to many of the world’s worst recent conflicts, even where it has (or until recently had) operations. Even before COVID-19, the blue helmets were facing a period of serious retrenchment and budgetary con…
Stability abroad, instability at home? Changing UN peace operations and civil–military relations in Global South troop contributing countries
This article highlights the domestic effects of the ongoing changes in United Nations peacekeeping practice on troop contributing states from the Global South. It juxtaposes scholarship on stabilization, the specific motivations of Global South troop contributing countries, and in particular the effects on civilian control of armed forces of peacekeeping participation. It argues that the “diversionary peace” hypothesis—which posits beneficial eff…
Emerging Powers and the Notion of International Responsibility
The rise of new powers and attendant shifts in the global balance of power have led to calls for UN Security Council reform. Established powers have often responded by linking increased influence in the international system with the assumption of more international responsibility by aspirant powers. Based on ethical and philosophical approaches from the individual and state levels, and a case study of Brazil, this article analyses the way in whic…
Brazil and R2P
This article traces the reaction of the Brazilian government to the emergence of the R2P norm. After an initial period of rejection, followed by a period of absence from UN debates, Brazil has recently engaged cautiously with R2P. The article gives a detailed analysis of the origins of the Latin American system of legal protections that resulted in an interpretation in the region that reduces sovereignty almost exclusively to the inviolability of…
Localization and Subsidiarity in Brazil’s Engagement with the Responsibility to Protect
This article makes empirical use of the concepts of norm localization and norm subsidiarity, as developed by Acharya and revamped by Prantl and Nakano, to analyze Brazil’s engagement with the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and its development of the ‘responsibility while protecting’ (RwP) note in 2011. Many rising powers face a clear clash between their own normative priors and putatively universal norms such as R2P; the RwP note is one of the c…
Explaining emerging powers’ reluctance to adopt intervention norms
We argue that emerging powers’ reluctance to conform to new norms at the global level is grounded not in rejection of norms’ content, but in contestation of norms’ implementation, and of the hierarchical manner in which responsibility is defined and attributed. The assessment of Brazil and India’s approach to the issue of intervention supports our argument
Are rising powers consistent or ambiguous foreign policy actors? Brazil, humanitarian intervention and the 'graduation dilemma
This article illustrates how Brazil responded to the policy challenges its foreign policy activism posed for its engagement with a fundamental question of the international order: the tension between the protection of human rights and the prohibitions on intervention and the use of force. Leading the military component of the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) implicated accepting the mission's robust mandate that contradicted Brazil's …
Brazil and the Responsibility While Protecting Initiative
This article examines Brazil’s responsibility while protecting (RwP) initiative as an example of norm sponsorship available to nonpermanent members of the Security Council. After setting the stage with Brazil’s historical engagement with intervention issues, it discusses the reasons behind the Brazilian initiative. It examines RwP’s key proposals and the reactions they generated. RwP’s normative implications are discussed, together with an examin…
Discourses of cyberspace securitization in Brazil and in the United States
This paper uses the framework of the Copenhagen School to understand the process of securitization of cyberspace, exploring how something in such sphere becomes a threat. Seeking to contribute to the debate, this study analyses the securitization discourses of Brazil and of the United States from Hansen and Nissenbaum's (2009) theorization about the existence of a specific sector for cybersecurity. To comprehend the securitization of cyberspace i…
Rising powers and intervention
The papers in this special section are the results of two workshops that were held in 2014, both organized by the editors of this special section. The first workshop was financed by a Venture Resea
Stepping out of the Shadow
South American states' contributions to peace operations have experienced rapid growth over the last decade. While this alone merits the attention of analysts, the growing North–South gap in the norms and practice of these missions places even greater emphasis on the natural intermediary functions these states can perform. Within the context of the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti, these states have begun to develop a distinctive approach to pea…
Contesting perspectives on South Atlantic maritime security governance
Faced with significant changes to the economic and strategic scenario in the South Atlantic over the past decade, the region’s two major powers – Brazil and South Africa – have taken divergent approaches to policymaking for the maritime sphere. Whereas Brazil has, in essence, transferred its terrestrial security policy to the oceans and maintains a state-based deterrent approach, South Africa has invested heavily in governance-based approaches at…
Brazilian Policy and the Creation of a Regional Security Complex in the South Atlantic
Over the past five years, the South Atlantic region has become a central element of Brazilian security policy, with Brazil actively supporting the notion of a trans-oceanic security consciousness involving African littoral states. It has invested in diplomatic initiatives such as the Zone of Peace and Cooperation of the South Atlantic (ZPCSA, or ZOPACAS), and extensive military co-operation with West African states such as São Tomé e Príncipe, Na…
Dedication to Dr Pablo Gabriel Dreyfus and Ana Carolina Rodrigues
The guest editor of this issue wishes to dedicate it to the memory of Dr Pablo Gabriel Dreyfus and his wife, Ana Carolina Rodrigues, who perished in the crash of Air France flight 447 on 1 June 200
Stepping out of the Shadow
South American states' contributions to peace operations have experienced rapid growth over the last decade. While this alone merits the attention of analysts, the growing North–South gap in the norms and practice of these missions places even greater emphasis on the natural intermediary functions these states can perform. Within the context of the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti, these states have begun to develop a distinctive approach to pea…
South America's Emerging Power
This article assesses the utility of the notion of emerging powers in analysing key characteristics of Brazil's past and present policy towards peace operations. After decoupling emerging powers analytically from traditional middle powers, it addresses a series of political and behavioural factors specific to South America. Finally, the analysis identifies those elements derived from Brazil's emerging power status and South American identity that…
Brazil and R2P
This article traces the reaction of the Brazilian government to the emergence of the R2P norm. After an initial period of rejection, followed by a period of absence from UN debates, Brazil has recently engaged cautiously with R2P. The article gives a detailed analysis of the origins of the Latin American system of legal protections that resulted in an interpretation in the region that reduces sovereignty almost exclusively to the inviolability of…
Five generations of peace operations
This article combines both international practice and analytical contributions into a systematic and synthetic presentation of the evolution of peace operations from their modern inception in 1948 to the present. It seeks to serve a didactic purpose in proposing a basic structure for Brazilian scholars' burgeoning debate on peace operations and intervention, rather than a definitive characterization of blue helmet practice. Peace operations' prog…
Localization and Subsidiarity in Brazil’s Engagement with the Responsibility to Protect
This article makes empirical use of the concepts of norm localization and norm subsidiarity, as developed by Acharya and revamped by Prantl and Nakano, to analyze Brazil’s engagement with the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) and its development of the ‘responsibility while protecting’ (RwP) note in 2011. Many rising powers face a clear clash between their own normative priors and putatively universal norms such as R2P; the RwP note is one of the c…
A Ciberguerra É Moderna! Uma Investigação sobre a Relação entre Tecnologia e Modernização na Guerra
O presente artigo investiga o papel da tecnologia na modernidade a partir do fenômeno da ciberguerra. Argumenta-se que o processo de modernização tem por característica a conjunção entre guerra, ciência e tecnologia e que a incorporação da cibernética à guerra é representativa disso. Para tanto, procede-se a uma genealogia da ciberguerra, o que permite investigar as significações constitutivas do atual discurso, bem como analisar suas condições d…
Discourses of cyberspace securitization in Brazil and in the United States
This paper uses the framework of the Copenhagen School to understand the process of securitization of cyberspace, exploring how something in such sphere becomes a threat. Seeking to contribute to the debate, this study analyses the securitization discourses of Brazil and of the United States from Hansen and Nissenbaum's (2009) theorization about the existence of a specific sector for cybersecurity. To comprehend the securitization of cyberspace i…
Rising powers and intervention
The papers in this special section are the results of two workshops that were held in 2014, both organized by the editors of this special section. The first workshop was financed by a Venture Resea
Emerging Powers and the Notion of International Responsibility
The rise of new powers and attendant shifts in the global balance of power have led to calls for UN Security Council reform. Established powers have often responded by linking increased influence in the international system with the assumption of more international responsibility by aspirant powers. Based on ethical and philosophical approaches from the individual and state levels, and a case study of Brazil, this article analyses the way in whic…
Brazil and the Responsibility While Protecting Initiative
This article examines Brazil’s responsibility while protecting (RwP) initiative as an example of norm sponsorship available to nonpermanent members of the Security Council. After setting the stage with Brazil’s historical engagement with intervention issues, it discusses the reasons behind the Brazilian initiative. It examines RwP’s key proposals and the reactions they generated. RwP’s normative implications are discussed, together with an examin…
Brazilian Policy and the Creation of a Regional Security Complex in the South Atlantic
Over the past five years, the South Atlantic region has become a central element of Brazilian security policy, with Brazil actively supporting the notion of a trans-oceanic security consciousness involving African littoral states. It has invested in diplomatic initiatives such as the Zone of Peace and Cooperation of the South Atlantic (ZPCSA, or ZOPACAS), and extensive military co-operation with West African states such as São Tomé e Príncipe, Na…
Are rising powers consistent or ambiguous foreign policy actors? Brazil, humanitarian intervention and the 'graduation dilemma
This article illustrates how Brazil responded to the policy challenges its foreign policy activism posed for its engagement with a fundamental question of the international order: the tension between the protection of human rights and the prohibitions on intervention and the use of force. Leading the military component of the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) implicated accepting the mission's robust mandate that contradicted Brazil's …
Explaining emerging powers’ reluctance to adopt intervention norms
We argue that emerging powers’ reluctance to conform to new norms at the global level is grounded not in rejection of norms’ content, but in contestation of norms’ implementation, and of the hierarchical manner in which responsibility is defined and attributed. The assessment of Brazil and India’s approach to the issue of intervention supports our argument
Southern democracies and the Responsibility to Protect
For the better part of a decade, the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) concept served as the locus for the global conversation, both diplomatic and academic, on sovereignty and intervention. The concept's controversial application by NATO in Libya in 2011 robbed it of relevance in the Syrian conflict, leading decision-makers to seek other mobilizing labels for action to prevent genocide and atrocities. R2P nonetheless played a fundamental role in s…
Brazil
Examining the complex past of Brazil, which some commentators still persist in labelling the eternal country of tomorrow (the implied corollary being ‘but never today’), is a monumental task. Laying bare the effects of that past on the present day is especially important in light of the clash of visions for its future Brazil currently faces. In this tome of correspondingly monumental size, Lilia Schwarcz and Heloisa Starling are extraordinarily a…
Contesting perspectives on South Atlantic maritime security governance
Faced with significant changes to the economic and strategic scenario in the South Atlantic over the past decade, the region’s two major powers – Brazil and South Africa – have taken divergent approaches to policymaking for the maritime sphere. Whereas Brazil has, in essence, transferred its terrestrial security policy to the oceans and maintains a state-based deterrent approach, South Africa has invested heavily in governance-based approaches at…
Brazil As a Rising Power
Stability abroad, instability at home? Changing UN peace operations and civil–military relations in Global South troop contributing countries
This article highlights the domestic effects of the ongoing changes in United Nations peacekeeping practice on troop contributing states from the Global South. It juxtaposes scholarship on stabilization, the specific motivations of Global South troop contributing countries, and in particular the effects on civilian control of armed forces of peacekeeping participation. It argues that the “diversionary peace” hypothesis—which posits beneficial eff…
Responding to the crisis in United Nations peace operations
This special forum discusses the future trajectory of UN peace operations at a time many stakeholders and analysts consider to be one of crisis, contestation, or at the very least transition. The UN is facing difficulties in responding effectively to many of the world’s worst recent conflicts, even where it has (or until recently had) operations. Even before COVID-19, the blue helmets were facing a period of serious retrenchment and budgetary con…
Binding militaries to democratic concepts
Political science (18 works) · Sociology (14 works) · Law (13 works) · Global Peace and Security Dynamics (11 works) · Politics (11 works) · Law (10 works) · Peacebuilding and International Security (10 works) · Economics (8 works) · Political economy (8 works) · Psychology (8 works)