W Z Billewicz
Biographic Data
| ID | 1096015 |
|---|---|
| NAME | W Z Billewicz |
| GIVEN NAMES | W Z |
| FAMILY NAME | Billewicz |
| SIGNATURE | BILLEWICZ W Z |
| AFFILIATIONS | Princess Mary Maternity Hospital |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 25 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 5 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 25 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1953 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1983 |
| H-INDEX | 1 |
Weight-for-height in adolescence
Weight-for-height in adolescence was investigated on the basis of observations on 669 boys and 753 girls. It was found: (a) that given the age, the expected weight of individuals of the same height changes considerably with pubertal status; (b) that the change in weight for a given change in height also depends on pubertal status, and (c) that these relations vary with age so that chronological age should be taken into account when constructing w…
A longitudinal study of growth in Newcastle upon Tyne adolescents
White Newcastle upon Tyne schoolchildren born in 1962 were examined at approximately half-yearly intervals from 9 to 17 years of age. During the last year of compulsory education losses to follow-up became selective with respect to socio-economic background, and the results reported here are restricted to 564 boys and 669 girls seen regularly between the ages of 10 and 15 years at least. Newcastle adolescents were slightly shorter and lighter tha…
A birth-to-maturity longitudinal study of heights and weights in two West African (Gambian) villages, 1951–1975
Records of heights and weights kept for more than 25 years for two neighbouring Gambian villages have been used to describe the pattern of growth. There was no secular trend in height. Children who died during the investigation were smaller and lighter than the survivors, but the interval between the last available dry-season measurement and death was not associated with the degree of deficit in height and weight. The presence of seasonal variati…
The Demography of Two West African (Gambian) Villages, 1951–75
From a longitudinal study over 25 years (1951–75) of two adjacent Gambian villages, the data allow estimates of population growth, birth rates, age-specific mortality, female fertility, and infertility rates in the two sexes. Such intensive but small scale local inquiries provide valuable information on topics not covered in official published statistics, and also data from which the reliability of some census details can be estimated. There are …
Is acne a sign of normal puberty? A longitudinal study
This investigation was prompted by Shuster's (1978, 1980) suggestion that acne should be regarded as a normal feature of adolescence. Acne was recorded and graded in white school children (722 boys and 788 girls) seen at approximately half-yearly intervals from age 9 to 17. Losses over the 8 years of follow-up were 16·8% for boys and 11·4% for girls. Facial acne appeared at an earlier age in girls, the prevalences being estimated to rise to a pea…
Menarche in Newcastle upon Tyne girls
Age at menarche was recorded for 699 white Newcastle upon Tyne girls taking part in a longitudinal study of growth and development during puberty. Girls from large (5+) families started menstruation about five months later than girls from small families. This effect was observed only among girls with fathers in manual occupations. The occurrence of menarche had a peak in January and a possible secondary peak about August. Height and to some exten…
Pubertal changes in boys and girls in Newcastle upon Tyne
669 boys and 753 girls born in 1962 and living at home were observed at approximately half-yearly intervals from 9 to 17 years of age. Mean ages of reaching various developmental stages were calculated for voice change and facial hair in boys, menarche and breast development in girls, and for axillary hair in both sexes. Peak height velocity and age at which it occurred were also calculated for both sexes. Means were generally in good agreement w…
Post-menarcheal menstrual cycles in British (Newcastle upon Tyne) girls
Data for the first 36 menstrual intervals immediately following menarche were analysed for 298 girls studied in Newcastle upon Tyne. The mean cycle length decreased from 49 . 5 days for the first cycle in 29.5 days for cycles 31-36. There was no clear seasonal pattern in cycle length. The standard deviation within subjects in the length of menstrual interval fell sharply from 23 . 3 days for cycles 1-6 to 10-7 days for cycles 7-12 and more slowly…
The timing of post-partum menstruation and breast feeding
A function is proposed for estimating the proportion of women who resumed menstruation at a given time post-partum on the basis of the proportion of women breast feeding at that time. The function was fitted to 25 series of incidences from nine countries (236 time points), most countries providing three contrasting groups: urban (well-to-do), urban (poor) and rural. The average error of the estimate within series was 0·08. At any given time post-…
Health, growth and development of pre-school children in Newcastle upon Tyne
One hunderd and forty 'normal' children aged 0—5 years, selected from three large general medical practices to represent a wide socioeconomic range, were seen monthly for periods of at least one year. Average growth patterns, previously shown to be related to the energy value of diets, conformed to British standards. Height and weight were not significantly related to socioeconomic status, maternal 'efficiency', number of sibs nor place in family…
Skeletal maturation of Hong Kong Chinese children in the first five years of life
This report describes the skeletal maturity during the first five years of life of 492 Chinese children in Hong Kong in a longitudinal study. Hand-wrist radiographs taken half-yearly were assessed by the Tanner-Whitehouse method and rated according to the TW1 20-bone self-weighting maturity score. Skeletal age was in advance of chronological age in both sexes, but significantly more so in females, especially between 18 months and three years. The…
Foetal growth from 50 to 150 days of gestation
Weight and several linear measurements have been related to postmenstrual age in a series of fresh, apparently normal foetuses, ranging in age from 8 to 21 weeks. Although the correlation between these variables and age was high, the prediction of foetal age from such measurements can never be precise, due in part to difficulties inherent in the concept of postmenstrual age. The average relationships agreed in general with those in previous repor…
Human foetal measurements between 50 and 150 days of gestation, in relation to crown-heel length
Weights and a number of linear measurements were related to crown-heel length in fresh apparently normal foetuses ranging from 8 to 21 weeks' post-menstrual age. The average relationships agreed remarkably well with results reported many years ago on the basis of preserved specimens mostly from spontaneous abortions. There was no evidence of sex differences
Eruption of permanent teeth in West African (Gambian) children in relation to age, sex and physique
Dental records of 635 West African (Gambian) children within the age range of 4.5-14 yr yielded 2108 examinations for boys and 1863 for girls. There was no difference between eruption ages of homologous permanent teeth on the left and the right side of the same jaw. Except for PM1 and PM2, teeth in the lower jaw erupted earlier. There was a clear sex difference in eruption age, which was earlier in females. Calendar age can be estimated from the …
Some implications of self-selection for pregnancy
Though women have always been able to exercise some control over the risk of an unwanted preg nancy, the availability of effective and acceptable contraceptive methods and of abortion have made voluntary control of fertility by the individual simpler and more certain than ever. The object of this paper is to examine the degree and features of self-selection for pregnancy in one community (Aberdeen) in the 'pre-pill' era and to assess the implicat…
A note on birth weight correlation in full sibs
Birth weight correlation in full sibs is estimated from data for 4229 sibships. It is shown that, when it is necessary to adjust individual observations before the calculation of familial correlations, the genetic implications of the method of choice should be examined. It is shown that full sib correlation increases from 0·47 to 0·52 for unadjusted birth weights when the weight of the first born is excluded. After adjustments for sex, parity, ge…
Growth from birth to adult life of 442 Newcastle upon Tyne children
There have been few longitudinal studies of human growth from birth to adult life, and those that have been reported have been on samples that may have been highly selected. The 'Thousand Families in Newcastle upon Tyne' study was originally based on all of the 1,142 babies born in the city during May and June 1947 (Spence, Walton, Miller, and Court, 1954; Miller, Court, Walton, and Knox
Body weight in parous women
MATERNITY is commonly believed to be an important contributory cause of increased weight in women. Sheldon (1949) provided circumstantial evidence from the histories of obese parous women, and further support was given by the conclusion of Thomson and Hytten (1961) that about 30% of the average weight gained during pregnancy is due to an increase of body fat. Yet Thomson and Billewicz (1965) showed from cross-sectional data that parity added litt…
Secular changes in the physique of Aberdeen mothers, 1950-64
Matched Samples in Medical Investigations
In investigating the effects of a treatment or experience on a group of patients, it is usually necessary to observe a control group. The comparison between the two groups may be influenced by the characteristics of the subjects: for example, their sex, age, body weight, and original clinical state. In order to secure comparability for such relevant extraneous factors, the controls are frequently matched with the experimental subjects. An alterna…
A New Weight-for Height Standard based on British Anthropometric Data
It was concluded in a previous paper (Billewicz, Kemsley, and Thomson, 1962) that the ratio of observed to standard weight is the simplest and most reliable index of adiposity, provided that the standard is suitably chosen. This ratio has obvious advantages: it is easy to calculate, the values ob tained do not depend on the units of measurement, and if the mathematical model presented in the previous paper gives a good approximation to reality th…
Indices of Adiposity
In examining the literature, we have found that the names attached to some of these indices are highly inconstant. Thus Wroczynski (1937) attributes the weight: height ratio to Quetelet, and what we have described as Quetelet's index to Kaup
Some remarks on the measurement of social mobility
This note considers critically the indices and tests of significance used to assess and interpret social mobility in the symposium Social Mobility in Britain, edited by D. V. Glass (1954), London. Numerical examples are given to show that the indices may yield unrealistic and contradictory answers and that the tests of significance are used to test a hypothesis for which they are not suited. It is thus difficult to rely upon the examples and also…
Prematurity and Paid Work during Pregnancy
Most enquiries into the causes of prematurity conclude that at least 50 per cent. of cases cannot be explained on medical grounds (Joint Committee of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and the British Paediatric Association, 1949; Baird, 1953). In these cases pregnancy is clinically normal but nevertheless labour starts before the expected date, or, if the baby is born at term, it weighs 5k lb. or less. In such circumstances po…
The Import Content of British Exports
It is generally assumed in discussion of foreign trade problems that the volume of exports is independent of the volume of imports, although it is acknowledged that exports may embody imported raw materials. Only in a few cases[1 ],2 however, is a specific assumption as to the magnitude of this ' foreign element' embodied in exports made. The magnitude of the Import Content, as the ' foreign element' will be called subsequently, is of interest fr…
Some remarks on the measurement of social mobility
This note considers critically the indices and tests of significance used to assess and interpret social mobility in the symposium Social Mobility in Britain, edited by D. V. Glass (1954), London. Numerical examples are given to show that the indices may yield unrealistic and contradictory answers and that the tests of significance are used to test a hypothesis for which they are not suited. It is thus difficult to rely upon the examples and also…
Some implications of self-selection for pregnancy
Though women have always been able to exercise some control over the risk of an unwanted preg nancy, the availability of effective and acceptable contraceptive methods and of abortion have made voluntary control of fertility by the individual simpler and more certain than ever. The object of this paper is to examine the degree and features of self-selection for pregnancy in one community (Aberdeen) in the 'pre-pill' era and to assess the implicat…
Growth from birth to adult life of 442 Newcastle upon Tyne children
There have been few longitudinal studies of human growth from birth to adult life, and those that have been reported have been on samples that may have been highly selected. The 'Thousand Families in Newcastle upon Tyne' study was originally based on all of the 1,142 babies born in the city during May and June 1947 (Spence, Walton, Miller, and Court, 1954; Miller, Court, Walton, and Knox
Indices of Adiposity
In examining the literature, we have found that the names attached to some of these indices are highly inconstant. Thus Wroczynski (1937) attributes the weight: height ratio to Quetelet, and what we have described as Quetelet's index to Kaup
The Import Content of British Exports
It is generally assumed in discussion of foreign trade problems that the volume of exports is independent of the volume of imports, although it is acknowledged that exports may embody imported raw materials. Only in a few cases[1 ],2 however, is a specific assumption as to the magnitude of this ' foreign element' embodied in exports made. The magnitude of the Import Content, as the ' foreign element' will be called subsequently, is of interest fr…
Prematurity and Paid Work during Pregnancy
Most enquiries into the causes of prematurity conclude that at least 50 per cent. of cases cannot be explained on medical grounds (Joint Committee of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and the British Paediatric Association, 1949; Baird, 1953). In these cases pregnancy is clinically normal but nevertheless labour starts before the expected date, or, if the baby is born at term, it weighs 5k lb. or less. In such circumstances po…
Some remarks on the measurement of social mobility
This note considers critically the indices and tests of significance used to assess and interpret social mobility in the symposium Social Mobility in Britain, edited by D. V. Glass (1954), London. Numerical examples are given to show that the indices may yield unrealistic and contradictory answers and that the tests of significance are used to test a hypothesis for which they are not suited. It is thus difficult to rely upon the examples and also…
A New Weight-for Height Standard based on British Anthropometric Data
It was concluded in a previous paper (Billewicz, Kemsley, and Thomson, 1962) that the ratio of observed to standard weight is the simplest and most reliable index of adiposity, provided that the standard is suitably chosen. This ratio has obvious advantages: it is easy to calculate, the values ob tained do not depend on the units of measurement, and if the mathematical model presented in the previous paper gives a good approximation to reality th…
Indices of Adiposity
In examining the literature, we have found that the names attached to some of these indices are highly inconstant. Thus Wroczynski (1937) attributes the weight: height ratio to Quetelet, and what we have described as Quetelet's index to Kaup
Matched Samples in Medical Investigations
In investigating the effects of a treatment or experience on a group of patients, it is usually necessary to observe a control group. The comparison between the two groups may be influenced by the characteristics of the subjects: for example, their sex, age, body weight, and original clinical state. In order to secure comparability for such relevant extraneous factors, the controls are frequently matched with the experimental subjects. An alterna…
Secular changes in the physique of Aberdeen mothers, 1950-64
Body weight in parous women
MATERNITY is commonly believed to be an important contributory cause of increased weight in women. Sheldon (1949) provided circumstantial evidence from the histories of obese parous women, and further support was given by the conclusion of Thomson and Hytten (1961) that about 30% of the average weight gained during pregnancy is due to an increase of body fat. Yet Thomson and Billewicz (1965) showed from cross-sectional data that parity added litt…
A note on birth weight correlation in full sibs
Birth weight correlation in full sibs is estimated from data for 4229 sibships. It is shown that, when it is necessary to adjust individual observations before the calculation of familial correlations, the genetic implications of the method of choice should be examined. It is shown that full sib correlation increases from 0·47 to 0·52 for unadjusted birth weights when the weight of the first born is excluded. After adjustments for sex, parity, ge…
Growth from birth to adult life of 442 Newcastle upon Tyne children
There have been few longitudinal studies of human growth from birth to adult life, and those that have been reported have been on samples that may have been highly selected. The 'Thousand Families in Newcastle upon Tyne' study was originally based on all of the 1,142 babies born in the city during May and June 1947 (Spence, Walton, Miller, and Court, 1954; Miller, Court, Walton, and Knox
Some implications of self-selection for pregnancy
Though women have always been able to exercise some control over the risk of an unwanted preg nancy, the availability of effective and acceptable contraceptive methods and of abortion have made voluntary control of fertility by the individual simpler and more certain than ever. The object of this paper is to examine the degree and features of self-selection for pregnancy in one community (Aberdeen) in the 'pre-pill' era and to assess the implicat…
Foetal growth from 50 to 150 days of gestation
Weight and several linear measurements have been related to postmenstrual age in a series of fresh, apparently normal foetuses, ranging in age from 8 to 21 weeks. Although the correlation between these variables and age was high, the prediction of foetal age from such measurements can never be precise, due in part to difficulties inherent in the concept of postmenstrual age. The average relationships agreed in general with those in previous repor…
Human foetal measurements between 50 and 150 days of gestation, in relation to crown-heel length
Weights and a number of linear measurements were related to crown-heel length in fresh apparently normal foetuses ranging from 8 to 21 weeks' post-menstrual age. The average relationships agreed remarkably well with results reported many years ago on the basis of preserved specimens mostly from spontaneous abortions. There was no evidence of sex differences
Eruption of permanent teeth in West African (Gambian) children in relation to age, sex and physique
Dental records of 635 West African (Gambian) children within the age range of 4.5-14 yr yielded 2108 examinations for boys and 1863 for girls. There was no difference between eruption ages of homologous permanent teeth on the left and the right side of the same jaw. Except for PM1 and PM2, teeth in the lower jaw erupted earlier. There was a clear sex difference in eruption age, which was earlier in females. Calendar age can be estimated from the …
Skeletal maturation of Hong Kong Chinese children in the first five years of life
This report describes the skeletal maturity during the first five years of life of 492 Chinese children in Hong Kong in a longitudinal study. Hand-wrist radiographs taken half-yearly were assessed by the Tanner-Whitehouse method and rated according to the TW1 20-bone self-weighting maturity score. Skeletal age was in advance of chronological age in both sexes, but significantly more so in females, especially between 18 months and three years. The…
The timing of post-partum menstruation and breast feeding
A function is proposed for estimating the proportion of women who resumed menstruation at a given time post-partum on the basis of the proportion of women breast feeding at that time. The function was fitted to 25 series of incidences from nine countries (236 time points), most countries providing three contrasting groups: urban (well-to-do), urban (poor) and rural. The average error of the estimate within series was 0·08. At any given time post-…
Health, growth and development of pre-school children in Newcastle upon Tyne
One hunderd and forty 'normal' children aged 0—5 years, selected from three large general medical practices to represent a wide socioeconomic range, were seen monthly for periods of at least one year. Average growth patterns, previously shown to be related to the energy value of diets, conformed to British standards. Height and weight were not significantly related to socioeconomic status, maternal 'efficiency', number of sibs nor place in family…
Post-menarcheal menstrual cycles in British (Newcastle upon Tyne) girls
Data for the first 36 menstrual intervals immediately following menarche were analysed for 298 girls studied in Newcastle upon Tyne. The mean cycle length decreased from 49 . 5 days for the first cycle in 29.5 days for cycles 31-36. There was no clear seasonal pattern in cycle length. The standard deviation within subjects in the length of menstrual interval fell sharply from 23 . 3 days for cycles 1-6 to 10-7 days for cycles 7-12 and more slowly…
The Demography of Two West African (Gambian) Villages, 1951–75
From a longitudinal study over 25 years (1951–75) of two adjacent Gambian villages, the data allow estimates of population growth, birth rates, age-specific mortality, female fertility, and infertility rates in the two sexes. Such intensive but small scale local inquiries provide valuable information on topics not covered in official published statistics, and also data from which the reliability of some census details can be estimated. There are …
Is acne a sign of normal puberty? A longitudinal study
This investigation was prompted by Shuster's (1978, 1980) suggestion that acne should be regarded as a normal feature of adolescence. Acne was recorded and graded in white school children (722 boys and 788 girls) seen at approximately half-yearly intervals from age 9 to 17. Losses over the 8 years of follow-up were 16·8% for boys and 11·4% for girls. Facial acne appeared at an earlier age in girls, the prevalences being estimated to rise to a pea…
Menarche in Newcastle upon Tyne girls
Age at menarche was recorded for 699 white Newcastle upon Tyne girls taking part in a longitudinal study of growth and development during puberty. Girls from large (5+) families started menstruation about five months later than girls from small families. This effect was observed only among girls with fathers in manual occupations. The occurrence of menarche had a peak in January and a possible secondary peak about August. Height and to some exten…
Pubertal changes in boys and girls in Newcastle upon Tyne
669 boys and 753 girls born in 1962 and living at home were observed at approximately half-yearly intervals from 9 to 17 years of age. Mean ages of reaching various developmental stages were calculated for voice change and facial hair in boys, menarche and breast development in girls, and for axillary hair in both sexes. Peak height velocity and age at which it occurred were also calculated for both sexes. Means were generally in good agreement w…
A birth-to-maturity longitudinal study of heights and weights in two West African (Gambian) villages, 1951–1975
Records of heights and weights kept for more than 25 years for two neighbouring Gambian villages have been used to describe the pattern of growth. There was no secular trend in height. Children who died during the investigation were smaller and lighter than the survivors, but the interval between the last available dry-season measurement and death was not associated with the degree of deficit in height and weight. The presence of seasonal variati…
Weight-for-height in adolescence
Weight-for-height in adolescence was investigated on the basis of observations on 669 boys and 753 girls. It was found: (a) that given the age, the expected weight of individuals of the same height changes considerably with pubertal status; (b) that the change in weight for a given change in height also depends on pubertal status, and (c) that these relations vary with age so that chronological age should be taken into account when constructing w…
A longitudinal study of growth in Newcastle upon Tyne adolescents
White Newcastle upon Tyne schoolchildren born in 1962 were examined at approximately half-yearly intervals from 9 to 17 years of age. During the last year of compulsory education losses to follow-up became selective with respect to socio-economic background, and the results reported here are restricted to 564 boys and 669 girls seen regularly between the ages of 10 and 15 years at least. Newcastle adolescents were slightly shorter and lighter tha…
Medicine (23 works) · Demography (19 works) · Mathematics (10 works) · Demography (9 works) · Population (7 works) · Pregnancy (7 works) · Newcastle upon tyne (6 works) · Statistics (6 works) · Biology (5 works) · Birth, Development, and Health (5 works)