Lazar Stankov
Biographic Data
| ID | 109701 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Lazar Stankov |
| GIVEN NAMES | Lazar |
| FAMILY NAME | Stankov |
| SIGNATURE | STANKOV L |
| AFFILIATIONS | The University of Sydney |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8823-2540 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 22 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 89 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 22 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1979 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
Systematic adaptive and maladaptive giving-up strategies in cognitive problem-solving
Currently, there is little understanding of how individuals give up, whether such strategies are used systematically and whether they are adaptive or maladaptive for performance. Grounded in the meta-reasoning model, this study examines giving-up tendencies based on time and frequency. A university student sample (N = 370) were given three different fluid intelligence tasks to capture these metrics. These tasks also captured solvability and confi…
Militant extremist mindset: A comparative study of Arab and Australian youth
Multilevel Latent Profile Analysis of Global Competence in Pisa 2018: Small Country-Level Differences
We examined the global competence of 15-year-old students based on PISA 2018 data ( N = 355,579 from 57 countries). Our multilevel latent profile analysis identified two groups at both individual and country levels, resulting in a total of four groups (2 x 2; “competent” and “less competent”). While individual-level differences were pronounced and consistent across all seven global competence indicators, the country-level differences were small o…
The relationship between closed‐mindedness and militant extremism in a post‐conflict society
This study aimed to examine the role of socio‐political attitudes and motivational tendencies supposed to mark closed‐mindedness, as well as other relevant variables of individual differences (Disintegration, i.e., proneness to psychotic‐like experiences/behaviors and Death Anxiety), in the Militant Extremist Mindset (MEM). A community sample of 600 young respondents (Serbs, Bosniaks, and Albanians, aged 18–30) was recruited within a multiethnic …
Sociopsychological correlates of militant extremist beliefs in a postconflict society: The importance of ethnocentrism and quality of interethnic contacts
This study investigates the attitudinal and motivational bases of militant extremist beliefs in a postconflict society ( N = 600; 51% female). Militant extremist mindset (MEM) measures of proviolence, divine power, utopianism, vile world, and West, together with the Ethos of Conflict- Grudge Scale (EOC-grudge), were used to assess militant-extremist beliefs. Data about the socioeconomic status (SES) of participants, ethnocentrism, intergroup cont…
Non-cognitive predictors of academic achievement: Evidence from TIMSS and Pisa
What did Pisa and TIMSS ever do for us: The potential of large scale datasets for understanding and improving educational practice
There appears to be something of an intellectual and philosophical gulf between education researchers who seek insights from statistical analyses of complex data-sets such as those provided by the OECD (PISA), and others who seek to develop rich, contextualised socio-historical understandings that can shed light upon why particular classroom practices operate and are sustained within a given milieu. This paper outlines these different perspective…
Conservative Syndrome: Individual and Cross-Cultural Differences
This article summarizes findings based on the administration of a large number of psychological scales to participants from over 30 countries. The results suggest the existence of a Conservative Syndrome at both individual and country levels of analysis. There are three main groupings of constructs underlying this syndrome: Religiosity, Nastiness/Social Dominance, and Social Awareness/Morality. The evidence also suggests that countries can be div…
Individual Differences in Decision Making Depend on Cognitive Abilities, Monitoring and Control
Decision making is the process by which actions are constructed and initiated. Across many research streams, this can be explained in terms of three broad cognitive processes: cognitive abilities that construct judgements and potential courses of action, and interacting monitoring and control processes that determine when to initiate them as behaviour. The aim of this research was to investigate the generality of individual differences in these p…
Toward a Psychological Atlas of the World With Mixture Modeling
This article presents findings based on the outcomes of research conducted with 8,883 participants from 33 countries. It employs mixture modeling (latent profile analysis) to classify countries into latent classes. The country-level analyses are based on three social attitudes factor scores of Nastiness, Religiosity, and Morality. The results indicate that the main sources of cross-cultural differences are with respect to a broadly defined Conser…
Decision Pattern Analysis as a General Framework for Studying Individual Differences in Decision Making
This paper investigated decision pattern analysis (DPA) as a general and standard framework for studying individuals' consistent decision making behavior within and between contexts. DPA classifies decisions on the basis of judgement accuracy and the goal orientation of the decided‐upon action. Over repeated decisions, patterns of individuals' decision behavior are described by five variables: competence, optimality, recklessness, hesitancy and d…
Social Axioms in 33 Countries: Good Replicability at the Individual But Less So at the Country Level
In this article, we report on an attempt to replicate findings with social axioms. Participants from 33 countries (total N = 7,825) were given a 30-item questionnaire based on the work of Leung et al. Several different methods of factor analysis were used, and individual-level as well as the aggregated (nation-level) data were examined. The five-factor structure of social axioms did replicate at the individual level. At the country and world regi…
Overconfidence Across World Regions
In this article, nine world regions (based on samples from 33 nations) are compared in their performance on a cognitive ability test and confidence ratings obtained from the items of the same test. Our results indicate that differences between the world regions are greater on cognitive ability than they are on confidence ratings. Consequently, overconfidence-that is, the degree to which people overestimate their performance on cognitive tasks-is …
Unforgiving Confucian culture: A breeding ground for high academic achievement, test anxiety and self-doubt?
Perceptual Learning on Inspection Time and Motion Perception
Perceptual learning on simple perceptual tasks is interpreted as plasticity of neuronal populations in the sensory cortex (M. Fahle & T. Poggio, 2002). The authors examined individual differences on perceptual learning for 2 tasks-inspection time (IT) and a motion direction discrimination task that was instantiated as random dot kinematograms. The authors' main questions were whether individual differences in perceptual learning were consistent a…
The Role of Individual Differences in the Accuracy of Confidence Judgments
Generally, self-assessment of accuracy in the cognitive domain produces overconfidence, whereas self-assessment of visual perceptual judgments results in underconfidence. Despite contrary empirical evidence, in models attempting to explain those phenomena, individual differences have often been disregarded. The authors report on 2 studies in which that shortcoming was addressed. In Experiment 1, participants (N= 520) completed a large number of c…
Intelligence debates and some Australian confusions
In this rejoinder to Bates and Stough (2000), I correct some misunderstandings regarding my position on Australian individual differences research. Contrary to the claims of Bates and Stough, I do not dispute the importance of well-conducted research using biological approaches to intelligence. I do not advocate censorship of scientific reports, rather I advocate the need for sensitivity and responsibility amongst those working in the individual …
Capacity versus speed in intelligence and ageing
Contemporary explanations of both cognitive ageing and individual differences in cognitive abilities stress both the role of capacity (e.g., working memory) and speed of mental processing. However, researchers frequently lay a particular emphasis on one or the other. In the area of intelligence, those theorists who emphasise a general factor tend to favour speed whereas multiple intelligence theorists favour capacity explanations. In the area of …
Intelligence arguments and australian psychology
It is hard to deny that racist views can hide behind claims about the objectivity of science, since some, perhaps too many, people have espoused such views in debates on intelligence throughout this century. Peter Butler (1998, this issue) has lifted the mask that hides such views. In this commentary I shall address two issues related to Hermstein and Murray's (1994) book The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life, a book w…
Emotional intelligence: In search of an elusive construct
Age-Related Changes in Auditory Abilities and in a Competing Task
This study explores the relationship between age and performance on auditory tasks. The primary auditory factors which define broad auditory functions (Ga) show a clear decline with age. This finding supports a claim that Ga is an independent function, separate from crystallized intelligence (Gc). This study also explores the assumption, derived from several theories about the causes of intellectual decline, that competing (dual) tasks would show…
Hierarchical Factoring Based On Image Analysis And Orthoblique Rotations
The procedure for hierarchical factoring suggested by Schmid and Leiman (1957) is applied within the framework of image analysis and orthoblique rotational procedures. It is shown that this approach necessarily leads to correlated higher order factors. Also, one can obtain a smaller number of factors than produced by typical hierarchical procedures
Emotional intelligence: In search of an elusive construct
The Role of Individual Differences in the Accuracy of Confidence Judgments
Generally, self-assessment of accuracy in the cognitive domain produces overconfidence, whereas self-assessment of visual perceptual judgments results in underconfidence. Despite contrary empirical evidence, in models attempting to explain those phenomena, individual differences have often been disregarded. The authors report on 2 studies in which that shortcoming was addressed. In Experiment 1, participants (N= 520) completed a large number of c…
Social Axioms in 33 Countries: Good Replicability at the Individual But Less So at the Country Level
In this article, we report on an attempt to replicate findings with social axioms. Participants from 33 countries (total N = 7,825) were given a 30-item questionnaire based on the work of Leung et al. Several different methods of factor analysis were used, and individual-level as well as the aggregated (nation-level) data were examined. The five-factor structure of social axioms did replicate at the individual level. At the country and world regi…
What did Pisa and TIMSS ever do for us: The potential of large scale datasets for understanding and improving educational practice
There appears to be something of an intellectual and philosophical gulf between education researchers who seek insights from statistical analyses of complex data-sets such as those provided by the OECD (PISA), and others who seek to develop rich, contextualised socio-historical understandings that can shed light upon why particular classroom practices operate and are sustained within a given milieu. This paper outlines these different perspective…
Overconfidence Across World Regions
In this article, nine world regions (based on samples from 33 nations) are compared in their performance on a cognitive ability test and confidence ratings obtained from the items of the same test. Our results indicate that differences between the world regions are greater on cognitive ability than they are on confidence ratings. Consequently, overconfidence-that is, the degree to which people overestimate their performance on cognitive tasks-is …
Toward a Psychological Atlas of the World With Mixture Modeling
This article presents findings based on the outcomes of research conducted with 8,883 participants from 33 countries. It employs mixture modeling (latent profile analysis) to classify countries into latent classes. The country-level analyses are based on three social attitudes factor scores of Nastiness, Religiosity, and Morality. The results indicate that the main sources of cross-cultural differences are with respect to a broadly defined Conser…
Sociopsychological correlates of militant extremist beliefs in a postconflict society: The importance of ethnocentrism and quality of interethnic contacts
This study investigates the attitudinal and motivational bases of militant extremist beliefs in a postconflict society ( N = 600; 51% female). Militant extremist mindset (MEM) measures of proviolence, divine power, utopianism, vile world, and West, together with the Ethos of Conflict- Grudge Scale (EOC-grudge), were used to assess militant-extremist beliefs. Data about the socioeconomic status (SES) of participants, ethnocentrism, intergroup cont…
Conservative Syndrome: Individual and Cross-Cultural Differences
This article summarizes findings based on the administration of a large number of psychological scales to participants from over 30 countries. The results suggest the existence of a Conservative Syndrome at both individual and country levels of analysis. There are three main groupings of constructs underlying this syndrome: Religiosity, Nastiness/Social Dominance, and Social Awareness/Morality. The evidence also suggests that countries can be div…
Decision Pattern Analysis as a General Framework for Studying Individual Differences in Decision Making
This paper investigated decision pattern analysis (DPA) as a general and standard framework for studying individuals' consistent decision making behavior within and between contexts. DPA classifies decisions on the basis of judgement accuracy and the goal orientation of the decided‐upon action. Over repeated decisions, patterns of individuals' decision behavior are described by five variables: competence, optimality, recklessness, hesitancy and d…
Intelligence arguments and australian psychology
It is hard to deny that racist views can hide behind claims about the objectivity of science, since some, perhaps too many, people have espoused such views in debates on intelligence throughout this century. Peter Butler (1998, this issue) has lifted the mask that hides such views. In this commentary I shall address two issues related to Hermstein and Murray's (1994) book The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life, a book w…
Individual Differences in Decision Making Depend on Cognitive Abilities, Monitoring and Control
Decision making is the process by which actions are constructed and initiated. Across many research streams, this can be explained in terms of three broad cognitive processes: cognitive abilities that construct judgements and potential courses of action, and interacting monitoring and control processes that determine when to initiate them as behaviour. The aim of this research was to investigate the generality of individual differences in these p…
The relationship between closed‐mindedness and militant extremism in a post‐conflict society
This study aimed to examine the role of socio‐political attitudes and motivational tendencies supposed to mark closed‐mindedness, as well as other relevant variables of individual differences (Disintegration, i.e., proneness to psychotic‐like experiences/behaviors and Death Anxiety), in the Militant Extremist Mindset (MEM). A community sample of 600 young respondents (Serbs, Bosniaks, and Albanians, aged 18–30) was recruited within a multiethnic …
Perceptual Learning on Inspection Time and Motion Perception
Perceptual learning on simple perceptual tasks is interpreted as plasticity of neuronal populations in the sensory cortex (M. Fahle & T. Poggio, 2002). The authors examined individual differences on perceptual learning for 2 tasks-inspection time (IT) and a motion direction discrimination task that was instantiated as random dot kinematograms. The authors' main questions were whether individual differences in perceptual learning were consistent a…
Capacity versus speed in intelligence and ageing
Contemporary explanations of both cognitive ageing and individual differences in cognitive abilities stress both the role of capacity (e.g., working memory) and speed of mental processing. However, researchers frequently lay a particular emphasis on one or the other. In the area of intelligence, those theorists who emphasise a general factor tend to favour speed whereas multiple intelligence theorists favour capacity explanations. In the area of …
Hierarchical Factoring Based On Image Analysis And Orthoblique Rotations
The procedure for hierarchical factoring suggested by Schmid and Leiman (1957) is applied within the framework of image analysis and orthoblique rotational procedures. It is shown that this approach necessarily leads to correlated higher order factors. Also, one can obtain a smaller number of factors than produced by typical hierarchical procedures
Age-Related Changes in Auditory Abilities and in a Competing Task
This study explores the relationship between age and performance on auditory tasks. The primary auditory factors which define broad auditory functions (Ga) show a clear decline with age. This finding supports a claim that Ga is an independent function, separate from crystallized intelligence (Gc). This study also explores the assumption, derived from several theories about the causes of intellectual decline, that competing (dual) tasks would show…
Intelligence arguments and australian psychology
It is hard to deny that racist views can hide behind claims about the objectivity of science, since some, perhaps too many, people have espoused such views in debates on intelligence throughout this century. Peter Butler (1998, this issue) has lifted the mask that hides such views. In this commentary I shall address two issues related to Hermstein and Murray's (1994) book The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life, a book w…
Emotional intelligence: In search of an elusive construct
Capacity versus speed in intelligence and ageing
Contemporary explanations of both cognitive ageing and individual differences in cognitive abilities stress both the role of capacity (e.g., working memory) and speed of mental processing. However, researchers frequently lay a particular emphasis on one or the other. In the area of intelligence, those theorists who emphasise a general factor tend to favour speed whereas multiple intelligence theorists favour capacity explanations. In the area of …
Intelligence debates and some Australian confusions
In this rejoinder to Bates and Stough (2000), I correct some misunderstandings regarding my position on Australian individual differences research. Contrary to the claims of Bates and Stough, I do not dispute the importance of well-conducted research using biological approaches to intelligence. I do not advocate censorship of scientific reports, rather I advocate the need for sensitivity and responsibility amongst those working in the individual …
The Role of Individual Differences in the Accuracy of Confidence Judgments
Generally, self-assessment of accuracy in the cognitive domain produces overconfidence, whereas self-assessment of visual perceptual judgments results in underconfidence. Despite contrary empirical evidence, in models attempting to explain those phenomena, individual differences have often been disregarded. The authors report on 2 studies in which that shortcoming was addressed. In Experiment 1, participants (N= 520) completed a large number of c…
Perceptual Learning on Inspection Time and Motion Perception
Perceptual learning on simple perceptual tasks is interpreted as plasticity of neuronal populations in the sensory cortex (M. Fahle & T. Poggio, 2002). The authors examined individual differences on perceptual learning for 2 tasks-inspection time (IT) and a motion direction discrimination task that was instantiated as random dot kinematograms. The authors' main questions were whether individual differences in perceptual learning were consistent a…
Unforgiving Confucian culture: A breeding ground for high academic achievement, test anxiety and self-doubt?
Overconfidence Across World Regions
In this article, nine world regions (based on samples from 33 nations) are compared in their performance on a cognitive ability test and confidence ratings obtained from the items of the same test. Our results indicate that differences between the world regions are greater on cognitive ability than they are on confidence ratings. Consequently, overconfidence-that is, the degree to which people overestimate their performance on cognitive tasks-is …
Decision Pattern Analysis as a General Framework for Studying Individual Differences in Decision Making
This paper investigated decision pattern analysis (DPA) as a general and standard framework for studying individuals' consistent decision making behavior within and between contexts. DPA classifies decisions on the basis of judgement accuracy and the goal orientation of the decided‐upon action. Over repeated decisions, patterns of individuals' decision behavior are described by five variables: competence, optimality, recklessness, hesitancy and d…
Social Axioms in 33 Countries: Good Replicability at the Individual But Less So at the Country Level
In this article, we report on an attempt to replicate findings with social axioms. Participants from 33 countries (total N = 7,825) were given a 30-item questionnaire based on the work of Leung et al. Several different methods of factor analysis were used, and individual-level as well as the aggregated (nation-level) data were examined. The five-factor structure of social axioms did replicate at the individual level. At the country and world regi…
Individual Differences in Decision Making Depend on Cognitive Abilities, Monitoring and Control
Decision making is the process by which actions are constructed and initiated. Across many research streams, this can be explained in terms of three broad cognitive processes: cognitive abilities that construct judgements and potential courses of action, and interacting monitoring and control processes that determine when to initiate them as behaviour. The aim of this research was to investigate the generality of individual differences in these p…
Toward a Psychological Atlas of the World With Mixture Modeling
This article presents findings based on the outcomes of research conducted with 8,883 participants from 33 countries. It employs mixture modeling (latent profile analysis) to classify countries into latent classes. The country-level analyses are based on three social attitudes factor scores of Nastiness, Religiosity, and Morality. The results indicate that the main sources of cross-cultural differences are with respect to a broadly defined Conser…
Conservative Syndrome: Individual and Cross-Cultural Differences
This article summarizes findings based on the administration of a large number of psychological scales to participants from over 30 countries. The results suggest the existence of a Conservative Syndrome at both individual and country levels of analysis. There are three main groupings of constructs underlying this syndrome: Religiosity, Nastiness/Social Dominance, and Social Awareness/Morality. The evidence also suggests that countries can be div…
Non-cognitive predictors of academic achievement: Evidence from TIMSS and Pisa
What did Pisa and TIMSS ever do for us: The potential of large scale datasets for understanding and improving educational practice
There appears to be something of an intellectual and philosophical gulf between education researchers who seek insights from statistical analyses of complex data-sets such as those provided by the OECD (PISA), and others who seek to develop rich, contextualised socio-historical understandings that can shed light upon why particular classroom practices operate and are sustained within a given milieu. This paper outlines these different perspective…
Sociopsychological correlates of militant extremist beliefs in a postconflict society: The importance of ethnocentrism and quality of interethnic contacts
This study investigates the attitudinal and motivational bases of militant extremist beliefs in a postconflict society ( N = 600; 51% female). Militant extremist mindset (MEM) measures of proviolence, divine power, utopianism, vile world, and West, together with the Ethos of Conflict- Grudge Scale (EOC-grudge), were used to assess militant-extremist beliefs. Data about the socioeconomic status (SES) of participants, ethnocentrism, intergroup cont…
The relationship between closed‐mindedness and militant extremism in a post‐conflict society
This study aimed to examine the role of socio‐political attitudes and motivational tendencies supposed to mark closed‐mindedness, as well as other relevant variables of individual differences (Disintegration, i.e., proneness to psychotic‐like experiences/behaviors and Death Anxiety), in the Militant Extremist Mindset (MEM). A community sample of 600 young respondents (Serbs, Bosniaks, and Albanians, aged 18–30) was recruited within a multiethnic …
Multilevel Latent Profile Analysis of Global Competence in Pisa 2018: Small Country-Level Differences
We examined the global competence of 15-year-old students based on PISA 2018 data ( N = 355,579 from 57 countries). Our multilevel latent profile analysis identified two groups at both individual and country levels, resulting in a total of four groups (2 x 2; “competent” and “less competent”). While individual-level differences were pronounced and consistent across all seven global competence indicators, the country-level differences were small o…
Systematic adaptive and maladaptive giving-up strategies in cognitive problem-solving
Currently, there is little understanding of how individuals give up, whether such strategies are used systematically and whether they are adaptive or maladaptive for performance. Grounded in the meta-reasoning model, this study examines giving-up tendencies based on time and frequency. A university student sample (N = 370) were given three different fluid intelligence tasks to capture these metrics. These tasks also captured solvability and confi…
Militant extremist mindset: A comparative study of Arab and Australian youth
Psychology (20 works) · Social Psychology (15 works) · Social Psychology (11 works) · Cognition (10 works) · Cognitive psychology (9 works) · Political science (9 works) · Cognitive Abilities and Testing (8 works) · Law (7 works) · Sociology (7 works) · Law (6 works)