Toby A Appel

Biographic Data

ID1101686
NAMEToby A Appel
GIVEN NAMESToby A
FAMILY NAMEAppel
SIGNATUREAPPEL T A
AFFILIATIONSYale University (retired) , Connecticut
VERIFIEDNo
TOTAL WORKS14
TOTAL CITATIONS13
AUTHOR COUNT14
EDITOR COUNT0
FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR1978
LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR2025
H-INDEX2

  • Pushing the Cause of Women in Medicine Ahead

    Heather Munro Prescott, Toby A Appel et al.ARTICLEConnecticut History Review2025

    At the 1918 annual meeting of the Medical Women's Society of New York State, President Emily Dunning Barringer declared, “The war has pushed the cause of the woman physician ahead many years. In a twinkling, so to speak, opportunity for development may and will come which in the ordinary progress of events would have taken long years of hard work to bring about.”1 As the quote from Barringer suggests, the war came at a critical period for medical…

  • “A Woman Can Practice Medicine”

    Toby A Appel, Toby Α AppelARTICLEConnecticut History Review2025

    In 1920, Yale School of Medicine—the only medical school in Connecticut until the 1960s—graduated its first two women, Louise Farnam and Helen Scoville.1 At about the same time, the Medical School, just beginning to form academic departments, hired its first women in low level positions on the faculty.2 But for more than fifty years before that, women MDs were practicing medicine in Connecticut. Historians of medicine have recognized that the per…

  • Confronting Medical Diploma Mills

    Open AccessToby A Appel, Toby Α AppelARTICLEJournal of the History of…2025

    In the standard story of the rise of professional authority in medicine in the 1920s, state medical licensing boards were partners in a coalition, led by the American Medical Association, to radically improve medical education. Boards obtained state laws that limited admission to licensing examinations to graduates of schools approved by the AMA, thus bringing about the rapid demise of low-quality schools by about 1925. The reality at the state l…

  • Diploma Mill

    Toby A Appel, Toby Α AppelARTICLEBulletin of the history of medicine2019

    Reviewed by: Diploma Mill: The Rise and Fall of Dr. John Buchanan and the Eclectic Medical College of Pennsylvania by David Alan Johnson Toby A. Appel David Alan Johnson. Diploma Mill: The Rise and Fall of Dr. John Buchanan and the Eclectic Medical College of Pennsylvania. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2018. xxviii + 289 pp. Ill. $35.95 (978-1-60635-344-8). The heart of Diploma Mill is the engaging tale of a medical scoundrel in post–C…

  • Writing Women into Medical History in the 1930s

    Toby A Appel, Toby Α AppelARTICLEBulletin of the history of medicine2014

    Kate Campbell Hurd-Mead (1867–1941), a leader among second-generation women physicians in America, became a pioneer historian of women in medicine in the 1930s. The coalescence of events in her personal life, the declining status of women in medicine, and the growing significance of the new and relatively open field of history of medicine all contributed to this transformation in her career. While she endeavored to become part of the community of…

  • Shaping Biology

    Daniel Lee Kleinman, Toby A Appel et al.ARTICLEJournal of American History2002Cited by: 9

    Journal Article Shaping Biology: The National Science Foundation and American Biological Research, 1945– 1975 Get access Appel Toby A.Shaping Biology: The National Science Foundation and American Biological Research, 1945– 1975 2000Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Pressxiv393$42.50, ISBN 0-8018-6321-X. Daniel Lee Kleinman Daniel Lee Kleinman University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Go…

  • Science and the Practice of Medicine in the Nineteenth Century . William F. Bynum

    Toby A Appel, Toby Α AppelARTICLEIsis1995

  • Physiology in American Women's Colleges

    Toby A Appel, Toby Α AppelARTICLEIsis1994Cited by: 4

  • Histoire du concept d'espèce dans les sciences de la vie

    Toby A Appel, Toby Α AppelARTICLEIsis1990

  • Georges Cuvier

    Toby A Appel, Toby Α AppelARTICLEIsis1986

  • From Natural History to the History of Nature

    Toby A Appel, Toby Α AppelARTICLEIsis1983

  • The Letters of Georges Cuvier

    Toby A Appel, Toby Α AppelARTICLEIsis1981

  • Studies in History of Biology. Volume 2 . William Coleman , Camille Limoges

    Toby A Appel, Toby Α AppelARTICLEIsis1980

  • Lamarck in Nonretrospect The Spirit of System. Lamarck and Evolutionary Biology . Richard W. Burkhardt, Jr

    Toby A Appel, Toby Α AppelARTICLEIsis1978