James Dingley
Biographic Data
| ID | 110455 |
|---|---|
| NAME | James Dingley |
| GIVEN NAMES | James |
| FAMILY NAME | Dingley |
| SIGNATURE | DINGLEY J |
| AFFILIATIONS | Queen's University Belfast |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 38 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 80 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 37 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1980 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2021 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
The Northern Ireland Question: Perspectives on nationalism and unionism
This is a commendable book for anyone interested in Northern Ireland and/or Ireland. In addition, it is also commendable to anyone interested in conflict resolution and ‘consociationalism’, or enfo
Harėcki, Maksim: Dzve dušy
Die 1919 erschienene Povest' (Kurzroman), die eine Darstellung des Krieges, der Revolution und deren Wirkung auf Weißrussland enthält, wurde in den sowjetischen Ausgaben von Harėckis Werk lange nicht berücksichtigt. Die Zwiespältigkeit, auf die der Titel hindeutet, trifft besonders auf die Hauptgestalt Ihnat Abdziralovič zu, bezieht sich aber auch auf zahlreiche andere Figuren.
Language, religion and ethno-national identity: The Role of Knowledge, Culture and Communication
The influence of religion and language on ethno-national identity is well-established. This article explores these concepts as mutually reinforcing aspects of cultural identity and examines their relationship to the formation of world views and causal interpretations shaping often incompatible ethno-national identities and hence conflicts. Especially we focus on the role of oral cultures as primary communication forms as against print-based ones,…
Terrorism, Radicalisation and Moral Panics: Media and Academic Analysis and Reporting of 2016 and 2017 'Terrorism
Radicalism or radicalisation has become a serious political and academic theme in recent years and any incident involving Muslims now almost automatically acquires the cachet, as events in 2016 and 2017 have shown. However, despite vast sums and resources expended on the subject no one can define what they mean by ‘it’. This should make us pause and question what precisely it is that causes so much alarm and is it worth the resources, time and ef…
Transforming Post-Catholic Ireland: Religious Practice in Late Modernity
Terrorism and the Politics of Social Change: A Durkheimian Analysis
Terrorism and political violence have invariably accompanied the progressive modernization of states; a socio-cultural reaction to the problems of social change and development. To understand this phenomenon, it is necessary to consider the nature of traditional society and how it differs from modernity. Starting with a basic history of modern terrorism, James Dingley uses a Durkheimian sociological framework to dissect the role of social relatio…
Ireland and Nationalism
N ationalists claim a history of eight hundred years of Irish national struggle against British/English oppression or imperialism (Howe, 2000, chapter 1), which few modern historians would accept (McGarry, 2011). First, it was Normans who invaded twelfth-century Ireland; second, as Riordan (1990) reminds us, in pre-seventeenth-century Ireland, warfare was endemic and a Gaelic way of life, against each other as much as the Crown (who were accepted…
Science and the Arts in Ireland
T here is also a deeper edge to the revisionist debate with important implications for the sociology of knowledge and the existence of the nation; the very status of science itself. The revisionist argument is based heavily on the application of “scientific” concepts of objectivity and empirical data. As recent research on the history of science in Ireland indicates, such scientific ideas have a clear national, political bias (Brett, 1999; Bowler…
Conclusion: Knowledge, Truth, and the Problem of Useless Knowledge
F rom a Durkheimian perspective, the partition of Ireland was virtually inevitable and wholly comprehensible and the divisions and sectarian violence in Northern Ireland are wholly explicable. That Catholics and Protestants should form different national identities and aspire to different nation-states is highly rational from a sociological and nationalism perspective, where religion is merely the symbolic representation of two different societie…
Durkheim as a French Nationalist
D urkheim‘s (French) nationalism is vital to understanding his sociology, especially his commitment to the Third Republic, desperately trying to rebuild France after her shattering defeat in the Franco-Prussian War (1870), the Paris Commune (1871), and the resultant turmoil and humiliation of defeat: “His experience of the French defeat may have contributed to a strong (though in no way militant) patriotism, a defensive sense of national decadenc…
Durkheim‘s Sociology of Knowledge
F or Durkheim, religion and sociology were ways that society became conscious of and represented itself. Religion was a symbolic representation of society; to be social was to be religious, which was to be moral and know how to behave socially. Morality and being social were the same; society, morality, and religion therefore formed a trinity, integral parts of his system. Moral rules made man social and religion symbolically represented society …
Ireland, the Revisionist Debate
R evisionism is an attempt to analyze Irish history from a more empirical, scientific, stance, testing long-held beliefs and ideas about the course of Irish history and its interpretation. Its main tools in this have been recourse to documentary evidence, contemporary witnesses, and statistical analysis and records to assess the assumptions and accepted discourse of traditional Irish (nationalist) history. In brief, it has resorted to an empirica…
Nations and Nationalism
T he twentieth century saw the emergence of many nation-states previously non-existent. Lithuania, Estonia, and Slovenia are just examples of what previously would have been regarded as basically loose linguistic groups or provinces ruled over by metropolitan states, such as Russia or Austro-Hungary, which are now nation-states. Meanwhile, Italy and Germany were geographic and cultural expressions covering a number of independent states with no p…
Durkheim and National Identity in Ireland: Applying the Sociology of Knowledge and Religion
This book examines the development of opposed Nationalist and Unionists identities as products of different economies, symbolically represented in religious differences, that impelled conflicting cult
Sectarian dynamics of multicultural norms and the law in Lebanon: Warning for the future of Northern Ireland
The aim of this article is to show how the institutionalised multicultural political \narrangements in Lebanon may have provided for a certain period a degree of local \nharmony and related toleration when national demographics were relatively stable (or \ndemographic growth was somehow similar within groups or harmony was somehow \nimposed) but it has not been a force for the same once demographic change has \n(dramatically) occurred, since it a…
Religion, Protestants and national identity: A response to the March 2009 issue
This special issue raised some points of interpretation that need developing. Everyone writes with a (more or less overt) set of assumptions, which is particularly true where the subject matter is as politically contentious as nationalism and that nationalism is still contested, as with Ireland. This was particularly true of this issue. This response aims to tease out some hidden assumptions and interpretations in those papers to further our unde…
The IRA: The Irish Republican Army
Authored by an individual with 30 years of experience studying terrorism as well as access to the most senior counter-terrorist army and police officers combating the IRA, this book provides the first complete analysis of the world's premier terrorist group to explain them in ideological as well as operational terms. The IRA: The Irish Republican Army begins by examining the historical background to the development of the IRA, the group's basic i…
Sacred communities: Religion and national identities
This article aims to review the relationships between religion and national identity as revealed through some 23 articles in National Identities published over the last 10 years. In addition I will also try to lay out a broad perspective on religion and nation from which to develop this review. Specifically the message is that religion has not gone away and in many ways is just as prevalent today in influencing national identity as in the past, d…
Religion, truth, national identity and social meaning: The example of Northern Ireland
This article argues that national identity is closely bound up with religion, which in turn is closely bound up with ideas of truth. Different religions will form and transmit different ideas of truth, both moral and cognitive, and transmit them and socialise their members in to holding them. From this a socially exclusive group is formed, which becomes one basis for a nation. This nation becomes morally and cognitively exclusive of non-religious…
Countering terrorism in Northern Ireland: The Role of Intelligence
This article aims to review some of the key lessons learnt by the Royal Ulster Constabulary's (RUC) Special Branch in the 37 years of the troubles in Northern Ireland. Above all counter-terrorism is an intelligence led operation and Special Branch are the key agency for this in all UK police forces, who have now benefited enormously from the expertise that the RUC's Special Branch built up over the years and have passed on to their colleagues thr…
Combating Terrorism in Northern Ireland
The terrorist group political front has been an understudied phenomena in the field of terrorism studies. This chapter outlines the evolution and roles of political fronts in the Northern Ireland context, particularly those associated with the Irish Republican Army (IRA), the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), though clearly the emergence and functions of the anti-state Sinn Féin have been very different to tho…
The Human Body as a Terrorist Weapon: Hunger Strikes and Suicide Bombers
This article argues that a major factor in terrorist acts is an appeal to the actor's own community at an emotional and symbolic level, through acts of sacrifice, particularly self-sacrifice. Although other aims also exist, a prime concern is to recall the actor's home audience to the struggle, because the actor regards himself as acting on their behalf. This utilizes the imagery and symbolism of traditional religion, implying a strong communal a…
The Road to Peace? Northern Ireland after the Belfast Agreement: Causes of Failure
There is no abstract
Job Discrimination in Northern Ireland and the Law in Relation to the Theory of Ethnic Nationalism
Most liberal-minded people would view job discrimination on non-meritocratic grounds as wrong. Thus ‘liberal’ states usually outlaw it and try to promote schemes of mutual understanding and tolerance between different ethnic or religious groups. In Northern Ireland, there is a feeling that discrimination in itself is a major factor fomenting intercommunal strife and religious conflict. Equally, it has become part of modern liberal rhetoric to ext…
Constructive Ambiguity and the Peace Process in Northern Ireland
The Belfast Agreement of 1998 was hailed at the time as a breakthrough in conflict resolution both in Northern Ireland and as a model for international emulation. In fact it has turned out to be neither; rather it has been a sad exercise in surrendering to terrorism and the cause of increased sectarian segregation and enmity. The core of the problem lies in the ‘constructive ambiguity’ at the heart of the Agreement – that is, a form of words that…
The Human Body as a Terrorist Weapon: Hunger Strikes and Suicide Bombers
This article argues that a major factor in terrorist acts is an appeal to the actor's own community at an emotional and symbolic level, through acts of sacrifice, particularly self-sacrifice. Although other aims also exist, a prime concern is to recall the actor's home audience to the struggle, because the actor regards himself as acting on their behalf. This utilizes the imagery and symbolism of traditional religion, implying a strong communal a…
The IRA: The Irish Republican Army
Authored by an individual with 30 years of experience studying terrorism as well as access to the most senior counter-terrorist army and police officers combating the IRA, this book provides the first complete analysis of the world's premier terrorist group to explain them in ideological as well as operational terms. The IRA: The Irish Republican Army begins by examining the historical background to the development of the IRA, the group's basic i…
Constructive Ambiguity and the Peace Process in Northern Ireland
The Belfast Agreement of 1998 was hailed at the time as a breakthrough in conflict resolution both in Northern Ireland and as a model for international emulation. In fact it has turned out to be neither; rather it has been a sad exercise in surrendering to terrorism and the cause of increased sectarian segregation and enmity. The core of the problem lies in the ‘constructive ambiguity’ at the heart of the Agreement – that is, a form of words that…
The Bombing of Omagh, 15 August 1998: The Bombers, Their Tactics, Strategy, and Purpose Behind the Incident
The purpose of this article is to review the above incident: what happened, how it happened and who did it and why. Also, to place it in the context of the current "peace process," Irish history and the history of Irish Republican violence. In looking at who carried out the bombing there is also an attempt to explain the split between the Provisional and Real IRA, their motives and ideas, the complex relationship between the two and what they hop…
Durkheim and National Identity in Ireland: Applying the Sociology of Knowledge and Religion
This book examines the development of opposed Nationalist and Unionists identities as products of different economies, symbolically represented in religious differences, that impelled conflicting cult
Countering terrorism in Northern Ireland: The Role of Intelligence
This article aims to review some of the key lessons learnt by the Royal Ulster Constabulary's (RUC) Special Branch in the 37 years of the troubles in Northern Ireland. Above all counter-terrorism is an intelligence led operation and Special Branch are the key agency for this in all UK police forces, who have now benefited enormously from the expertise that the RUC's Special Branch built up over the years and have passed on to their colleagues thr…
Sacred communities: Religion and national identities
This article aims to review the relationships between religion and national identity as revealed through some 23 articles in National Identities published over the last 10 years. In addition I will also try to lay out a broad perspective on religion and nation from which to develop this review. Specifically the message is that religion has not gone away and in many ways is just as prevalent today in influencing national identity as in the past, d…
Religion, truth, national identity and social meaning: The example of Northern Ireland
This article argues that national identity is closely bound up with religion, which in turn is closely bound up with ideas of truth. Different religions will form and transmit different ideas of truth, both moral and cognitive, and transmit them and socialise their members in to holding them. From this a socially exclusive group is formed, which becomes one basis for a nation. This nation becomes morally and cognitively exclusive of non-religious…
Symbolism and Sacrifice in Terrorism
This article compares an ETA shooting incident in the Basque lands with an IRA bombing in Northern Ireland with the aim of examining the often overlooked role of symbolism in ethnic terrorists acts. The study of symbolism is important because it plays a part in impelling the terrorist to act and then in defining the targets of their actions. And one of the most important symbolic acts is that of sacrifice, particularly the blood sacrifice whereby…
A reply to white's non‐sectarian thesis of Pira targeting
James Dingley responds to Robert White's article on sectarianism and republican violence in Northern Ireland. A rejoinder from Robert White will appear in a future issue
Language, religion and ethno-national identity: The Role of Knowledge, Culture and Communication
The influence of religion and language on ethno-national identity is well-established. This article explores these concepts as mutually reinforcing aspects of cultural identity and examines their relationship to the formation of world views and causal interpretations shaping often incompatible ethno-national identities and hence conflicts. Especially we focus on the role of oral cultures as primary communication forms as against print-based ones,…
Terrorism, Radicalisation and Moral Panics: Media and Academic Analysis and Reporting of 2016 and 2017 'Terrorism
Radicalism or radicalisation has become a serious political and academic theme in recent years and any incident involving Muslims now almost automatically acquires the cachet, as events in 2016 and 2017 have shown. However, despite vast sums and resources expended on the subject no one can define what they mean by ‘it’. This should make us pause and question what precisely it is that causes so much alarm and is it worth the resources, time and ef…
Combating Terrorism in Northern Ireland
The terrorist group political front has been an understudied phenomena in the field of terrorism studies. This chapter outlines the evolution and roles of political fronts in the Northern Ireland context, particularly those associated with the Irish Republican Army (IRA), the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), though clearly the emergence and functions of the anti-state Sinn Féin have been very different to tho…
Marching Down the Garvaghy Road: Republican Tactics and State Response to the Orangemen's Claim to March their Traditional Route Home after the Drumcree Church Service
This study outlines the background and circumstances of the dispute over the Orange Order's claim to the right to parade down the Garvaghy Road after their annual Drumcree church service. This dispute has soured community relations in Northern Ireland and caused deep embarrassment to the British government, Unionists and many other groups for over five years now. However, it is the analysis of this article that such embarrassment and bad communit…
Transforming Post-Catholic Ireland: Religious Practice in Late Modernity
The Road to Peace? Northern Ireland after the Belfast Agreement: Causes of Failure
There is no abstract
Job Discrimination in Northern Ireland and the Law in Relation to the Theory of Ethnic Nationalism
Most liberal-minded people would view job discrimination on non-meritocratic grounds as wrong. Thus ‘liberal’ states usually outlaw it and try to promote schemes of mutual understanding and tolerance between different ethnic or religious groups. In Northern Ireland, there is a feeling that discrimination in itself is a major factor fomenting intercommunal strife and religious conflict. Equally, it has become part of modern liberal rhetoric to ext…
Peace in Our Time? The Stresses and Strains on the Northern Ireland Peace Process
This article aims to critically evaluate the present state of the peace process in Northern Ireland after nearly two years. Particular attention is placed on the security analysis of the situation, which is a perspective that is rarely heard in public, perhaps because it is often highly critical of the entire process. From this background the article takes a pessimistic view of any hopes for long-term peace or stability in the Province, largely b…
Northern Ireland and the UK since the Good Friday agreement
Terence Duffy and James Dingley assess political progress in the Northern Ireland Assembly. They argue that issues of UK governmental centralism versus localism, remain marginal to Northern Ireland political concerns, and if devolution is seen as a panacea for sectarian politics, the experience of the Assembly has thus far offered limited evidence of emerging common ground between the two communities
Peace processes and Northern Ireland: Squaring circles
The aim of this article is to review some of the issues involved in the current ‘peace process/talks’ in Northern Ireland. Despite the current euphoria over the talks, Good Friday Agreement and the Nobel Prizes there are still many serious issues to be resolved that leave the whole process in doubt. These are substantive issues that can often appear as trivial detail in the rhetoric and hyperbole of peace. Three issues particularly stand out: dec…
Some Recent Soviet Publications on Francisk Skaryna
The Chairman’s Annual Report for the Year 1981-82
The Chairman’s Annual Report for the Year 1982-83
Hunting the Snark -Byelorussian-Latin Style', J. Dingley Attendances at the lectures varied from 13 to 27.The Society was privileged to have as distinguished guest at the first of these lectures Dr Adam Maldzis, head of the Byelorussian Literature section of the BSSR Academy of Sciences.On 18 November, Dr Maldzis gave a spe cial talk, attended by several members and friends of the Society, enti tled 'The present state of literary research in the …
Little Truth and No Understanding
The Chairman's Annual Report for the Year 1984-85
Sex differences in career preferences of lower sixth formers in Belfast grammar schools
The findings are described of an investigation comparing the career preferences of 589 girls and 437 boys in the lower sixth forms of Belfast grammar schools. For each sex, career choices tended to follow traditional patterns, with girls having lower career aspirations than boys. In general, both sexes expressed similar attitudes to marriage and related career issues
A reply to white's non‐sectarian thesis of Pira targeting
James Dingley responds to Robert White's article on sectarianism and republican violence in Northern Ireland. A rejoinder from Robert White will appear in a future issue
Northern Ireland and the UK since the Good Friday agreement
Terence Duffy and James Dingley assess political progress in the Northern Ireland Assembly. They argue that issues of UK governmental centralism versus localism, remain marginal to Northern Ireland political concerns, and if devolution is seen as a panacea for sectarian politics, the experience of the Assembly has thus far offered limited evidence of emerging common ground between the two communities
Peace processes and Northern Ireland: Squaring circles
The aim of this article is to review some of the issues involved in the current ‘peace process/talks’ in Northern Ireland. Despite the current euphoria over the talks, Good Friday Agreement and the Nobel Prizes there are still many serious issues to be resolved that leave the whole process in doubt. These are substantive issues that can often appear as trivial detail in the rhetoric and hyperbole of peace. Three issues particularly stand out: dec…
The Bombing of Omagh, 15 August 1998: The Bombers, Their Tactics, Strategy, and Purpose Behind the Incident
The purpose of this article is to review the above incident: what happened, how it happened and who did it and why. Also, to place it in the context of the current "peace process," Irish history and the history of Irish Republican violence. In looking at who carried out the bombing there is also an attempt to explain the split between the Provisional and Real IRA, their motives and ideas, the complex relationship between the two and what they hop…
Peace in Our Time? The Stresses and Strains on the Northern Ireland Peace Process
This article aims to critically evaluate the present state of the peace process in Northern Ireland after nearly two years. Particular attention is placed on the security analysis of the situation, which is a perspective that is rarely heard in public, perhaps because it is often highly critical of the entire process. From this background the article takes a pessimistic view of any hopes for long-term peace or stability in the Province, largely b…
Symbolism and Sacrifice in Terrorism
This article compares an ETA shooting incident in the Basque lands with an IRA bombing in Northern Ireland with the aim of examining the often overlooked role of symbolism in ethnic terrorists acts. The study of symbolism is important because it plays a part in impelling the terrorist to act and then in defining the targets of their actions. And one of the most important symbolic acts is that of sacrifice, particularly the blood sacrifice whereby…
Marching Down the Garvaghy Road: Republican Tactics and State Response to the Orangemen's Claim to March their Traditional Route Home after the Drumcree Church Service
This study outlines the background and circumstances of the dispute over the Orange Order's claim to the right to parade down the Garvaghy Road after their annual Drumcree church service. This dispute has soured community relations in Northern Ireland and caused deep embarrassment to the British government, Unionists and many other groups for over five years now. However, it is the analysis of this article that such embarrassment and bad communit…
Job Discrimination in Northern Ireland and the Law in Relation to the Theory of Ethnic Nationalism
Most liberal-minded people would view job discrimination on non-meritocratic grounds as wrong. Thus ‘liberal’ states usually outlaw it and try to promote schemes of mutual understanding and tolerance between different ethnic or religious groups. In Northern Ireland, there is a feeling that discrimination in itself is a major factor fomenting intercommunal strife and religious conflict. Equally, it has become part of modern liberal rhetoric to ext…
Constructive Ambiguity and the Peace Process in Northern Ireland
The Belfast Agreement of 1998 was hailed at the time as a breakthrough in conflict resolution both in Northern Ireland and as a model for international emulation. In fact it has turned out to be neither; rather it has been a sad exercise in surrendering to terrorism and the cause of increased sectarian segregation and enmity. The core of the problem lies in the ‘constructive ambiguity’ at the heart of the Agreement – that is, a form of words that…
The Road to Peace? Northern Ireland after the Belfast Agreement: Causes of Failure
There is no abstract
The Human Body as a Terrorist Weapon: Hunger Strikes and Suicide Bombers
This article argues that a major factor in terrorist acts is an appeal to the actor's own community at an emotional and symbolic level, through acts of sacrifice, particularly self-sacrifice. Although other aims also exist, a prime concern is to recall the actor's home audience to the struggle, because the actor regards himself as acting on their behalf. This utilizes the imagery and symbolism of traditional religion, implying a strong communal a…
Combating Terrorism in Northern Ireland
The terrorist group political front has been an understudied phenomena in the field of terrorism studies. This chapter outlines the evolution and roles of political fronts in the Northern Ireland context, particularly those associated with the Irish Republican Army (IRA), the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and the Ulster Defence Association (UDA), though clearly the emergence and functions of the anti-state Sinn Féin have been very different to tho…
Religion, truth, national identity and social meaning: The example of Northern Ireland
This article argues that national identity is closely bound up with religion, which in turn is closely bound up with ideas of truth. Different religions will form and transmit different ideas of truth, both moral and cognitive, and transmit them and socialise their members in to holding them. From this a socially exclusive group is formed, which becomes one basis for a nation. This nation becomes morally and cognitively exclusive of non-religious…
Countering terrorism in Northern Ireland: The Role of Intelligence
This article aims to review some of the key lessons learnt by the Royal Ulster Constabulary's (RUC) Special Branch in the 37 years of the troubles in Northern Ireland. Above all counter-terrorism is an intelligence led operation and Special Branch are the key agency for this in all UK police forces, who have now benefited enormously from the expertise that the RUC's Special Branch built up over the years and have passed on to their colleagues thr…
Sacred communities: Religion and national identities
This article aims to review the relationships between religion and national identity as revealed through some 23 articles in National Identities published over the last 10 years. In addition I will also try to lay out a broad perspective on religion and nation from which to develop this review. Specifically the message is that religion has not gone away and in many ways is just as prevalent today in influencing national identity as in the past, d…
The IRA: The Irish Republican Army
Authored by an individual with 30 years of experience studying terrorism as well as access to the most senior counter-terrorist army and police officers combating the IRA, this book provides the first complete analysis of the world's premier terrorist group to explain them in ideological as well as operational terms. The IRA: The Irish Republican Army begins by examining the historical background to the development of the IRA, the group's basic i…
Religion, Protestants and national identity: A response to the March 2009 issue
This special issue raised some points of interpretation that need developing. Everyone writes with a (more or less overt) set of assumptions, which is particularly true where the subject matter is as politically contentious as nationalism and that nationalism is still contested, as with Ireland. This was particularly true of this issue. This response aims to tease out some hidden assumptions and interpretations in those papers to further our unde…
Sectarian dynamics of multicultural norms and the law in Lebanon: Warning for the future of Northern Ireland
The aim of this article is to show how the institutionalised multicultural political \narrangements in Lebanon may have provided for a certain period a degree of local \nharmony and related toleration when national demographics were relatively stable (or \ndemographic growth was somehow similar within groups or harmony was somehow \nimposed) but it has not been a force for the same once demographic change has \n(dramatically) occurred, since it a…
Ireland and Nationalism
N ationalists claim a history of eight hundred years of Irish national struggle against British/English oppression or imperialism (Howe, 2000, chapter 1), which few modern historians would accept (McGarry, 2011). First, it was Normans who invaded twelfth-century Ireland; second, as Riordan (1990) reminds us, in pre-seventeenth-century Ireland, warfare was endemic and a Gaelic way of life, against each other as much as the Crown (who were accepted…
Political science (34 works) · Law (31 works) · Sociology (30 works) · Politics (24 works) · Law (22 works) · Irish and British Studies (20 works) · Philosophy (14 works) · Nationalism (12 works) · History (11 works) · Terrorism (10 works)