Madeline Y Hsu
Biographic Data
| ID | 1119595 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Madeline Y Hsu |
| GIVEN NAMES | Madeline Y |
| FAMILY NAME | Hsu |
| SIGNATURE | HSU M Y |
| AFFILIATIONS | The University of Texas at Austin |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 43 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 70 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 41 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 2 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2000 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
A US Client State that Successfully Democratized
The Cambridge History of Global Migrations: Migrations, 1800-Present
Volume II presents an authoritative overview of the various continuities and changes in migration and globalization from the 1800s to the present day. Despite revolutionary changes in communication technologies, the growing accessibility of long-distance travel, and globalization across major economies, the rise of nation-states empowered immigration regulation and bureaucratic capacities for enforcement that curtailed migration. One major theme …
LBJ's America: The Life and Legacies of Lyndon Baines Johnson
In innumerable ways, we still live in LBJ's America. More than half a century after his death, Lyndon Baines Johnson continues to exert profound influence on American life. This collection skillfully explores his seminal accomplishments—protecting civil rights, fighting poverty, expanding access to medical care, lowering barriers to immigration—as well as his struggles in Vietnam and his difficulty responding to other challenges in an era of decl…
Striking Gold
Mae Ngai’s long-anticipated third monograph, The Chinese Question: The Gold Rushes and Global Politics, is framed even more capaciously than her first, the still widely influential Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America (2004), in tackling perhaps the most mythologized yet heretofore patchily researched and interpreted topic in Asian American history. Ngai’s social history of Chinese gold miners in California, Austra…
Menace to Empire: Anticolonial Solidarities and the Transpacific Origins of the US Security State by Moon-Ho Jung
This sprawling narrative tracks a massive cast of Asian revolutionaries, unionists, anti-imperialists, and leftists as their campaigns drove them to seek inspiration and allies in the United States, London, Japan, Brussels, Hong Kong, and Moscow, with hosts of military and intelligence agents working to suppress them following in hot pursuit. Jung traces the previously obscure journeys of idealists (such as Har Dayal, Isabelo de los Reyes, Pablo …
Empire and Gender in Asian American History
Framed by War parallels the agendas set forth by literary scholar Viet Thanh Nguyen in his second monograph Nothing Ever Dies: Vietnam and the Memory of War (Cambridge, MA, 2016) and fulfilled in his Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Sympathizer (New York, 2015). In Nothing Ever Dies, Nguyen argued that the dominant narratives concerning the Vietnam War, notably Francis Ford Coppola’s “Apocalypse Now,” function to exculpate the United States and A…
Asian Americans
Decoupling Peripheries from the Center: The Dangers of Diaspora in Chinese Migration Studies
This review situates Shelly Chan’s analysis of temporality in Chinese migrations as “diaspora moments” in response to leading opponents of the application of diaspora in Chinese overseas studies. Chan’s astute and carefully framed identification of key moments when Chinese overseas significantly influenced national culture, ideologies, and institutions complicates but does not ameliorate the political pressures driving articulations such as Shu-m…
Immigration Control and Resistance: Historicizing the Present Moment, a Conversation between Historians and Activists
Research Article| January 01 2019 Immigration Control and Resistance: Historicizing the Present Moment, a Conversation between Historians and Activists Julie Greene; Julie Greene Professor of History and Director, Center for Global Migration Studies, University of Maryland at College Park Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Madeline Hsu; Madeline Hsu Professor of History, University of Texas at Austin; President, Immigratio…
A Nation of Immigrants Reconsidered: US Society in an Age of Restriction, 1924-1965
“A Pressing Problem of Interracial Justice”
This chapter describes how international war compelled repeal of the Chinese exclusion laws, which were seen as unacceptable insults to a wartime ally. As the first liberalization of immigration law since 1924, the campaign for repeal showcased long-simmering contradictions between foreign policy agendas, nativist racism, ethnic and religious groups, organized labor, and economic priorities that would channel and distort the long struggle for imm…
Conclusion
This concluding chapter considers early twenty-first-century immigration controls as furthering national economic advantage. The immigrant I.M. Pei, with his imported talent and skills, illustrates the diminishing of racial inequality through his exceptional accomplishments and success even as he reflects the hollowness of such civil rights victories. The quantified overattainment by the Asian American model minority emanates in large measure fro…
“Economic and Humanitarian”
This chapter discusses how the mandate for refugee relief and widespread publicity that magnified the merits of Chinese applied further pressures for U.S. immigration reform. Hong Kong's refugee crisis of 1962 provided opportunity to affirm the transformed image of Chinese with White House authorization of parole for over fifteen thousand with popular and congressional support. Committee hearings promoted the deserving traits of Chinese as refuge…
Gateways and Gates in American Immigration History
This chapter discusses how Asian Americans have featured most prominently in U.S. history in the Gold Rush period—as workers on the transcontinental railroad, and as the innocent victims of incarceration during World War II. The impossibility of Asians becoming U.S. citizens was established early in America's history. Much of immigration studies scholarship has usefully focused on the goal of restriction —the targeting of certain populations as u…
Empires and migration
The first Asians—Filipino “Luzon Indians” on a Spanish galleon—arrived on the North American continent in the late sixteenth century. Through periods of conquest and capitalism, and then colonization and adaptation, almost one million people from China, Japan, the Philippines, Korea, and India arrived seeking opportunities to better their fortunes and improve their lives. “Empires and migration,” outlines the key historical periods that facilitat…
The Good Immigrants
Conventionally, U.S. immigration history has been understood through the lens of restriction and those who have been barred from getting in. In contrast, this book considers immigration from the perspective of Chinese elites—intellectuals, businessmen, and students—who gained entrance because of immigration exemptions. Exploring a century of Chinese migrations, the book looks at how the model minority characteristics of many Asian Americans resul…
David C. Atkinson. The Burden of White Supremacy: Containing Asian Migration in the British Empire and the United States
David C. Atkinson’s The Burden of White Supremacy: Containing Asian Migration in the British Empire and the United States is a sweeping account of the early-twentieth-century enactment of anti-Asian migration barriers around the world. It compares the legislative and diplomatic debates in New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, Canada, and the United States that resulted in varying approaches to these migration controls. In his scope and attention …
A Floating Chinaman: Fantasy and Failure across the Pacific
A literary scholar whose cultural commentary appears often in the pages of the New Yorker, Hua Hsu draws his title from an outline of a novel that was never written by an author who self-published most of his books. Presently, H. T. Tsiang (1899–1971) is enjoying something of a renaissance with recent reprints of two of his novels, And China Has Hands (1937; 2016) and The Hanging on Union Square (1935; 2013), and now Hsu's study. Hsu deploys skil…
The Cold War
Asian American History: A Very Short Introduction
Asians have migrated to North America for centuries, in search of opportunities and conveyed by increasingly dense, international circuits of trade, labor markets, and family networks. Asians joined a diverse array of immigrants arriving in capacities as diverse merchants, farmers, soldiers, missionaries, soldiers, artists, and students. They contributed significantly to the massive transformation of the United States into the wealthiest and most…
Ana Elizabeth Rosas. Abrazando el Espíritu: Bracero Families Confront the US-Mexico Border
In this heartfelt account, Ana Elizabeth Rosas movingly depicts women’s agency and the human costs of the bracero program implemented by the U.S. and Mexican governments from 1942 until 1964. Initiated to address agricultural labor shortages during World War II, this temporary worker program promised Mexican participants opportunities to accumulate savings and skills to advance their long-term interests in exchange for several years of labor in t…
On the Possibilities of Food Writing as a Bridge between the Popular and the Political
The Good Immigrants: How the Yellow Peril Became the Model Minority
Conventionally, US immigration history has been understood through the lens of restriction and those who have been barred from getting in. In contrast, The Good Immigrants considers immigration from the perspective of Chinese elites—intellectuals, businessmen, and students—who gained entrance because of immigration exemptions. Exploring a century of Chinese migrations, Madeline Hsu looks at how the model minority characteristics of many Asian Ame…
Smoke and Mirrors: Conditional Inclusion, Model Minorities, and the Pre-1965 Dismantling of Asian Exclusion
Research Article| July 01 2015 "Smoke and Mirrors": Conditional Inclusion, Model Minorities, and the Pre-1965 Dismantling of Asian Exclusion Madeline Y. Hsu; Madeline Y. Hsu Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Ellen D. Wu Ellen D. Wu Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of American Ethnic History (2015) 34 (4): 43–65. https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.34.4.0043 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Sha…
Aid Refugee Chinese Intellectuals, Inc. and the Political Uses of Humanitarian Relief, 1952-1962 援助中国知识人士协会与难民援助的政治作用, 1952-1962
This paper examines the operations of Aid Refugee Chinese Intellectuals ( arci ). It argues that arci ’s project failed in ways that illuminate the politicized, symbolic operations of refugee relief and the difficulties of manipulating mid-twentieth century migration flows, particularly of Asians. arci ’s challenges included registering too many, poorly qualified refugees for assistance rather than a useful “leadership” class; the limited willing…
The Good Immigrants: How the Yellow Peril Became the Model Minority
Conventionally, US immigration history has been understood through the lens of restriction and those who have been barred from getting in. In contrast, The Good Immigrants considers immigration from the perspective of Chinese elites—intellectuals, businessmen, and students—who gained entrance because of immigration exemptions. Exploring a century of Chinese migrations, Madeline Hsu looks at how the model minority characteristics of many Asian Ame…
Migration and Native Place: Qiaokanand the Imagined Community of Taishan County, Guangdong, 1893-1993
An the spring of 1984, officials of Taishan County, Guangdong, erected a statue in the central square of the county seat to commemorate the man whose life represented the highest attainment of ambition, idealism, and patriotism in recent local history. The man so honored was neither a conquering general nor a communist zealot. Taishan's chosen hero was a master of commerce and industry, who overcame the early disadvantages of birth to an impoveri…
The Chinese in America: A History from Gold Mountain to the New Millennium
Book Review| October 01 2003 The Chinese in America: A History from Gold Mountain to the New Millennium The Chinese in America: A History from Gold Mountain to the New Millennium, Susie Lan Cassel. Madeline Y. Hsu Madeline Y. Hsu Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of American Ethnic History (2003) 23 (1): 118–119. https://doi.org/10.2307/27501394 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Perm…
The Disappearance of America’s Cold War Chinese Refugees, 1948-1966
Research Article| July 01 2012 The Disappearance of America’s Cold War Chinese Refugees, 1948-1966 Madeline Y. Hsu Madeline Y. Hsu Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of American Ethnic History (2012) 31 (4): 12–33. https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.31.4.0012 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation Madeline Y. Hsu; The Disappearance of America’s Cold War Chinese Refugees, 1948-19…
Cultures in Contact
In 2002, Dirk Hoerder published his magnum opus, Cultures in Contact: World Migrations in the Second Millennium (Durham, NC, 2002). In this book, Hoerder describes and analyses, with an unusual breadth of scope, the origins, causes, and extent of human migration around the globe from the eleventh century onward to the present day, paying particular attention to the impact migrations have had in the receiving countries and the cultural interaction…
Chinese and American Collaborations through Educational Exchange during the Era of Exclusion, 1872–1955
Overlapping communities of American missionaries and higher education administrators and faculty laid the foundations for international education in the United States during the first half-century of that movement’s existence. Their interests and activities in China, in conjunction with Chinese efforts to develop modern educational systems in the early twentieth century, meant that Chinese students featured prominently among foreign students in t…
Transnationalism and Asian American Studies as a Migration-Centered Project
Transnationalism and Asian American Studies as a Migration-Centered Project Madeline Y. Hsu (bio) In this article, I address Asian American Studies' preoccupation with borders—particularly that of the American nation-state as defined by race, by laws, and by institutions. I argue that much of Asian American Studies scholarship is concerned with the multiple roles performed by Asians in the defining and enforcing of America's boundaries—the symbol…
Smoke and Mirrors: Conditional Inclusion, Model Minorities, and the Pre-1965 Dismantling of Asian Exclusion
Research Article| July 01 2015 "Smoke and Mirrors": Conditional Inclusion, Model Minorities, and the Pre-1965 Dismantling of Asian Exclusion Madeline Y. Hsu; Madeline Y. Hsu Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Ellen D. Wu Ellen D. Wu Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of American Ethnic History (2015) 34 (4): 43–65. https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.34.4.0043 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Sha…
Befriending the “Yellow Peril”: Chinese Students and Intellectuals and the Liberalization of U.S. Immigration Laws, 1950–1965
The extensive literature concerning America's exclusion of Asians has emphasized primarily the domestic contexts for restricting trans-Pacific migrations. Fears of a “Yellow Peril” invasion and conquest were used to justify the earliest American attempts to limit the entry of races and nationalities deemed too different and incompatible to integrate and participate on equal terms in a republic dominated by European arrivals and their descendants.…
On the Possibilities of Food Writing as a Bridge between the Popular and the Political
Aid Refugee Chinese Intellectuals, Inc. and the Political Uses of Humanitarian Relief, 1952-1962 援助中国知识人士协会与难民援助的政治作用, 1952-1962
This paper examines the operations of Aid Refugee Chinese Intellectuals ( arci ). It argues that arci ’s project failed in ways that illuminate the politicized, symbolic operations of refugee relief and the difficulties of manipulating mid-twentieth century migration flows, particularly of Asians. arci ’s challenges included registering too many, poorly qualified refugees for assistance rather than a useful “leadership” class; the limited willing…
Unwrapping Orientalist Constraints: Restoring Homosocial Normativity to Chinese American History
Since the publication of his pathbreaking treatise, Said's theoretical Orientalism itself can be said to loom as large in the fields of literary, postcolonial, and cultural studies as ideological Orientalism. Many Asian American Studies scholars, including myself are indebted to Said, for as American Orientals, we grapple with the same intellectual confinements as does Said, a western-trained Oriental: many ways my study of Orientalism has been a…
Migration and Native Place: Qiaokanand the Imagined Community of Taishan County, Guangdong, 1893-1993
An the spring of 1984, officials of Taishan County, Guangdong, erected a statue in the central square of the county seat to commemorate the man whose life represented the highest attainment of ambition, idealism, and patriotism in recent local history. The man so honored was neither a conquering general nor a communist zealot. Taishan's chosen hero was a master of commerce and industry, who overcame the early disadvantages of birth to an impoveri…
Dreaming of Gold, Dreaming of Home: Transnationalism and Migration between the United States and South China, 1882-1943
Journal Article Dreaming of Gold, Dreaming of Home: Trans-nationalism and Migration between the United States and South China, 1882–1943 Get access Hsu Madeline Yuan-yinDreaming of Gold, Dreaming of Home: Trans-nationalism and Migration between the United States and South China, 1882–1943 2000Stanford Stanford University Pressxxii271$45.00, ISBN 0-8047-3814-9 Renqiu Yu Renqiu Yu Purchase College State University of New YorkPurchase, New York Sear…
A Truthful Impression of the Country: British and American Travel Writing in China, 1880-1949
Travelers writing of the exotic East have fascinated Western readers since the age of Marco Polo. Recently, however, scholars have ceased regarding such accounts as eyewitness reports, treating them instead as “textual productions” that reveal little of the reality of Asia or the Middle East. According to Edward Said, such texts primarily illuminate the imbalance of power between the two regions—particularly in the creation of certain kinds of kn…
Dreaming of Gold, Dreaming of Home: Transnationalism and Migration between the United States and South China, 1882-1943
Liping Zhu; Dreaming of Gold, Dreaming of Home: Transnationalism and Migration between the United States and South China, 1882–1943, Western Historical Qua
The Chinese in America: A History from Gold Mountain to the New Millennium
Book Review| October 01 2003 The Chinese in America: A History from Gold Mountain to the New Millennium The Chinese in America: A History from Gold Mountain to the New Millennium, Susie Lan Cassel. Madeline Y. Hsu Madeline Y. Hsu Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of American Ethnic History (2003) 23 (1): 118–119. https://doi.org/10.2307/27501394 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Perm…
Unwrapping Orientalist Constraints: Restoring Homosocial Normativity to Chinese American History
Since the publication of his pathbreaking treatise, Said's theoretical Orientalism itself can be said to loom as large in the fields of literary, postcolonial, and cultural studies as ideological Orientalism. Many Asian American Studies scholars, including myself are indebted to Said, for as American Orientals, we grapple with the same intellectual confinements as does Said, a western-trained Oriental: many ways my study of Orientalism has been a…
Cultures in Contact
In 2002, Dirk Hoerder published his magnum opus, Cultures in Contact: World Migrations in the Second Millennium (Durham, NC, 2002). In this book, Hoerder describes and analyses, with an unusual breadth of scope, the origins, causes, and extent of human migration around the globe from the eleventh century onward to the present day, paying particular attention to the impact migrations have had in the receiving countries and the cultural interaction…
Golden Venture: A Journey into America's Immigration Nightmare
Other| March 01 2008 Golden Venture: A Journey into America's Immigration Nightmare Madeline Y. Hsu Madeline Y. Hsu Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Labor (2008) 5 (1): 140–141. https://doi.org/10.1215/15476715-2007-071 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Madeline Y. Hsu; Golden Venture: A Journey into America's Immigration Nightmare. Labor 1 March 2008; 5 (1)…
Transnationalism and Asian American Studies as a Migration-Centered Project
Transnationalism and Asian American Studies as a Migration-Centered Project Madeline Y. Hsu (bio) In this article, I address Asian American Studies' preoccupation with borders—particularly that of the American nation-state as defined by race, by laws, and by institutions. I argue that much of Asian American Studies scholarship is concerned with the multiple roles performed by Asians in the defining and enforcing of America's boundaries—the symbol…
Entries
Befriending the “Yellow Peril”: Chinese Students and Intellectuals and the Liberalization of U.S. Immigration Laws, 1950–1965
The extensive literature concerning America's exclusion of Asians has emphasized primarily the domestic contexts for restricting trans-Pacific migrations. Fears of a “Yellow Peril” invasion and conquest were used to justify the earliest American attempts to limit the entry of races and nationalities deemed too different and incompatible to integrate and participate on equal terms in a republic dominated by European arrivals and their descendants.…
Virtual Orientalism: Asian Religions and American Popular Culture (review)
Reviewed by: Virtual Orientalism: Asian Religions and American Popular Culture Madeline Y. Hsu (bio) Virtual Orientalism: Asian Religions and American Popular Culture, by Jane Naomi Iwamura. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011. 240 pp. $24.95 paper. ISBN 978-0199738618. Since at least the age of Marco Polo, entangled layers of desires and fears—often more so than lived realities—have shaped Western representations of Asian cultures and people…
Chinese among Others: Emigration in Modern Times
Book Review| January 01 2010 Chinese among Others: Emigration in Modern Times Chinese among Others: Emigration in Modern Times. By Philip A. Kuhn. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2008. xi + 431 pp. Maps, glossary, bibliography, notes, and index. $49.95 (cloth). Madeline Y. Hsu Madeline Y. Hsu University of Texas at Austin Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of American Ethnic History (2010) 29 (2): 118–119. http…
Partly Colored: Asian Americans and Racial Anomaly in the Segregated South
Stepping Forth into the World: The Chinese Educational Mission to the United States (review)
Reviewed by: Stepping Forth into the World: The Chinese Educational Mission to the United States Madeline Y. Hsu (bio) Stepping Forth into the World: The Chinese Educational Mission to the United States, by Edward J.M. Rhoads. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2011. xvi + 312 pp. $25.00 paper. ISBN 978-988-8028-87-0. In this scrupulously researched monograph, the award-winning Chinese historian Edward Rhoads tackles the seminal Asian America…
The Disappearance of America’s Cold War Chinese Refugees, 1948-1966
Research Article| July 01 2012 The Disappearance of America’s Cold War Chinese Refugees, 1948-1966 Madeline Y. Hsu Madeline Y. Hsu Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of American Ethnic History (2012) 31 (4): 12–33. https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.31.4.0012 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation Madeline Y. Hsu; The Disappearance of America’s Cold War Chinese Refugees, 1948-19…
Chinese and American Collaborations through Educational Exchange during the Era of Exclusion, 1872–1955
Overlapping communities of American missionaries and higher education administrators and faculty laid the foundations for international education in the United States during the first half-century of that movement’s existence. Their interests and activities in China, in conjunction with Chinese efforts to develop modern educational systems in the early twentieth century, meant that Chinese students featured prominently among foreign students in t…
Asian Immigration
Global patterns of labor markets, trade, international relations, and war have contributed to the complicated heterogeneity of Asian American populations and history. Although often coded as “model minorities,” ethnic Asians are characterized by vast disparities in homeland, cultural and religious practices, migration trajectories, educational and professional attainment, degrees of integration, and transnational formations.
Aid Refugee Chinese Intellectuals, Inc. and the Political Uses of Humanitarian Relief, 1952-1962 援助中国知识人士协会与难民援助的政治作用, 1952-1962
This paper examines the operations of Aid Refugee Chinese Intellectuals ( arci ). It argues that arci ’s project failed in ways that illuminate the politicized, symbolic operations of refugee relief and the difficulties of manipulating mid-twentieth century migration flows, particularly of Asians. arci ’s challenges included registering too many, poorly qualified refugees for assistance rather than a useful “leadership” class; the limited willing…
The Good Immigrants: How the Yellow Peril Became the Model Minority
Conventionally, US immigration history has been understood through the lens of restriction and those who have been barred from getting in. In contrast, The Good Immigrants considers immigration from the perspective of Chinese elites—intellectuals, businessmen, and students—who gained entrance because of immigration exemptions. Exploring a century of Chinese migrations, Madeline Hsu looks at how the model minority characteristics of many Asian Ame…
Smoke and Mirrors: Conditional Inclusion, Model Minorities, and the Pre-1965 Dismantling of Asian Exclusion
Research Article| July 01 2015 "Smoke and Mirrors": Conditional Inclusion, Model Minorities, and the Pre-1965 Dismantling of Asian Exclusion Madeline Y. Hsu; Madeline Y. Hsu Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Ellen D. Wu Ellen D. Wu Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Journal of American Ethnic History (2015) 34 (4): 43–65. https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.34.4.0043 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Sha…
The Cold War
Asian American History: A Very Short Introduction
Asians have migrated to North America for centuries, in search of opportunities and conveyed by increasingly dense, international circuits of trade, labor markets, and family networks. Asians joined a diverse array of immigrants arriving in capacities as diverse merchants, farmers, soldiers, missionaries, soldiers, artists, and students. They contributed significantly to the massive transformation of the United States into the wealthiest and most…
Ana Elizabeth Rosas. Abrazando el Espíritu: Bracero Families Confront the US-Mexico Border
In this heartfelt account, Ana Elizabeth Rosas movingly depicts women’s agency and the human costs of the bracero program implemented by the U.S. and Mexican governments from 1942 until 1964. Initiated to address agricultural labor shortages during World War II, this temporary worker program promised Mexican participants opportunities to accumulate savings and skills to advance their long-term interests in exchange for several years of labor in t…
On the Possibilities of Food Writing as a Bridge between the Popular and the Political
Political science (36 works) · Law (33 works) · History (26 works) · Sociology (26 works) · Asian American and Pacific Histories (23 works) · Immigration (16 works) · Migration, Ethnicity, and Economy (15 works) · Politics (15 works) · History (14 works) · Law (14 works)