Ian Gazeley
Biographic Data
| ID | 1122559 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Ian Gazeley |
| GIVEN NAMES | Ian |
| FAMILY NAME | Gazeley |
| SIGNATURE | GAZELEY I |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Sussex |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-4277-1001 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 17 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 33 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 16 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1989 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Household structure, labour participation, and economic inequality in Britain, 1937-61
We investigate household income/expenditure inequality using survey data for the United Kingdom from 1937 to 1961. Previous studies employed tax unit or wage rate data. Between 1937/8 and 1953/4, we find little change in inequality for incomes below the top 5 per cent or 10 per cent. This is consistent with the tax unit data. By 1961, inequality was notably higher than in 1953/4. Three trends might account for this: growth in the shares of non-wo…
Escaping from hunger before WW1: The nutritional transition and living standards in Western Europe and USA in the late nineteenth century
Using the US Commissioner of Labor household survey, we estimate calories available to workers’ households in USA, Belgium, Britain, France and Germany in 1888/90. We make raw comparisons of the data and utilise propensity score matching techniques to attempt to overcome differences between the nature of the country samples included in the original survey. We find that US households had on average 500 daily calories per capita more than French an…
How hungry were the poor in late 1930s Britain
This article re-examines energy and nutrition available to British working-class households in the late 1930s using individual household expenditure and consumption data. We use these data to address a number of questions. First, what was the extent of malnutrition in late 1930s Britain? Second, how did the incidence change over time? Third, what were the nutritional consequences of the school meals and school milk schemes? We conclude that, for …
Nutrition, Crowding, and Disease Among Low‐income Households in Tokyo in 1930
This article employs a household survey of low‐income working‐class households conducted in Tokyo in 1930 to investigate nutritional attainment levels and the relationship between calorie intake and morbidity. We find that the daily calorie intake was 2,118 kcal per adult male equivalent, high enough to satisfy the energy requirements for moderate physical activity. Richer households purchased more expensive calories mainly by substituting meat a…
The Transformation of Hunger Revisited: Estimating Available Calories from the Budgets of Late Nineteenth-Century British Households
Levels of nutrition among British worker's households in the late nineteenth century have been much debated. Trevon Logan (2006, 2009) estimated a very low average level of available calories. This paper re-examines the data and finds average levels of available calories much more in line with existing studies, more in line with what is known about energy requirements, and more in line with other aspects of the data. In sum, British households we…
Urban working-class food consumption and nutrition in Britain in 1904
This article re-examines the food consumption of working-class households in 1904 and compares the nutritional content of these diets with modern measures of adequacy. We find a fairly steep gradient of nutritional attainment relative to economic class, with high levels of vitamin and mineral deficiency among the very poorest working households. However, we conclude that the average unskilled-headed working household was better fed and nourished …
The first poverty line? Davies' and Eden's investigation of rural poverty in the late 18th-century England
The Meanings of Happiness in Mass Observation's Bolton
In April 1938, the social investigative organization, Mass Observation conducted an inquiry into the happiness of Bolton people. In this article we analyse the letters and questionnaire responses generated through a competition that asked, ‘What is happiness?’ We examine the extent to which these competition entrants were representative of Bolton population and conclude that they were broadly representative in terms of occupation and sex, but les…
Nutrition in theEnglish agricultural labourer's household over the course of the long nineteenth century
The welfare of agricultural labourers has recently received renewed interest in both establishing living standards for a baseline group over the long term, and assessing the energy available for increased physical labour in the eighteenth century. Disagreement persists. This article examines a key aspect of agricultural labourers' families' welfare: nutrient consumption. We utilize datasets of the diets of agricultural labourers' households for 1…
Poverty in Edwardian Britain
This article introduces a newly discovered household budget data set for 1904. We use these data to estimate urban poverty among working families in the British Isles. Applying Bowley's poverty line, we estimate that at least 23 per cent of people in urban working households and 18 per cent of working households had income insufficient to meet minimum needs. This is well above Rowntree's estimate of primary poverty for York in 1899 and high in th…
Women's pay in British industry during the Second World War
This article reviews the evidence pertaining to changes in women's relative pay during the Second World War and presents new evidence relating to important wartime manufacturing industries. It is argued that gender pay inequality declined sharply where women were employed in industries that had previously been dominated by men, but did not occur in industries that had traditionally been important areas of female employment. The explanation for th…
Work and Pay in 20th Century Britain
Poverty in Britain, 1900–1965
How was poverty measured and defined, and how has this influenced our judgement of the change in poverty in Britain during the first 60 years of the twentieth century? During this period, a large number of poverty surveys were carried out, the methods pf which altered after the Second World War. Commencing with Rowntree's social survey of York in 1899 and ending with Abel-Smith and Townsend's Poor and the Poorest 1965, Ian Gazeley shows how the m…
Rowntree Revisited: Poverty in Britain, 1900
Wages and Employment in Britain between the Wars: Quarterly Evidence from the Shipbuilding Industry
Prices in Interwar Britain
The Cost of Living for Urban Workers in Late Victorian and Edwardian Britain
After an introduction to problems of measurement, for example the choice of a suitable price index, the author presents regional cost of living variations in 1905 and 1912. The effects of these changes on different social classes are calculated, with the conclusion that the movements observed were slightly in favour of the poorest households if the effect of family size is ignored. -P.Hardiman
The Cost of Living for Urban Workers in Late Victorian and Edwardian Britain
After an introduction to problems of measurement, for example the choice of a suitable price index, the author presents regional cost of living variations in 1905 and 1912. The effects of these changes on different social classes are calculated, with the conclusion that the movements observed were slightly in favour of the poorest households if the effect of family size is ignored. -P.Hardiman
Nutrition in theEnglish agricultural labourer's household over the course of the long nineteenth century
The welfare of agricultural labourers has recently received renewed interest in both establishing living standards for a baseline group over the long term, and assessing the energy available for increased physical labour in the eighteenth century. Disagreement persists. This article examines a key aspect of agricultural labourers' families' welfare: nutrient consumption. We utilize datasets of the diets of agricultural labourers' households for 1…
Rowntree Revisited: Poverty in Britain, 1900
The Meanings of Happiness in Mass Observation's Bolton
In April 1938, the social investigative organization, Mass Observation conducted an inquiry into the happiness of Bolton people. In this article we analyse the letters and questionnaire responses generated through a competition that asked, ‘What is happiness?’ We examine the extent to which these competition entrants were representative of Bolton population and conclude that they were broadly representative in terms of occupation and sex, but les…
Poverty in Edwardian Britain
This article introduces a newly discovered household budget data set for 1904. We use these data to estimate urban poverty among working families in the British Isles. Applying Bowley's poverty line, we estimate that at least 23 per cent of people in urban working households and 18 per cent of working households had income insufficient to meet minimum needs. This is well above Rowntree's estimate of primary poverty for York in 1899 and high in th…
The Transformation of Hunger Revisited: Estimating Available Calories from the Budgets of Late Nineteenth-Century British Households
Levels of nutrition among British worker's households in the late nineteenth century have been much debated. Trevon Logan (2006, 2009) estimated a very low average level of available calories. This paper re-examines the data and finds average levels of available calories much more in line with existing studies, more in line with what is known about energy requirements, and more in line with other aspects of the data. In sum, British households we…
Urban working-class food consumption and nutrition in Britain in 1904
This article re-examines the food consumption of working-class households in 1904 and compares the nutritional content of these diets with modern measures of adequacy. We find a fairly steep gradient of nutritional attainment relative to economic class, with high levels of vitamin and mineral deficiency among the very poorest working households. However, we conclude that the average unskilled-headed working household was better fed and nourished …
Prices in Interwar Britain
The first poverty line? Davies' and Eden's investigation of rural poverty in the late 18th-century England
Women's pay in British industry during the Second World War
This article reviews the evidence pertaining to changes in women's relative pay during the Second World War and presents new evidence relating to important wartime manufacturing industries. It is argued that gender pay inequality declined sharply where women were employed in industries that had previously been dominated by men, but did not occur in industries that had traditionally been important areas of female employment. The explanation for th…
Wages and Employment in Britain between the Wars: Quarterly Evidence from the Shipbuilding Industry
The Cost of Living for Urban Workers in Late Victorian and Edwardian Britain
After an introduction to problems of measurement, for example the choice of a suitable price index, the author presents regional cost of living variations in 1905 and 1912. The effects of these changes on different social classes are calculated, with the conclusion that the movements observed were slightly in favour of the poorest households if the effect of family size is ignored. -P.Hardiman
Prices in Interwar Britain
Wages and Employment in Britain between the Wars: Quarterly Evidence from the Shipbuilding Industry
Rowntree Revisited: Poverty in Britain, 1900
Poverty in Britain, 1900–1965
How was poverty measured and defined, and how has this influenced our judgement of the change in poverty in Britain during the first 60 years of the twentieth century? During this period, a large number of poverty surveys were carried out, the methods pf which altered after the Second World War. Commencing with Rowntree's social survey of York in 1899 and ending with Abel-Smith and Townsend's Poor and the Poorest 1965, Ian Gazeley shows how the m…
Work and Pay in 20th Century Britain
Women's pay in British industry during the Second World War
This article reviews the evidence pertaining to changes in women's relative pay during the Second World War and presents new evidence relating to important wartime manufacturing industries. It is argued that gender pay inequality declined sharply where women were employed in industries that had previously been dominated by men, but did not occur in industries that had traditionally been important areas of female employment. The explanation for th…
Poverty in Edwardian Britain
This article introduces a newly discovered household budget data set for 1904. We use these data to estimate urban poverty among working families in the British Isles. Applying Bowley's poverty line, we estimate that at least 23 per cent of people in urban working households and 18 per cent of working households had income insufficient to meet minimum needs. This is well above Rowntree's estimate of primary poverty for York in 1899 and high in th…
The Meanings of Happiness in Mass Observation's Bolton
In April 1938, the social investigative organization, Mass Observation conducted an inquiry into the happiness of Bolton people. In this article we analyse the letters and questionnaire responses generated through a competition that asked, ‘What is happiness?’ We examine the extent to which these competition entrants were representative of Bolton population and conclude that they were broadly representative in terms of occupation and sex, but les…
Nutrition in theEnglish agricultural labourer's household over the course of the long nineteenth century
The welfare of agricultural labourers has recently received renewed interest in both establishing living standards for a baseline group over the long term, and assessing the energy available for increased physical labour in the eighteenth century. Disagreement persists. This article examines a key aspect of agricultural labourers' families' welfare: nutrient consumption. We utilize datasets of the diets of agricultural labourers' households for 1…
The first poverty line? Davies' and Eden's investigation of rural poverty in the late 18th-century England
The Transformation of Hunger Revisited: Estimating Available Calories from the Budgets of Late Nineteenth-Century British Households
Levels of nutrition among British worker's households in the late nineteenth century have been much debated. Trevon Logan (2006, 2009) estimated a very low average level of available calories. This paper re-examines the data and finds average levels of available calories much more in line with existing studies, more in line with what is known about energy requirements, and more in line with other aspects of the data. In sum, British households we…
Urban working-class food consumption and nutrition in Britain in 1904
This article re-examines the food consumption of working-class households in 1904 and compares the nutritional content of these diets with modern measures of adequacy. We find a fairly steep gradient of nutritional attainment relative to economic class, with high levels of vitamin and mineral deficiency among the very poorest working households. However, we conclude that the average unskilled-headed working household was better fed and nourished …
Nutrition, Crowding, and Disease Among Low‐income Households in Tokyo in 1930
This article employs a household survey of low‐income working‐class households conducted in Tokyo in 1930 to investigate nutritional attainment levels and the relationship between calorie intake and morbidity. We find that the daily calorie intake was 2,118 kcal per adult male equivalent, high enough to satisfy the energy requirements for moderate physical activity. Richer households purchased more expensive calories mainly by substituting meat a…
How hungry were the poor in late 1930s Britain
This article re-examines energy and nutrition available to British working-class households in the late 1930s using individual household expenditure and consumption data. We use these data to address a number of questions. First, what was the extent of malnutrition in late 1930s Britain? Second, how did the incidence change over time? Third, what were the nutritional consequences of the school meals and school milk schemes? We conclude that, for …
Escaping from hunger before WW1: The nutritional transition and living standards in Western Europe and USA in the late nineteenth century
Using the US Commissioner of Labor household survey, we estimate calories available to workers’ households in USA, Belgium, Britain, France and Germany in 1888/90. We make raw comparisons of the data and utilise propensity score matching techniques to attempt to overcome differences between the nature of the country samples included in the original survey. We find that US households had on average 500 daily calories per capita more than French an…
Household structure, labour participation, and economic inequality in Britain, 1937-61
We investigate household income/expenditure inequality using survey data for the United Kingdom from 1937 to 1961. Previous studies employed tax unit or wage rate data. Between 1937/8 and 1953/4, we find little change in inequality for incomes below the top 5 per cent or 10 per cent. This is consistent with the tax unit data. By 1961, inequality was notably higher than in 1953/4. Three trends might account for this: growth in the shares of non-wo…
Economics (16 works) · Demographic economics (10 works) · Historical Economic and Social Studies (10 works) · Sociology (9 works) · Economic growth (8 works) · Geography (8 works) · Socioeconomics (8 works) · Political science (7 works) · Law (6 works) · Gender, Labor, and Family Dynamics (5 works)