Zhiming Bao
Biographic Data
| ID | 112363 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Zhiming Bao |
| GIVEN NAMES | Zhiming |
| FAMILY NAME | Bao |
| SIGNATURE | BAO Z |
| AFFILIATIONS | National University of Singapore |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-7859-2654 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 23 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 82 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 23 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1992 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
Treebanks and World Englishes: A Singapore English perspective
Treebanks (parsed corpora) play an important role in linguistic research, but creating high-quality parses can be very labor-intensive. This paper discusses the prospects of creating such parses in the context of New Englishes and what kinds of research insights parses can deliver. We present Singapore English as a case study. We suggest that despite the many contact-derived lexical and grammatical properties of Singapore English, it is quite fea…
Tagging Singapore English
It is well‐known that Outer Circle English has undergone extensive contact‐induced lexical and grammatical restructuring. Is it possible to use common NLP tools developed for Inner Circle English to process Outer Circle English texts? Here, we report our experience of using the Stanford PoS tagger to tag the Singaporean component of the International Corpus of English (ICE‐SIN). We isolate two major contact‐related causes of tagging errors: (1) l…
Languages and language contact in China
China is ethnically and linguistically diverse. There are 56 officially recognized ethnic groups in the country, including the majority Han, with a 1.2 billion-strong population and Tatar, the smallest minority group with only 3,556 people residing in Xinjiang, according to the 2010 Population Census of the People’s Republic of China, the latest census data available on the government’s website ( www.stats.gov.cn ). The Han accounts for 91.6% of …
The Making of Vernacular Singapore English: System, Transfer, and Filter
Singapore English is a focal point across the many subfields of linguistics, as its semantic, syntactic and phonetic/phonological qualities tell us a great deal about what happens when very different types of language come together. Sociolinguists are also interested in the relative status of Singapore English compared to other languages in the country. This book charts the history of Singapore English and explores the linguistic, historical and …
Making of Vernacular Singapore English: System, Transfer, and Filter
Substratum transfer targets grammatical system
10.1017/S0022226712000114
Bazaar Malay topics
Bazaar Malay is a Malay-lexified pidgin with a Chinese substratum spoken in the marketplace of Singapore (and elsewhere in Southeast Asia). Although it is no longer a lingua franca in Singapore today, it is nevertheless still spoken by older Singaporeans. Like Chinese and Malay, Bazaar Malay is a topic-prominent language. We document three types of the Bazaar Malay topic construction and show that they are identical to the topic structures found …
Must in Singapore English
A usage-based approach to substratum transfer: The case of four unproductive features in Singapore English
This article discusses four grammatical constructions that have been appropriated from Chinese into Singapore English and spelled out with English morphosyntactic materials. These constructions have developed unique structural properties and usage patterns that differ in interesting ways from those of their respective Chinese sources and English exponents. While the structural properties of these constructions are shaped by the grammars of Chines…
One in Singapore English
This paper investigates the grammar and usage of one in Singapore English, which exhibits the influence of both Chinese and English, the two dominant languages in the multilingual ecology of Singapore English, as well as the influence of relevant linguistic universals. The grammar of one is essentially the grammar of Chinese de filtered through the morphosyntax of English one . The corpus data show that some one forms which are judged acceptable …
Government, market and households in the ecological relocation process: A sociological analysis of ecological relocation in S banner
通过对内蒙古S旗的实地研究, 我们发现生态移民政策的实践过程是一个由中央政府、 地方政府、市场精英、农牧民等多元社会行动主体共同参与的社会过程。在复杂互动关系的 背后是由政府力量、市场力量以及地方民众所形成的权力和利益网络。自上而下的生态治理 脉络中, 地方政府处于各种关系的连接点上, 其集“代理型政权经营者”与“谋利型政权经 营者”于一身的“双重角色”, 使环境保护目标的实现充满了不确定性。 Our fieldwork at S Banner in Inner Mongolia reveals that the implementation of the ecological migration policy is a social process involving joint participation of multiple social agents including the central government, local governments, market elit…
Diglossia and register variation in Singapore English
Colloquial Singapore English is an outer‐circle variety that exhibits contact‐induced linguistic change. It has been characterized as the L variant in diglossic opposition to standard English. In this paper, we address two related issues: (1) the extent to which the Singapore English diglossia is supported by corpus data, and (2) the extent to which the diglossia is reducible to register variation. We investigate the usage pattern of two linguist…
Systemic Transfer, Topic Prominence, and the Bare Conditional in Singapore English
Colloquial Singapore English has a novel conditional construction in which the conditional clause is not marked morphosyntactically, and must precede the consequent clause. We show that Singapore English, like Chinese, the main substrate language, is topic prominent, and the novel conditional construction is a direct consequence of this new typological status. We analyze the unmarked conditional clause as topic, a basic syntactic position in topi…
The aspectual system of Singapore English and the systemic substratist explanation
Singapore English is a contact language with a constant linguistic substratum and superstratum. It lends itself to an interesting case study on how linguistic neologisms emerge out of a pool of competing features from the typologically distinct languages active in the contact ecology. This paper investigates the aspectual system of Singapore English and that of Chinese, the main substrate language, and of English, the lexical-source language. Des…
The origins of empty categories in Singapore English
The system of empty categories in Singapore English, a contact language with an endogenous ecology, arises through the interaction of three parameters: [topic-prominence], [pro-drop], and [wh-movement]. These parameters are reset under the pressure of the languages in the contact ecology, mainly the substrate Chinese dialects, and the lexifier English. The paper adopts a holistic approach to creole genesis, in which substrate and superstrate infl…
Tonal Contour and Register Harmony in Chaozhou
Linguistic Inquiry
The Passive in Singapore English
Singapore English has two passive or passive-like constructions which exhibit substrate influence from Malay and Chinese. They are the kena passive and the give passive. Of the two constructions, the Malay-derived kena passive is more widely used among Singaporeans regardless of ethnic origin. By contrast, the Chinese-derived give passive is much rarer. In this paper, we present an analysis of the two passives, and show that while the substrate l…
Xianghuang Banner (Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region)
Xianghuang Banner,1 situated in the south of Xilin Gol League and in the center of Inner Mongolia, covers an area of 4,960 km2. East of Xianghuang Banner is Zhengxiangbai Banner, and west is Sonid You Banner; to the south, counties Shangdu and Huade of Ulanqab League, and to the north Sonid Zuo Banner. Hobot Xar, the seat of Xianghuang Banner, is 300 km from Hohhot City, 384 km from Xilinhot City, 201 km from Zhangjiakou City (Hebei Province), 18…
Why You Talk Like That: The Pragmatics of a Why Construction in Singapore English
In this paper, we examine one wh-construction in Singapore English, which signals a demand for justification, and show that there is a systematic correlation between its structural and pragmatic properties. We suggest that this wh-construction is based on the imperative, and inherits the structural properties associated with the relatively more polite version of the imperative. In Singapore English, this is the version that makes explicit mention…
Until in Singapore English
This paper investigates the syntax and semantics of one word, until, in Standard British English and Singapore English. We show that while until is used in similar fashion in both varieties of English, it has uses in Singapore English which are not available in Standard British English. After having analyzed the syntax and semantics of one particle in Chinese, namely dao, we show the parallel between until in Singapore English and dao in Chinese,…
Syllable structure and partial reduplication in classical Chinese
Mary M. Clark (1990). The tonal system of Igbo. (Publications in African Languages and Linguistics). Dordrecht: Foris. Pp. xi + 323
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Toward a Typology of Tone Sandhi
Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on The Typology of Tone Languages (1992)
The aspectual system of Singapore English and the systemic substratist explanation
Singapore English is a contact language with a constant linguistic substratum and superstratum. It lends itself to an interesting case study on how linguistic neologisms emerge out of a pool of competing features from the typologically distinct languages active in the contact ecology. This paper investigates the aspectual system of Singapore English and that of Chinese, the main substrate language, and of English, the lexical-source language. Des…
The Passive in Singapore English
Singapore English has two passive or passive-like constructions which exhibit substrate influence from Malay and Chinese. They are the kena passive and the give passive. Of the two constructions, the Malay-derived kena passive is more widely used among Singaporeans regardless of ethnic origin. By contrast, the Chinese-derived give passive is much rarer. In this paper, we present an analysis of the two passives, and show that while the substrate l…
A usage-based approach to substratum transfer: The case of four unproductive features in Singapore English
This article discusses four grammatical constructions that have been appropriated from Chinese into Singapore English and spelled out with English morphosyntactic materials. These constructions have developed unique structural properties and usage patterns that differ in interesting ways from those of their respective Chinese sources and English exponents. While the structural properties of these constructions are shaped by the grammars of Chines…
Diglossia and register variation in Singapore English
Colloquial Singapore English is an outer‐circle variety that exhibits contact‐induced linguistic change. It has been characterized as the L variant in diglossic opposition to standard English. In this paper, we address two related issues: (1) the extent to which the Singapore English diglossia is supported by corpus data, and (2) the extent to which the diglossia is reducible to register variation. We investigate the usage pattern of two linguist…
Must in Singapore English
Until in Singapore English
This paper investigates the syntax and semantics of one word, until, in Standard British English and Singapore English. We show that while until is used in similar fashion in both varieties of English, it has uses in Singapore English which are not available in Standard British English. After having analyzed the syntax and semantics of one particle in Chinese, namely dao, we show the parallel between until in Singapore English and dao in Chinese,…
Why You Talk Like That: The Pragmatics of a Why Construction in Singapore English
In this paper, we examine one wh-construction in Singapore English, which signals a demand for justification, and show that there is a systematic correlation between its structural and pragmatic properties. We suggest that this wh-construction is based on the imperative, and inherits the structural properties associated with the relatively more polite version of the imperative. In Singapore English, this is the version that makes explicit mention…
Treebanks and World Englishes: A Singapore English perspective
Treebanks (parsed corpora) play an important role in linguistic research, but creating high-quality parses can be very labor-intensive. This paper discusses the prospects of creating such parses in the context of New Englishes and what kinds of research insights parses can deliver. We present Singapore English as a case study. We suggest that despite the many contact-derived lexical and grammatical properties of Singapore English, it is quite fea…
Substratum transfer targets grammatical system
10.1017/S0022226712000114
Tonal Contour and Register Harmony in Chaozhou
Linguistic Inquiry
Toward a Typology of Tone Sandhi
Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on The Typology of Tone Languages (1992)
Mary M. Clark (1990). The tonal system of Igbo. (Publications in African Languages and Linguistics). Dordrecht: Foris. Pp. xi + 323
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content
Syllable structure and partial reduplication in classical Chinese
Xianghuang Banner (Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region)
Xianghuang Banner,1 situated in the south of Xilin Gol League and in the center of Inner Mongolia, covers an area of 4,960 km2. East of Xianghuang Banner is Zhengxiangbai Banner, and west is Sonid You Banner; to the south, counties Shangdu and Huade of Ulanqab League, and to the north Sonid Zuo Banner. Hobot Xar, the seat of Xianghuang Banner, is 300 km from Hohhot City, 384 km from Xilinhot City, 201 km from Zhangjiakou City (Hebei Province), 18…
Why You Talk Like That: The Pragmatics of a Why Construction in Singapore English
In this paper, we examine one wh-construction in Singapore English, which signals a demand for justification, and show that there is a systematic correlation between its structural and pragmatic properties. We suggest that this wh-construction is based on the imperative, and inherits the structural properties associated with the relatively more polite version of the imperative. In Singapore English, this is the version that makes explicit mention…
Until in Singapore English
This paper investigates the syntax and semantics of one word, until, in Standard British English and Singapore English. We show that while until is used in similar fashion in both varieties of English, it has uses in Singapore English which are not available in Standard British English. After having analyzed the syntax and semantics of one particle in Chinese, namely dao, we show the parallel between until in Singapore English and dao in Chinese,…
Tonal Contour and Register Harmony in Chaozhou
Linguistic Inquiry
The Passive in Singapore English
Singapore English has two passive or passive-like constructions which exhibit substrate influence from Malay and Chinese. They are the kena passive and the give passive. Of the two constructions, the Malay-derived kena passive is more widely used among Singaporeans regardless of ethnic origin. By contrast, the Chinese-derived give passive is much rarer. In this paper, we present an analysis of the two passives, and show that while the substrate l…
The origins of empty categories in Singapore English
The system of empty categories in Singapore English, a contact language with an endogenous ecology, arises through the interaction of three parameters: [topic-prominence], [pro-drop], and [wh-movement]. These parameters are reset under the pressure of the languages in the contact ecology, mainly the substrate Chinese dialects, and the lexifier English. The paper adopts a holistic approach to creole genesis, in which substrate and superstrate infl…
Systemic Transfer, Topic Prominence, and the Bare Conditional in Singapore English
Colloquial Singapore English has a novel conditional construction in which the conditional clause is not marked morphosyntactically, and must precede the consequent clause. We show that Singapore English, like Chinese, the main substrate language, is topic prominent, and the novel conditional construction is a direct consequence of this new typological status. We analyze the unmarked conditional clause as topic, a basic syntactic position in topi…
The aspectual system of Singapore English and the systemic substratist explanation
Singapore English is a contact language with a constant linguistic substratum and superstratum. It lends itself to an interesting case study on how linguistic neologisms emerge out of a pool of competing features from the typologically distinct languages active in the contact ecology. This paper investigates the aspectual system of Singapore English and that of Chinese, the main substrate language, and of English, the lexical-source language. Des…
Diglossia and register variation in Singapore English
Colloquial Singapore English is an outer‐circle variety that exhibits contact‐induced linguistic change. It has been characterized as the L variant in diglossic opposition to standard English. In this paper, we address two related issues: (1) the extent to which the Singapore English diglossia is supported by corpus data, and (2) the extent to which the diglossia is reducible to register variation. We investigate the usage pattern of two linguist…
Government, market and households in the ecological relocation process: A sociological analysis of ecological relocation in S banner
通过对内蒙古S旗的实地研究, 我们发现生态移民政策的实践过程是一个由中央政府、 地方政府、市场精英、农牧民等多元社会行动主体共同参与的社会过程。在复杂互动关系的 背后是由政府力量、市场力量以及地方民众所形成的权力和利益网络。自上而下的生态治理 脉络中, 地方政府处于各种关系的连接点上, 其集“代理型政权经营者”与“谋利型政权经 营者”于一身的“双重角色”, 使环境保护目标的实现充满了不确定性。 Our fieldwork at S Banner in Inner Mongolia reveals that the implementation of the ecological migration policy is a social process involving joint participation of multiple social agents including the central government, local governments, market elit…
One in Singapore English
This paper investigates the grammar and usage of one in Singapore English, which exhibits the influence of both Chinese and English, the two dominant languages in the multilingual ecology of Singapore English, as well as the influence of relevant linguistic universals. The grammar of one is essentially the grammar of Chinese de filtered through the morphosyntax of English one . The corpus data show that some one forms which are judged acceptable …
Bazaar Malay topics
Bazaar Malay is a Malay-lexified pidgin with a Chinese substratum spoken in the marketplace of Singapore (and elsewhere in Southeast Asia). Although it is no longer a lingua franca in Singapore today, it is nevertheless still spoken by older Singaporeans. Like Chinese and Malay, Bazaar Malay is a topic-prominent language. We document three types of the Bazaar Malay topic construction and show that they are identical to the topic structures found …
Must in Singapore English
A usage-based approach to substratum transfer: The case of four unproductive features in Singapore English
This article discusses four grammatical constructions that have been appropriated from Chinese into Singapore English and spelled out with English morphosyntactic materials. These constructions have developed unique structural properties and usage patterns that differ in interesting ways from those of their respective Chinese sources and English exponents. While the structural properties of these constructions are shaped by the grammars of Chines…
Substratum transfer targets grammatical system
10.1017/S0022226712000114
The Making of Vernacular Singapore English: System, Transfer, and Filter
Singapore English is a focal point across the many subfields of linguistics, as its semantic, syntactic and phonetic/phonological qualities tell us a great deal about what happens when very different types of language come together. Sociolinguists are also interested in the relative status of Singapore English compared to other languages in the country. This book charts the history of Singapore English and explores the linguistic, historical and …
Making of Vernacular Singapore English: System, Transfer, and Filter
Tagging Singapore English
It is well‐known that Outer Circle English has undergone extensive contact‐induced lexical and grammatical restructuring. Is it possible to use common NLP tools developed for Inner Circle English to process Outer Circle English texts? Here, we report our experience of using the Stanford PoS tagger to tag the Singaporean component of the International Corpus of English (ICE‐SIN). We isolate two major contact‐related causes of tagging errors: (1) l…
Languages and language contact in China
China is ethnically and linguistically diverse. There are 56 officially recognized ethnic groups in the country, including the majority Han, with a 1.2 billion-strong population and Tatar, the smallest minority group with only 3,556 people residing in Xinjiang, according to the 2010 Population Census of the People’s Republic of China, the latest census data available on the government’s website ( www.stats.gov.cn ). The Han accounts for 91.6% of …
Treebanks and World Englishes: A Singapore English perspective
Treebanks (parsed corpora) play an important role in linguistic research, but creating high-quality parses can be very labor-intensive. This paper discusses the prospects of creating such parses in the context of New Englishes and what kinds of research insights parses can deliver. We present Singapore English as a case study. We suggest that despite the many contact-derived lexical and grammatical properties of Singapore English, it is quite fea…
Linguistics (19 works) · Philosophy (18 works) · Linguistic Variation and Morphology (16 works) · Computer Science (13 works) · Multilingual Education and Policy (10 works) · History (9 works) · Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation (9 works) · Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies (8 works) · Philosophy (8 works) · Sociology (8 works)