D Read
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 11243 |
|---|---|
| NOME | D Read |
| PRENOMES | D |
| SOBRENOME | Read |
| ASSINATURA | READ D |
| AFILIAÇÕES | University of California, Los Angeles |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-3125-0769 |
| VERIFICADO | Sim |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 90 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 300 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 91 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1966 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2023 |
| ÍNDICE H | 9 |
Introduction to Volume 3, Issue 2
That report was written by two representatives of the Equipe de Parent of the
Introduction to Volume 2, Issue 2
Issue Introduction
This, the second issue of the journal Kinship , features a major article, “Crow-Omaha Kinship: Revitalizing a Problem or Generating a Solution?,” in which the author, German Dziebel (USA), argues that the Crow-Omaha terminologies should not be viewed on a case-by-case basis but from a systems perspective. The article is followed by five comments that discuss the issues raised in the article, followed by the author's Reply to the comments. The iss…
Introduction to the Science of Kinship
In Introduction to the Science of Kinship, Murray J. Leaf and Dwight Read show how humans use specific systems of social ideas to organize their kinship relations and illustrate what this implies for the science of human social organization. Leaf and Read explain that every human society has multiple social organizations, each of which is associated with a distinct vocabulary. This vocabulary is associated with interrelated definitions of social …
Chapter 2 The Path to the Kinship Apocalypse
From Pan to Homo sapiens
Introduction to 'Kinship nomenclatures and kin marriage' by Paul Kirchhoff
Previous articleNext article FreeTranslationIntroduction to "Kinship nomenclatures and kin marriage" by Paul KirchhoffDwight ReadDwight ReadUniversity of California, Los Angeles Search for more articles by this author Full TextPDF Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailQR Code SectionsMoreThe paper by Dr. Paul Kirchhoff addresses, as its title indicates, two major topics in k…
Identity, Kinship, and the Evolution of Cooperation
Extensive cooperation among biologically unrelated individuals is uniquely human. It would be surprising if this uniqueness were not related to other uniquely human characteristics, yet current theories of human cooperation tend to ignore the human aspects of human behavior. This paper presents a theory of cooperation that draws on social, cultural, and psychological aspects of human uniqueness for which current theories have little or no explana…
From Past to Present
Back to Kinship Iii
Back to Kinship III is the third Special Issue of the e-journal, Structure and Dynamics sponsored by the group, Kinship Circle. Each issue is dedicated to current kinship research.There are 5 articles in this Special Issue, covering a wide range of kinship research questions and topics The first two articles, by William Young and Warren Shapiro, respectively, employ ethnographic evidence as the reason for revising previous kinship ideas. The next…
Why Can Hunter-Gatherer Groups Be Organized Simlarly for Resource Procurement, but Their Kinship Terminologies Are Strikingly Dissimilar
Cross-cultural research involves explanatory arguments framed at the meta-level of a cohort of societies, each with its own historical development as an internally structured and organized system. Historically, cross-cultural research on hunter-gatherer groups initially was in accord with the general anthropological interest in determining the ideational basis for differences in systems of social organization, but more recent work has shifted emp…
Extension Problem
I said, indeed, that the science of colour was mathematical the absolute certainty of a science cannot exceed the certainty of its principles And if these principles be such that on them a mathematician may determine all the phenomena of colours the science of colour will be granted mathematical (Sir Isaac Newton 1782
Kinship Systems
Kinship is a universal of human societies, built around systems of self‐centric, reciprocal social relations. In all societies, societal members are conceptually organized, to one degree or another, through structured, reciprocal systems of relations. Kinship systems are broad in their scope and interdigitate with religious, economic, political, and other social systems. A group's ideas about procreation, along with its ideas about kinship relati…
GAD Members at XII Congress of Anthropologists and Ethnologists of Russia
Why Marriage
Marriage is not founded straightforwardly upon procreation. Rather, marriage is universally - not withstanding groups such as the Mosuo of China lacking institutionalized marriage - a contractua l relationship legitimating a woman's childbearing and giving her offspring social identity. While a child-bearing woman may simply take on the motherhood role, the same is not true for fatherhood. Rather, marriage defines a male conceptually as father fo…
Back to Kinship II
The two failed orientations to kinship, nurture and fitness, are transcended as this collection of original kinship work moves forward, building on the rich theoretical and ethnographic past of kinship study to a reinvigorated future of new data, reconceptualization of paradigms, fresh debates and new theory. Using kinship to anthropomorphize nonhuman primates is rejected. Contributions from 18 distinguished scholars of kinship cover the four-fie…
The Counting Numbers Are a Cultural Idea System
The Evolution of Cultural Complexity
Among the drivers and constraints on the evolution of complex hominin culture that have been proposed throughout the years, demographic factors have been particularly persistent, and they have recently again come to gain traction in the literature in the shape of the so-called treadmill model. The treadmill model connects cultural complexity to group size via a need to constantly "outrun a treadmill of cultural loss," whose backward motion is cau…
Kinship Terminology
Kinship, Formal Models of
The Extension of Social Relations in Time and Space during the Palaeolithic and beyond
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Settlement, Society and Cognition in Human Evolution
This volume provides a landscape narrative of early hominin evolution, linking conventional material and geographic aspects of the early archaeological record with wider and more elusive social, cognitive and symbolic landscapes. It seeks to move beyond a limiting notion of early hominin culture and behaviour as dictated solely by the environment to present the early hominin world as the outcome of a dynamic dialogue between the physical environm…
Incest Taboos and Kinship
In most, if not all, societies, incest taboos—perhaps the most universal of cultural taboos—include prohibitions on marriage between parent and child or between siblings. This universality suggests a biological origin, yet the considerable variation across societies in the full range of prohibited marriage relations implies a cultural origin. Correspondingly, theories regarding the origin of incest taboos vary from those that focus on the biologi…
Kinship Theory
The received view regarding the centrality of kinship terminologies in kinship systems assumes that terminologies are genealogically constrained. This assumption ignores the generative logic of kinship terminologies, hence the need for a new paradigm. It is argued that kinship systems are based on two conceptual systems: the logic of genealogical tracing and the logic of kin term products. Structural implications of the generative logic of termin…
La parenté de nouveau en question
Population Growth, Carrying Capacity, and Conflict
The standard model of population growth and regulation is critiqued. It is argued that any model of population growth and regulation must accommodate ten propositions, and a multitrajectory model that does so is described. This model identifies competition between groups, individual choice in reproductive behavior, the scale for spatial and temporal variation in resource abundance, and the social unit for resource access and ownership as importan…
An Algebraic Account of the American Kinship Terminology [and Comments and Reply]
Although componential and transformational analyses are the generally recognized domains for the study of kinship terminology structure, neither procedure completely elucidates the structure formed by kin terms as a system of terms. Both procedures ignore that kin terms, via a kin terms product, form a structure separate from the structure imposed on a genealogical space through definition of kin terms as sets of kin types. Separation of these le…
Formal analysis of kinship terminologies and its relationship to what constitutes kinship
The goal of this paper is to relate formal analysis of kinship terminologies to a better understanding of who, culturally, are defined as our kin. Part 1 of the paper begins with a brief discussion as to why neither of the two claims - (1) kinship terminologies, which primarily have to do with social categories and (2) kinship terminologies, which are based on classification of genealogically specified relationships traced through genitor and gen…
Some Comments on Typologies in Archaeology and an Outline of a Methodology
Classification is discussed as a procedure for maximizing information about a cultural system from archaeological data. This concept is made rigorous by defining typologies in terms of assumptions about patterning among variables that result from different artifacts being manufactured for use in different activities. Interval-scaled and nominal-scaled variables are considered independently, as the problem to be solved is different in the 2 cases.…
Cognition, Algebra, and Culture in the Tongan Kinship Terminology
We present an algebraic account of the Tongan kinship terminology (TKT) that provides an insightful journey into the fabric of Tongan culture. We begin with the ethnographic account of a social event. e account provides us with the activities of that day and the centrality of kin relations in the event, but it does not inform us of the conceptual system that the participants bring with them. Rather, it is a slice in time of an ongoing dynamic pro…
A New Approach to Forming a Typology of Kinship Terminology Systems
This paper addresses typological relationships among kinship terminologies determined from structural differences in the way kin terms are organized as systems of concepts. Viewing a terminology as a system of concepts makes evident the generative logic of a terminology that starts with properties shared across several terminologies and eventually includes properties specific to a single terminology. These structural properties lead to a typology…
Numerical Taxonomy, R-Mode Factor Analysis, and Archaeological Classification
The concepts underlying numerical taxonomy and factor analysis are examined in relation to the goals and requirements of archaeological classification. Numerical taxonomy, represented in the archaeological literature most commonly by cluster analysis on raw data, is found to be inappropriate for those goals. In contrast, the technique of r-mode factor analysis fits very well with the nature of archaeological data and the general aims of archaeolo…
An Interaction Model for Resource Implement Complexity Based on Risk and Number of Annual Moves
Different hypotheses identifying factors affecting the complexity of implements used to obtain food resources by hunter-gatherer groups are assessed with regression analysis. A regression model based on interaction between growing season as a proxy measure for risk and number of yearly moves fits data on the complexity of implements for 20 hunter-gatherer groups. The interaction model leads to a division of hunter-gatherer groups into two subgrou…
Sampling Procedures for Regional Surveys
In this paper several considerations are discussed that developed out of the sampling program for the Chevelon Archaeological Research Project, located in northern Arizona, aimed at making regional surveys more effective in their recovery of data on site locations.It is argued that a sampling program based on the survey of quadrats should be evaluated in terms of its ability to effectively discover sites, consistent with creating a sample of site…
Hominid cranial capacity versus time
The Evolution of Cultural Complexity
Among the drivers and constraints on the evolution of complex hominin culture that have been proposed throughout the years, demographic factors have been particularly persistent, and they have recently again come to gain traction in the literature in the shape of the so-called treadmill model. The treadmill model connects cultural complexity to group size via a need to constantly "outrun a treadmill of cultural loss," whose backward motion is cau…
Tasmanian Knowledge and Skill
A recent article has suggested that maintenance of complex tools and associated tasks in a group depends on the presence of skilled individuals to serve as targets for imitation. The expected number of skilled target individuals, it is argued, relates to the population size. It is predicted that population size and maximum complexity of tools and/or tasks should correlate, hence a decrease in population size could lead to maladaptive loss of skil…
Hominid teeth and their relationship to hominid phylogeny
Hominid fossil teeth are analyzed in terms of size and shape and contrasted with teeth from a modern population to determine boundaries that can be placed on a reconstruction of the hominid phylogeny. Teeth alone are considered as they are the only material preserved in large enough quantities to measure population variability accurately. Problems with the use of indices such as size and shape as species markers are discussed. Conclusions that ar…
Westermarck Hypothesis Reconsidered
Comparative Media History
Journal Article Comparative Media History: An Introduction—1789 to the Present Get access Comparative Media History: An Introduction—1789 to the Present, by Jane Chapman (Oxford: Polity P., 2005; pp. 302. £55; pb. £15.99). Donald Read Donald Read University of Kent Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume CXXI, Issue 492, June 2006, Pages 959–961, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/ce…
Descriptive Statements, Covering Laws, and Theories in Archaeology [and Comments and Reply]
The paradigm for explanation in archaeology presented by the "new archaeologists" is reviewed and shown to need further elaboration. It is argued that that presentation has overemphasized the form of explanatory arguments and insufficiently considered their content. Not all explanatory arguments provide intuitively satisfactory explanations of particular observations. Instead, intuitively satisfactory explanations require general theories which s…
Australopithecine Scavenging and Human Evolution
The controversy surrounding australopithecine hunting and/or scavenging behavior and the problem of Dart's contended osteodontokeratic culture of Australopithecus prometheus are hardly new issues. Yet most of the contentions on all sides have been speculative, with little firm support. Faunal analysis, when developed as a generalizing, systematic and explicit technique based on a deductively formulated body of hypotheses about cultural adaptation…
Incest Taboos and Kinship
In most, if not all, societies, incest taboos—perhaps the most universal of cultural taboos—include prohibitions on marriage between parent and child or between siblings. This universality suggests a biological origin, yet the considerable variation across societies in the full range of prohibited marriage relations implies a cultural origin. Correspondingly, theories regarding the origin of incest taboos vary from those that focus on the biologi…
The Cultural Grounding of Kinship
Les bases culturelles de la parenteUn changement de paradigmeD’un point de vue conceptuel, les systemes de parente reposent sur des modes de representation culturelle que nous appelons terminologies de parente et a partir desquelles les limites, la forme et la structure des principes d’organisation sociale sont culturellement elabores. Contrairement a ce que les anthropologues tiennent depuis longtemps pour acquis, une terminologie n’est pas forc…
Back to Kinship
In this collection, we retrace some of the historical development of the anthropological study of kinship and go back to the concepts and ideas that we, as anthropologists, had previously been circulating about kinship knowledge. We address issues that have been raised about the study of kinship, the place of kinship in anthropological knowledge and what constitutes kinship on the basis of local knowledge
Human Thought and Social Organization
Human beings have two outstanding characteristics compared to all other species: the apparently enormous elaboration of our thought through language and symbolism and the elaboration of our forms of social organization. The view taken in Human Thought and Social Organization: Anthropology on a New Plane is that these are intimately interconnected. To understand this connection, the book compares the structure of the systems of thought that organi…
A Critique of Davenport's Game Theory Analysis
Identity, Kinship, and the Evolution of Cooperation
Extensive cooperation among biologically unrelated individuals is uniquely human. It would be surprising if this uniqueness were not related to other uniquely human characteristics, yet current theories of human cooperation tend to ignore the human aspects of human behavior. This paper presents a theory of cooperation that draws on social, cultural, and psychological aspects of human uniqueness for which current theories have little or no explana…
Back to Kinship II
The two failed orientations to kinship, nurture and fitness, are transcended as this collection of original kinship work moves forward, building on the rich theoretical and ethnographic past of kinship study to a reinvigorated future of new data, reconceptualization of paradigms, fresh debates and new theory. Using kinship to anthropomorphize nonhuman primates is rejected. Contributions from 18 distinguished scholars of kinship cover the four-fie…
A Formal Explanation of Formal Explanation
Two kinds of formal models need to be distinguished: data models derived from patterned observations and theory models derived from theories about processes that produce the patterned observations. These correspond to the difference between the phenomenal domain of observations and the ideational domain of theories. Explanation can be characterized by isomorphism between data models and theory models. The physical, biological and cultural domains…
The English Provinces, c. 1760-1960. A Study in Influence
A Critique of Davenport's Game Theory Analysis
Archéologie et Calculateurs. Problèmes sémiologiques et mathématiques.. Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, 1970. 371 pp, 21 articles, discussion.
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Short Notices
Short Notices Get access DONALD READ DONALD READ University of Kent Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume LXXXVI, Issue CCCXXXVIII, January 1971, Pages 185-b–186, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/LXXXVI.CCCXXXVIII.185-b Published: 01 January 1971
Short Notices
Short Notices Get access DONALD READ DONALD READ University of Kent Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The English Historical Review, Volume LXXXVI, Issue CCCXXXVIII, January 1971, Pages 184-a–184, https://doi.org/10.1093/ehr/LXXXVI.CCCXXXVIII.184-a Published: 01 January 1971
Hominid cranial capacity versus time
Some Comments on Typologies in Archaeology and an Outline of a Methodology
Classification is discussed as a procedure for maximizing information about a cultural system from archaeological data. This concept is made rigorous by defining typologies in terms of assumptions about patterning among variables that result from different artifacts being manufactured for use in different activities. Interval-scaled and nominal-scaled variables are considered independently, as the problem to be solved is different in the 2 cases.…
Some Comments on the Use of Mathematical Models in Anthropology
It has become increasingly apparent that mathematical models may play a significant role in anthropological methodology. Less apparent is the fact that such models have an important place in formulation of theory as well. At the same time, many errors appear in attempts to use mathematical models. This paper attempts to indicate the nature of such errors and a methodology by which they can be avoided. A case study is presented showing the relatio…
Hominid teeth and their relationship to hominid phylogeny
Hominid fossil teeth are analyzed in terms of size and shape and contrasted with teeth from a modern population to determine boundaries that can be placed on a reconstruction of the hominid phylogeny. Teeth alone are considered as they are the only material preserved in large enough quantities to measure population variability accurately. Problems with the use of indices such as size and shape as species markers are discussed. Conclusions that ar…
Australopithecine Scavenging and Human Evolution
The controversy surrounding australopithecine hunting and/or scavenging behavior and the problem of Dart's contended osteodontokeratic culture of Australopithecus prometheus are hardly new issues. Yet most of the contentions on all sides have been speculative, with little firm support. Faunal analysis, when developed as a generalizing, systematic and explicit technique based on a deductively formulated body of hypotheses about cultural adaptation…
On Faunal Analysis and the Australopithecines
More on Faunal Analysis
Numerical Taxonomy, R-Mode Factor Analysis, and Archaeological Classification
The concepts underlying numerical taxonomy and factor analysis are examined in relation to the goals and requirements of archaeological classification. Numerical taxonomy, represented in the archaeological literature most commonly by cluster analysis on raw data, is found to be inappropriate for those goals. In contrast, the technique of r-mode factor analysis fits very well with the nature of archaeological data and the general aims of archaeolo…
Archaeology
Descriptive Statements, Covering Laws, and Theories in Archaeology [and Comments and Reply]
The paradigm for explanation in archaeology presented by the "new archaeologists" is reviewed and shown to need further elaboration. It is argued that that presentation has overemphasized the form of explanatory arguments and insufficiently considered their content. Not all explanatory arguments provide intuitively satisfactory explanations of particular observations. Instead, intuitively satisfactory explanations require general theories which s…
General and Theoretical
More on Covering Laws and Theory in Archaeology
Mathematics in Structural Theory [and Comments and Reply]
Levi-Strauss, amongst other anthropological theorists, has argued for the incorporation of mathematical formalization into anthropological theorizing. The integration of mathematical formalization with anthropological theory is examined in this article through the structural analysis of fandango (wedding) ritual as it is practiced among the Zapotec in a small village near Oaxaca, Mexico. The correspondence that is found between the details of the…
More on Theory Building in Archaeology
From Multivariate Statistics to Natural Selection
An Algebraic Account of the American Kinship Terminology [and Comments and Reply]
Although componential and transformational analyses are the generally recognized domains for the study of kinship terminology structure, neither procedure completely elucidates the structure formed by kin terms as a system of terms. Both procedures ignore that kin terms, via a kin terms product, form a structure separate from the structure imposed on a genealogical space through definition of kin terms as sets of kin types. Separation of these le…
Sampling Procedures for Regional Surveys
In this paper several considerations are discussed that developed out of the sampling program for the Chevelon Archaeological Research Project, located in northern Arizona, aimed at making regional surveys more effective in their recovery of data on site locations.It is argued that a sampling program based on the survey of quadrats should be evaluated in terms of its ability to effectively discover sites, consistent with creating a sample of site…
General/Theoretical Anthropology
Modeling Folk Knowledge as Expert Systems
There are striking parallels between ideas developed in the study of cognitive systems by anthropologists and the modeling of expertise in artificial intelligence research. These parallels suggest that expert system architectures can provide effective means to formulate rigorous models for theories about native expertise and so-called cultural competence. We illustrate how such modeling may be done with theprogram, BA TES (Bisayan Address Term Ex…
Anthropology and Computers
Much of current software is based on an algorithmic approach ill suited for the openended analysis using qualitative data that is typical of anthropological research. The potential for effective analysis of qualitative data exists, but will need a different kind of software that is more exploratory in its orientation. A limited survey of what anthropologists are doing with computing shows that there is interest in programs that enable one to work…
Sociology (58 obras) · Computer Science (50 obras) · History (45 obras) · Anthropology (40 obras) · History (28 obras) · Kinship (25 obras) · Library science (23 obras) · Philosophy (22 obras) · Epistemology (20 obras) · Genealogy (20 obras)