Robert Haining
Biographic Data
| ID | 1128007 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Robert Haining |
| GIVEN NAMES | Robert |
| FAMILY NAME | Haining |
| SIGNATURE | HAINING R |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Cambridge |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-3462-7218 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 47 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 173 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 47 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1948 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Using remote sensing data to derive built-form indexes to analyze the geography of residential burglary and street thefts
By deploying remotely sensed data together with spatial statistical modeling, we use regression modeling to investigate the relationship between the density of the built environment and two types of crime. We show how the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) data set, which is a measure of building density generated from Sentinel 2A satellite imagery, can be used to create different indexes to describe the built environment for the purpose of ana…
Statistical Modeling of Spatially Stratified Heterogeneous Data
Spatial statistics is an important methodology for geospatial data analysis. It has evolved to handle spatially autocorrelated data and spatially (locally) heterogeneous data, which aim to capture the first and second laws of geography, respectively. Examples of spatially stratified heterogeneity (SSH) include climatic zones and land-use types. Methods for such data are relatively underdeveloped compared to the first two properties. The presence …
Crime
The geography of crime and criminality is important in economic, political, and social geography, and there are several theoretical approaches. For acquisitive crime (e.g., theft and burglary), theories focus on the trade‐off between risk and reward (rational choice) while emphasizing the importance of individual level and environmental factors. Acquisitive and expressive crime rates are linked to everyday lifestyles and routine activities. Two r…
Crime victimization and the implications for individual health and wellbeing: A Sheffield case study
Spatial Autocorrelation
Spatial Sampling
Online appendix for: €œEvaluating the No Cold Calling zones in Peterborough, England: application of a novel statistical method for evaluating neighbourhood policing policiesâ€
Sandwich Estimation for Multi-Unit Reporting on a Stratified Heterogeneous Surface
Spatial sampling is widely used in environmental and social research. In this paper we consider the situation where instead of a single global estimate of the mean of an attribute for an area, estimates are required for each of many geographically defined reporting units (such as counties or grid cells) because their means cannot be assumed to be the same as the global figure. Not only may survey costs greatly increase if sample size has to be a …
Evaluating the No Cold Calling Zones in Peterborough, England: Application of a Novel Statistical Method for Evaluating Neighbourhood Policing Policies
Some police forces in the UK institute 'No Cold Calling' (NCC) zones to reduce cold callings (unsolicited visits to sell products or services), which are often associated with rogue trading and distraction burglary. This paper evaluates the NCC-targeted areas chosen in 2005-06 in Peterborough and reports whether they experienced a measurable impact on their burglary rates in the period up to 2008. Time-series data for burglary at the census outpu…
Rationality, Stability, and Endogenous Price Formation in Spatially Interdependent Markets
Spatial competition between firms is standard fare for traditional location theory and contemporary geographical economics. In this paper we examine the implications of modeling spatial competition using an approach grounded in geographical political economy, using mathematics as the language of theory. We make no presumptions about the existence of, or agents' prior knowledge about, equilibrium; utilizing methodologies from nonlinear dynamics ap…
Reflections on Les Curry’s contribution to spatial analysis
The Geography of Homicide in São Paulo, Brazil
The authors investigate geographical patterns of homicide in São Paulo, Brazil. The geography of crime in developing world cities has been an underresearched area in part because of the lack of good-quality, geocoded offence data. In the case of São Paulo the availability of a new digital police dataset has provided the opportunity to improve our understanding of its crime patterns. The authors report the testing of hypotheses about the spatial v…
Assessing the Geography of Vandalism: Evidence from a Swedish City
This paper investigates the occurrence of vandalism at the small-area level for the Swedish city of Malmo using data from the Skane Police Authority's database. Demographic, socioeconomic and land use characteristics measured at the small-area level are used as predictors of vandalism with particular interest in the role of collective resources. Standardised vandalism ratios were calculated and mapped using a geographical information system (GIS)…
Modelling High-Intensity Crime Areas: Comparing Police Perceptions with Offence/Offender Data in Sheffield
High-intensity crime areas are areas where high levels of violent crime coexist with large numbers of offenders, thereby creating an area that may present significant policing problems. In an earlier paper, the authors analysed police perceptions of high-intensity crime areas, and now extend that earlier work by comparing the police's perception of where such areas are located with offence/offender data. They also report on the construction of pr…
Crime in Border Regions: The Scandinavian Case of Öresund, 1998–2001
This article compares offense patterns at two points in time in Öresund, a Scandinavian border region that spans Sweden and Denmark. The aim of the analysis is to contribute to a better understanding of the relationships between crime and demographic, socioeconomic, and land use covariates in a border area that has been targeted with long‐term investments in transport. The changes effected by the construction of the Öresund bridge might be expect…
Spatial Data Analysis: Theory and Practice
Spatial Data Analysis: Theory and Practice, first published in 2003, provides a broad ranging treatment of the field of spatial data analysis. It begins with an overview of spatial data analysis and the importance of location (place, context and space) in scientific and policy related research. Covering fundamental problems concerning how attributes in geographical space are represented to the latest methods of exploratory spatial data analysis a…
GIS and spatial data analysis: Converging perspectives
Spatial Pricing in Interdependent Markets: A Case Study of Petrol Retailing in Sheffield
This paper reports the development of empirical models to explain spatial price variation in an urban area. Models are constructed for petrol price data collected in 1995 and 1997 in Sheffield, England. The 1995 data are modelled by using only supply-side predictors following the collection of supply-side information from field surveys of the retail sites, a site questionnaire survey, and interviews with site managers. The 1997 data are modelled …
Exploring Offence Statistics in Stockholm City Using Spatial Analysis Tools
The objective of this article is to investigate changes since the early 1980s in offence patterns for residential burglary, theft of and from cars, and vandalism in Stockholm City using methods from spatial statistics. The findings of previous Swedish studies on crime patterns and the insights provided by different theories, notably one propounded by Wikström (1991), provide a background for this study and are briefly reviewed. The analytical ele…
Modelling High-intensity Crime Areas in English Cities
Police forces responsible for large metropolitan areas in England and Wales have claimed that within certain parts of their urban areas there exist high-intensity crime areas (HIAs). These are areas that raise special policing problems because of the particularly violent forms of crime sometimes found within them and because of the unwillingness or inability of the resident population to co-operate fully with the police in part because of fears f…
A Comparative Evaluation of Approaches to Urban Crime Pattern Analysis
The increased availability of digital data and the increased scrutiny of public expenditure are opening new opportunities for detailed spatial analysis of social behaviour and policy initiatives to target resources where they are most needed. Two such policy areas in which the use of GIS combined with spatial analysis tools has made significant progress are health and police services, which are at the top of the political agenda due to increasing…
Error Propagation Modeling in Raster GIS: Adding and Ratioing Operations
The purpose of this paper is to identify error properties arising when source maps that individually contain error are added or when the ratio of one map with respect to another is computed. The research approach to the problem combines mathematical analysis and simulation where source maps and error processes have been constructed with specified properties. Geman and Geman's corruption model is used to represent error in individual source maps. …
Scientific Visualisation and the Exploratory Analysis of Area Data
Area data are commonly used in many social science disciplines, but have a number of characteristics which have necessitated the development of specialist tools for analysis and display. In this paper we discuss the application to area data of exploratory analysis methods and visualisation techniques, and in particular the growing number of software packages which provide visualisation methods to support exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA). …
Modeling Spatial Price Competition: Marxian versus Neoclassical Approaches
Regional political economy is an approach to economic geography that can transcend the current dualism of a new neoclassical economic geography and a new cultural economic geography. We apply this approach to modeling the pricing strategies of firms competing in a geographically extensive market, critically assessing the validity of neoclassical theoretical claims about firm behavior. The neoclassical claim that firms should maximize total profit…
Spatial Pricing in Interdependent Markets: Testing Assumptions and Modeling Price Variation. A Case Study of Gasoline Retailing in St Cloud, Minnesota
In this paper we present an empirical evaluation of assumptions about consumer purchasing behavior for gasoline. Previous research has developed a theoretical model of spatial pricing in oligopolistically competitive markets in which it is hypothesized that retail prices vary because of both consumer price sensitivity and the choice sets available to consumers as well as awareness of prices at competing locations. With the use of household survey…
GIS and spatial data analysis: Converging perspectives
The Moving Average Model for Spatial Interaction
The paper analyses the two-dimensional moving average model as a model for the study of spatial interactions. The stationary invertible moving average model is defined and its properties are derived. Special cases are considered as particu- larly valuable for geographical study and their estimation and specification theory are discussed. A specification theory is derived based on the general structure of the autocorrelation coefficients complemen…
The Geography of Homicide in São Paulo, Brazil
The authors investigate geographical patterns of homicide in São Paulo, Brazil. The geography of crime in developing world cities has been an underresearched area in part because of the lack of good-quality, geocoded offence data. In the case of São Paulo the availability of a new digital police dataset has provided the opportunity to improve our understanding of its crime patterns. The authors report the testing of hypotheses about the spatial v…
Exploring Offence Statistics in Stockholm City Using Spatial Analysis Tools
The objective of this article is to investigate changes since the early 1980s in offence patterns for residential burglary, theft of and from cars, and vandalism in Stockholm City using methods from spatial statistics. The findings of previous Swedish studies on crime patterns and the insights provided by different theories, notably one propounded by Wikström (1991), provide a background for this study and are briefly reviewed. The analytical ele…
Modelling High-intensity Crime Areas in English Cities
Police forces responsible for large metropolitan areas in England and Wales have claimed that within certain parts of their urban areas there exist high-intensity crime areas (HIAs). These are areas that raise special policing problems because of the particularly violent forms of crime sometimes found within them and because of the unwillingness or inability of the resident population to co-operate fully with the police in part because of fears f…
Crime in Border Regions: The Scandinavian Case of Öresund, 1998–2001
This article compares offense patterns at two points in time in Öresund, a Scandinavian border region that spans Sweden and Denmark. The aim of the analysis is to contribute to a better understanding of the relationships between crime and demographic, socioeconomic, and land use covariates in a border area that has been targeted with long‐term investments in transport. The changes effected by the construction of the Öresund bridge might be expect…
Assessing the Geography of Vandalism: Evidence from a Swedish City
This paper investigates the occurrence of vandalism at the small-area level for the Swedish city of Malmo using data from the Skane Police Authority's database. Demographic, socioeconomic and land use characteristics measured at the small-area level are used as predictors of vandalism with particular interest in the role of collective resources. Standardised vandalism ratios were calculated and mapped using a geographical information system (GIS)…
Statistical Modeling of Spatially Stratified Heterogeneous Data
Spatial statistics is an important methodology for geospatial data analysis. It has evolved to handle spatially autocorrelated data and spatially (locally) heterogeneous data, which aim to capture the first and second laws of geography, respectively. Examples of spatially stratified heterogeneity (SSH) include climatic zones and land-use types. Methods for such data are relatively underdeveloped compared to the first two properties. The presence …
The Problem of Missing Data on Spatial Surfaces
Although the problem of missing data arises in most branches of the discipline, it has received little systematic treatment in the geographical literature. In an effort to overcome this deficiency, this paper reviews a number of methods for approaching the problem. Of the three classes of solutions—ad hoc, cartographic interpolation, and statistical—the statistical approaches appear to be preferable. In this review a modified version of the Orcha…
Estimating Spatial-Interaction Models
The problems that arise when estimating the unknown parameters of models of spatial interaction are considered. Two models are analysed and the large-lattice theory outlined. The need for a small-lattice theory is discussed, and those aspects of the theory that distinguish it from the large-lattice theory are emphasized. The border-value problem, a central feature of small-lattice estimation theory, is discussed in relation to estimator bias. Pro…
Rationality, Stability, and Endogenous Price Formation in Spatially Interdependent Markets
Spatial competition between firms is standard fare for traditional location theory and contemporary geographical economics. In this paper we examine the implications of modeling spatial competition using an approach grounded in geographical political economy, using mathematics as the language of theory. We make no presumptions about the existence of, or agents' prior knowledge about, equilibrium; utilizing methodologies from nonlinear dynamics ap…
A Comparative Evaluation of Approaches to Urban Crime Pattern Analysis
The increased availability of digital data and the increased scrutiny of public expenditure are opening new opportunities for detailed spatial analysis of social behaviour and policy initiatives to target resources where they are most needed. Two such policy areas in which the use of GIS combined with spatial analysis tools has made significant progress are health and police services, which are at the top of the political agenda due to increasing…
Modeling Spatial Price Competition: Marxian versus Neoclassical Approaches
Regional political economy is an approach to economic geography that can transcend the current dualism of a new neoclassical economic geography and a new cultural economic geography. We apply this approach to modeling the pricing strategies of firms competing in a geographically extensive market, critically assessing the validity of neoclassical theoretical claims about firm behavior. The neoclassical claim that firms should maximize total profit…
Spatial price equilibrium in interdependent markets: Price and sales configurations
Describing and Modeling Rural Settlement Maps
Hudson's location theory for rural settlement suggests the presence of second-order structure or autocovariation in maps of farmsteads at two important scales. This structure is identified. A scale-dependent statistic that measures second-order properties of map patterns is then reviewed. The expected behavior of the statistic is stated and is then estimated for a variety of different settlement maps. The statistic has the characteristic that it …
Analysing univariate maps
Spatial Interdependencies in Population Distributions: A Study in Univariate Map Analysis. 1 Rural Population Densities
The paper discusses methods for analyzing statistically homogeneous maps. The specific example concerns rural population density surfaces, and the theories of Bylund and Hudson are used to justify the search for pattern properties in the data. The objectives of map description and map explanation are distinguished and the need to use process theories both to decide on which statistical techniques to use and in the interpretation of results is emp…
Crime victimization and the implications for individual health and wellbeing: A Sheffield case study
Modelling High-Intensity Crime Areas: Comparing Police Perceptions with Offence/Offender Data in Sheffield
High-intensity crime areas are areas where high levels of violent crime coexist with large numbers of offenders, thereby creating an area that may present significant policing problems. In an earlier paper, the authors analysed police perceptions of high-intensity crime areas, and now extend that earlier work by comparing the police's perception of where such areas are located with offence/offender data. They also report on the construction of pr…
Estimation with heteroscedastic and correlated errors: A spatial analysis of intra-urban mortality data
Sandwich Estimation for Multi-Unit Reporting on a Stratified Heterogeneous Surface
Spatial sampling is widely used in environmental and social research. In this paper we consider the situation where instead of a single global estimate of the mean of an attribute for an area, estimates are required for each of many geographically defined reporting units (such as counties or grid cells) because their means cannot be assumed to be the same as the global figure. Not only may survey costs greatly increase if sample size has to be a …
Error Propagation Modeling in Raster GIS: Adding and Ratioing Operations
The purpose of this paper is to identify error properties arising when source maps that individually contain error are added or when the ratio of one map with respect to another is computed. The research approach to the problem combines mathematical analysis and simulation where source maps and error processes have been constructed with specified properties. Geman and Geman's corruption model is used to represent error in individual source maps. …
Spatial Pricing in Interdependent Markets: Testing Assumptions and Modeling Price Variation. A Case Study of Gasoline Retailing in St Cloud, Minnesota
In this paper we present an empirical evaluation of assumptions about consumer purchasing behavior for gasoline. Previous research has developed a theoretical model of spatial pricing in oligopolistically competitive markets in which it is hypothesized that retail prices vary because of both consumer price sensitivity and the choice sets available to consumers as well as awareness of prices at competing locations. With the use of household survey…
Spatial Interdependencies in Population Distributions: A Study in Univariate Map Analysis. 2 Urban Population Distributions
This paper starts by discussing the relationships between process and map structure and the nature of certain types of geographical spaces. There is then a discussion of urban population distributions, which are here classified as statistically nonhomogeneous. This leads to the use of different statistical techniques from those employed in the previous paper, and a simple example based on the Beckmann–McPherson model with the use of the SW Wiscon…
A Spatial Model for High Plains Agriculture
A random field model, consisting of a regional trend component and a local interaction component, describes the spatial pattern of corn and wheat yields in the High Plains. The presence of spatial autocorrelation in the local component raises interesting statistical estimation problems. Temporal variations in the slope and interaction parameters are a function of climatic fluctuations. The local component reflects intercounty spatial autocorrelat…
Playing With Strife: The Autobiography of a Soldier
Playing With Strife: The Autobiography of a Soldier Playing with Strife: the Autobiography of a Soldier. By Lieutenant-General Philip Neame, Lieutenant-Governor of the Bailiwick of Guernsey. 1947. (London: Harrap. 8′′ × 51⁄2′′. 352 pp. Illus. 15s.) Robert Haining Robert Haining Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 24, Issue 2, April 1948, Pages 245–246, https://doi.org/10.2307/3017…
Mathematics in the geography curriculum
The reasons for teaching mathematics to geography students in higher education are outlined and some of the constraints we must work within are discussed. Three issues are then taken in detail: first, the mathematical standards we should set, second, whether there should be streaming of students and finally the type of course structure we should institute. Specific examples of mathematics in geography emphasise the need for students to be shown h…
The Moving Average Model for Spatial Interaction
The paper analyses the two-dimensional moving average model as a model for the study of spatial interactions. The stationary invertible moving average model is defined and its properties are derived. Special cases are considered as particu- larly valuable for geographical study and their estimation and specification theory are discussed. A specification theory is derived based on the general structure of the autocorrelation coefficients complemen…
A Spatial Model for High Plains Agriculture
A random field model, consisting of a regional trend component and a local interaction component, describes the spatial pattern of corn and wheat yields in the High Plains. The presence of spatial autocorrelation in the local component raises interesting statistical estimation problems. Temporal variations in the slope and interaction parameters are a function of climatic fluctuations. The local component reflects intercounty spatial autocorrelat…
Estimating Spatial-Interaction Models
The problems that arise when estimating the unknown parameters of models of spatial interaction are considered. Two models are analysed and the large-lattice theory outlined. The need for a small-lattice theory is discussed, and those aspects of the theory that distinguish it from the large-lattice theory are emphasized. The border-value problem, a central feature of small-lattice estimation theory, is discussed in relation to estimator bias. Pro…
Analysing univariate maps
Spatial Interdependencies in Population Distributions: A Study in Univariate Map Analysis. 1 Rural Population Densities
The paper discusses methods for analyzing statistically homogeneous maps. The specific example concerns rural population density surfaces, and the theories of Bylund and Hudson are used to justify the search for pattern properties in the data. The objectives of map description and map explanation are distinguished and the need to use process theories both to decide on which statistical techniques to use and in the interpretation of results is emp…
Spatial Interdependencies in Population Distributions: A Study in Univariate Map Analysis. 2 Urban Population Distributions
This paper starts by discussing the relationships between process and map structure and the nature of certain types of geographical spaces. There is then a discussion of urban population distributions, which are here classified as statistically nonhomogeneous. This leads to the use of different statistical techniques from those employed in the previous paper, and a simple example based on the Beckmann–McPherson model with the use of the SW Wiscon…
Describing and Modeling Rural Settlement Maps
Hudson's location theory for rural settlement suggests the presence of second-order structure or autocovariation in maps of farmsteads at two important scales. This structure is identified. A scale-dependent statistic that measures second-order properties of map patterns is then reviewed. The expected behavior of the statistic is stated and is then estimated for a variety of different settlement maps. The statistic has the characteristic that it …
Map Analysis: Description or Modelling
The role of descriptive measures of map pattern for lattice distributions and point processes and the usefulness of proceeding beyond these measures to the construction of statistical models of the data is discussed. For certain problems of estimation, forecasting, and equilibrium process modelling, it is argued that model building does add to an interpretation of map structure
Spatial and Spatial-Temporal Interaction Models and the Analysis of Patterns of Diffusion
The paper discusses a modelling approach to map analysis where the observations can be considered to be a drawing from some multivariate distribution. Whilst autocorrelation estimates provide some evidence on the nature of map structure, the strategy presented here allows a more extensive analysis of alternative spatial structures. An empirical application in the area of diffusion modelling is presented. The motivation for this study comes from i…
Testing a Spatial Interacting-Markets Hypothesis
Two models for competitive spatial pricing between retail outlets in a single urban area are presented. The models are distinguished in terms of first, their relationships to underlying supply and demand conditions in the market and second, the spatial forms of inter-site competition described. Properties of the models are identified. The statistical theory appropriate to these models is reviewed and the models then fitted to data for retail gaso…
The Problem of Missing Data on Spatial Surfaces
Although the problem of missing data arises in most branches of the discipline, it has received little systematic treatment in the geographical literature. In an effort to overcome this deficiency, this paper reviews a number of methods for approaching the problem. Of the three classes of solutions—ad hoc, cartographic interpolation, and statistical—the statistical approaches appear to be preferable. In this review a modified version of the Orcha…
Spatial Structure, Spatial Interaction, and Their Integration: A Review of Alternative Models
Models of spatial structure, spatial interaction, and integrated location-interaction models are reviewed and the nature of their contribution to the geographer's understanding of patterns and change is explored. The main discussion focuses first on spatial structure and then on spatial interaction. Integrated models are explored in relation to six categories employed by Zeeman, the first of these being concerned with pattern, the rest with incre…
Small Area Aggregate Income Models: Theory and Methods with an Application to Urban and Rural Income Data for Pennsylvania
HAINING R. (1987) Small area aggregate income models: theory and methods with an application to urban and rural income data for Pennsylvania, Reg. Studies 21, 519–529. This paper examines two Keynesian models for describing geographical variations in community income levels. Community income is divided into exogenous and endogenous components. Exogenous income is then further partitioned into inter-regional and inter-community scales of income tr…
Statistical Analysis of Spatial Data in the Presence of Missing Observations: A Methodological Guide and an Application to Urban Census Data
In this paper a simple introduction and guide to a widely applicable method for estimating missing data in fields of enquiry such as census maps or LANDSAT images are presented. The method given is a maximum likelihood procedure. This is argued to have the particularly favourable characteristics (1) that its distribution properties are known, (2) it is applicable both to regularly and to irregularly spaced observations, (3) it can handle differen…
Spatial Data Analysis in the Social and Environmental Sciences
Within both the social and environmental sciences, much of the data collected is within a spatial context and requires statistical analysis for interpretation. The purpose of this book is to describe current methods for the analysis of spatial data. Methods described include data description, map interpolation, and exploratory and explanatory analyses. The book also examines spatial referencing, and methods for detecting problems, assessing their…
Estimation with heteroscedastic and correlated errors: A spatial analysis of intra-urban mortality data
Estimation With Heteroscedastic and Correlated Errors: A Spatial Analysis of Intra‐urban Mortality Data
The Accuracy of Spatial Databases
Spatial Data Analysis in the Social and Environmental Sciences
Spatial price equilibrium in interdependent markets: Price and sales configurations
Modeling Spatial Price Competition: Marxian versus Neoclassical Approaches
Regional political economy is an approach to economic geography that can transcend the current dualism of a new neoclassical economic geography and a new cultural economic geography. We apply this approach to modeling the pricing strategies of firms competing in a geographically extensive market, critically assessing the validity of neoclassical theoretical claims about firm behavior. The neoclassical claim that firms should maximize total profit…
Spatial Pricing in Interdependent Markets: Testing Assumptions and Modeling Price Variation. A Case Study of Gasoline Retailing in St Cloud, Minnesota
In this paper we present an empirical evaluation of assumptions about consumer purchasing behavior for gasoline. Previous research has developed a theoretical model of spatial pricing in oligopolistically competitive markets in which it is hypothesized that retail prices vary because of both consumer price sensitivity and the choice sets available to consumers as well as awareness of prices at competing locations. With the use of household survey…
Error Propagation Modeling in Raster GIS: Adding and Ratioing Operations
The purpose of this paper is to identify error properties arising when source maps that individually contain error are added or when the ratio of one map with respect to another is computed. The research approach to the problem combines mathematical analysis and simulation where source maps and error processes have been constructed with specified properties. Geman and Geman's corruption model is used to represent error in individual source maps. …
Geography (30 works) · Spatial and Panel Data Analysis (27 works) · Mathematics (26 works) · Computer Science (23 works) · Statistics (21 works) · Econometrics (16 works) · Sociology (15 works) · Economics (12 works) · Cartography (11 works) · Crime Patterns and Interventions (11 works)