Caleb T Carr
Biographic Data
| ID | 112939 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Caleb T Carr |
| GIVEN NAMES | Caleb T |
| FAMILY NAME | Carr |
| SIGNATURE | CARR C T |
| AFFILIATIONS | Illinois State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-5700-6636 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 27 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 86 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 27 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2002 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
Effects of Multitasking During Interpersonal Video Chats
Even when engaged in synchronous dyadic video chats, individuals can be distracted from their communication partner. Drawing on the concept of crosstalk in face-to-face interactions, two studies explored the impact of a video chat partner’s distraction on perceptions of that partner’s social attractiveness, electronic propinquity, conversational immediacy, and social presence. The first study (N = 40) used a survey to have respondents recall and …
Supporting JMP in 2025
Understanding Parents’ Information Seeking About Adolescents’ Use of Social Apps Using Theory of Motivated Information Management
Many parents have concerns about what their adolescent children are doing online, including potential risks of their tweens and teens encountering people who may want to harm them. Some fear they do not know what their children are doing online and may be motivated to seek information to alleviate their uncertainty. This study applied the theory of motivated information management (TMIM) to examine parents’ information management process amid fee…
Tempus Fugit
As social media readily enables users to traverse a targets’ posted content across time, the present research explores the effects of two types of temporality – occurrence and display order – on offline perceptions. Using the context of employers’ impression formation of job applicants, N = 200 human resource personnel were exposed to a job posting and an applicant’s resume and supplemental social media posts in a fully crossed 2 (occurrence orde…
Temporal Impacts of Problematic Social Media Content on Perceived Employee Hirability
Job applicants’ social media postings and presence can impact employers’ perceptions during the hiring process. The current study expands this line of inquiry, exploring the effects of both message characteristics (i.e. post temporality) and individual characteristics (i.e. hiring manager’s view about individuals’ ability to change over time). Results of a 2 (problematic content: present v. absent) × 3 (post temporality: recent v. 2 years ago v. …
Words, words, words
Informed consent is an essential part of conducting human subjects research; but its utility is dependent on participants actually reading the consent forms provided. This research conducted secondary analysis of data (N = 1,283) to assess how long participants spent on the consent forms. Participants spent an average of 35.4 seconds on consent documents: not a nonsignficant amount of time (i.e., different from 0 seconds), but insufficient to rea…
Identity shift effects of personalization of self-presentation on extraversion
Research has noted an individual’s deliberate mediated self-presentation can transform subsequent self-perceptions, a process known as identity shift. Guided by the masspersonal communication model as a framework, the present study extends extant identity shift research by considering how the personalization of that self-presentation influences self-transformative processes. An experimental study (N = 103) utilized a 2 (self-presentation: introve…
Toward a Theoretical Framework of Relational Maintenance in Computer-Mediated Communication
This article addresses the need for theoretical frameworks from which to advance the study of interpersonal relational maintenance in computer-mediated communication (CMC). We suggest one way to satisfy this need is to extend and adapt extant theories of offline relational maintenance to mediated interactions by addressing how CMC is likely integrated to sustain the underlying processes of human interaction in newer channels. Social penetration t…
An Explication of Identity Shift Theory
First articulated in 2008, the concept of identity shift refers to the process of self-transformation that is the result of intentional self-presentation in a mediated context. As research into identity shift has become increasingly prevalent, our understanding of the concept’s mechanisms and constraints has become more detailed and in depth. We now have a greater understanding of the process and limitations of identity shift: an understanding su…
Employer reviews may say as much about the employee as they do the employer
Do reviews on organizational review websites (e.g., Indeed.com, GlassDoor.com) speak to the employer or the employee? This study tests the structural relationship between cognitive and affective organizational attachments and three outcomes: willingness to disclose one’s workplace online, unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB), and workplace reviews. Using a national sample of U.S. workers (N = 304), we examine how organizational identificat…
Assessing the cognitive and communicative properties of Facebook Reactions and Likes as lightweight feedback cues
The emergence of Facebook Reactions provides new opportunities to explore the nature of paralinguistic digital affordances (PDAs; lightweight one-click social media response cues). Guided by adaptive structuration theory and the concept of cognitive automaticity, a survey of 255 individuals aged 18–24 assessed the cognitive processes and communicative meanings associated with the provision of Facebook Reactions and Likes. Although Like and Reacti…
Advancing a Dual-Process Model to Explain Interpersonal Versus Intergroup Communication in Social Media
Existing theories within interpersonal (IPC) and intergroup communication (IGC) have not yet explained when online interactions are initially intergroup in nature, interpersonal, or both. We address this undertheorized conundrum—which is particularly challenging as more communication occurs on social media, in which a multitude of goals may converge—by proposing the dual-process model of interpersonal–intergroup communication (IPC–IPG). Focusing …
The Delocalization of the Local Election
Local elections are no longer just influenced by, marketed toward, or relevant to only a small, geographically constrained electorate. Social media increasingly connect politics to publics that may extend beyond politicians' or issues' local constituencies. Every election-from Senator to alderperson-has been rendered accessible and relevant to broad individuals, organizations, and interests. Now, campaigns-particularly in close races or battlegro…
CMC Is Dead, Long Live CMC
As the term “computer” and the processes and effects of technologies in human communication broaden, there is a need to have an accounting of the computer-mediated communication (CMC) subdiscipline. After identifying some of the changes that have occurred in both devices and our theories of CMC, suggestions are offered for how to uniquely situate CMC in the future. Ultimately, this article calls for a realignment of CMC scholarship away from focu…
Toward a relational matrix model of avatar-mediated interactions
When Nobody 'Likes' You
This research explores the processes of perceived ostracism ensuing from a lack of feedback via paralinguistic digital affordances (PDAs), the one-click tools (e.g., Likes and +1s) which are one of the most used features of social media, provided to an individual's posted social media content. The positive and negative psychological outcomes of social media communication have been well-documented. However, as social media have become entrenched a…
Masspersonal communication
Theoretical discussions about the false dichotomy between interpersonal and mass communication scholarship continue while the emergence of powerful and flexible digital communication tools have made the old distinctions more permeable than ever. Individuals are using communication technologies in ways that expand the intersection of interpersonal communication and mass communication, calling for new frameworks. We introduce masspersonal communica…
One Click, Many Meanings
In this study we conceptualize cues in social media that require a single click (e.g., Likes, Favorites) as paralinguistic digital affordances (PDAs). Why do people use PDAs and how do they interpret them when they are the recipient? Through focus groups (N = 25) and interviews (N = 26) we address these research questions within a uses and gratifications framework. Using adaptive structuration theory as a lens for analysis, we examine both faithf…
As Social Support
It's the Audience
Responding to recent calls to transcend social media platforms when examining media effects, and using the social information processing model to predict and explain results, this multi-method study first uses a US national survey ( N = 325) to examine perceived effectiveness of social support and relational closeness via paralinguistic digital affordances (PDAs; e.g., 'Likes,' '+1s,' and 'Upvotes')-the one-click tools for phatic communication-be…
Social Media
What is a social medium, and how may one moderate, isolate, and influence communicative processes within? Although scholars assume an inherent understanding of social media based on extant technology, there is no commonly accepted definition of what social media are, both functionally and theoretically, within communication studies. Given this lack of understanding, cogent theorizing regarding the uses and effects of social media has been limited…
Spotlight on ethics
Bullying, often considered an interpersonal or intergroup behaviour, has not been explored as an unintended artefact of organisational structure. Institutional review boards (IRBs), the 'human research ethics committees' at US universities, help oversee the protection of human research subjects, particularly in the social sciences within higher education, but are organisationally situated so that they often have unchecked power over research. Con…
Increasing Attributional Certainty via Social Media
This study presents a novel examination of changes in attributions about individuals via information obtained from online sources within the context of hiring decisions. An experiment had 127 participants examine dossiers collected about a job applicant, in some conditions containing either positively or negatively valenced information about the applicant, obtained from the Internet. Results indicated online information significantly increases at…
Speech Acts Within Facebook Status Messages
This research examines the use of speech acts in computer-mediated communication, specifically in the status messages of the social network site Facebook, to communicate in both a mass and an interpersonal medium. A total of 204 status messages created by 46 participants were captured 3 times daily over 14 consecutive days. Content analysis of these data revealed that status messages were most frequently constructed with expressive speech acts, f…
It's Complicated
In the 2008 U.S. presidential election, social network sites such as Facebook allowed users to share their political beliefs, support specific candidates, and interact with others on political issues. But do political activities on Facebook affect political participation among young voters, a group traditionally perceived as apathetic in regard to civic engagement? Or do these activities represent another example of feel-good participation that h…
Masspersonal communication
Theoretical discussions about the false dichotomy between interpersonal and mass communication scholarship continue while the emergence of powerful and flexible digital communication tools have made the old distinctions more permeable than ever. Individuals are using communication technologies in ways that expand the intersection of interpersonal communication and mass communication, calling for new frameworks. We introduce masspersonal communica…
Effects of Interpersonal Goals on Inadvertent Intrapersonal Influence in Computer-Mediated Communication
This research explores a sequence of effects pertaining to the influence of relational goals on online information seeking, the use of information and arguments as relational management strategies in computer-mediated chat, and the intrapersonal attitude change resulting from these processes. Affinity versus disaffinity goals affected participants' information seeking for communicatory utility (Atkin, 1972), their conversational behaviors, and th…
An Explication of Identity Shift Theory
First articulated in 2008, the concept of identity shift refers to the process of self-transformation that is the result of intentional self-presentation in a mediated context. As research into identity shift has become increasingly prevalent, our understanding of the concept’s mechanisms and constraints has become more detailed and in depth. We now have a greater understanding of the process and limitations of identity shift: an understanding su…
CMC Is Dead, Long Live CMC
As the term “computer” and the processes and effects of technologies in human communication broaden, there is a need to have an accounting of the computer-mediated communication (CMC) subdiscipline. After identifying some of the changes that have occurred in both devices and our theories of CMC, suggestions are offered for how to uniquely situate CMC in the future. Ultimately, this article calls for a realignment of CMC scholarship away from focu…
Speech Acts Within Facebook Status Messages
This research examines the use of speech acts in computer-mediated communication, specifically in the status messages of the social network site Facebook, to communicate in both a mass and an interpersonal medium. A total of 204 status messages created by 46 participants were captured 3 times daily over 14 consecutive days. Content analysis of these data revealed that status messages were most frequently constructed with expressive speech acts, f…
It's the Audience
Responding to recent calls to transcend social media platforms when examining media effects, and using the social information processing model to predict and explain results, this multi-method study first uses a US national survey ( N = 325) to examine perceived effectiveness of social support and relational closeness via paralinguistic digital affordances (PDAs; e.g., 'Likes,' '+1s,' and 'Upvotes')-the one-click tools for phatic communication-be…
Toward a Theoretical Framework of Relational Maintenance in Computer-Mediated Communication
This article addresses the need for theoretical frameworks from which to advance the study of interpersonal relational maintenance in computer-mediated communication (CMC). We suggest one way to satisfy this need is to extend and adapt extant theories of offline relational maintenance to mediated interactions by addressing how CMC is likely integrated to sustain the underlying processes of human interaction in newer channels. Social penetration t…
When Nobody 'Likes' You
This research explores the processes of perceived ostracism ensuing from a lack of feedback via paralinguistic digital affordances (PDAs), the one-click tools (e.g., Likes and +1s) which are one of the most used features of social media, provided to an individual's posted social media content. The positive and negative psychological outcomes of social media communication have been well-documented. However, as social media have become entrenched a…
Spotlight on ethics
Bullying, often considered an interpersonal or intergroup behaviour, has not been explored as an unintended artefact of organisational structure. Institutional review boards (IRBs), the 'human research ethics committees' at US universities, help oversee the protection of human research subjects, particularly in the social sciences within higher education, but are organisationally situated so that they often have unchecked power over research. Con…
Increasing Attributional Certainty via Social Media
This study presents a novel examination of changes in attributions about individuals via information obtained from online sources within the context of hiring decisions. An experiment had 127 participants examine dossiers collected about a job applicant, in some conditions containing either positively or negatively valenced information about the applicant, obtained from the Internet. Results indicated online information significantly increases at…
Advancing a Dual-Process Model to Explain Interpersonal Versus Intergroup Communication in Social Media
Existing theories within interpersonal (IPC) and intergroup communication (IGC) have not yet explained when online interactions are initially intergroup in nature, interpersonal, or both. We address this undertheorized conundrum—which is particularly challenging as more communication occurs on social media, in which a multitude of goals may converge—by proposing the dual-process model of interpersonal–intergroup communication (IPC–IPG). Focusing …
Managing Economic Crisis
Managing economic crisis will require organisational and regional cooperation, based upon shared and mutually respectful understandings of the causes of, and solutions to, economic turbulence. In the wake of the 1997-98 Asian economic crisis, and following extensive collaboration between Thai and Australian behavioural scientists on the structure and content of an appropriate item pool, 252 citizens of Darwin, Australia's nearest urban neighbour,…
Effects of Interpersonal Goals on Inadvertent Intrapersonal Influence in Computer-Mediated Communication
This research explores a sequence of effects pertaining to the influence of relational goals on online information seeking, the use of information and arguments as relational management strategies in computer-mediated chat, and the intrapersonal attitude change resulting from these processes. Affinity versus disaffinity goals affected participants' information seeking for communicatory utility (Atkin, 1972), their conversational behaviors, and th…
It's Complicated
In the 2008 U.S. presidential election, social network sites such as Facebook allowed users to share their political beliefs, support specific candidates, and interact with others on political issues. But do political activities on Facebook affect political participation among young voters, a group traditionally perceived as apathetic in regard to civic engagement? Or do these activities represent another example of feel-good participation that h…
Speech Acts Within Facebook Status Messages
This research examines the use of speech acts in computer-mediated communication, specifically in the status messages of the social network site Facebook, to communicate in both a mass and an interpersonal medium. A total of 204 status messages created by 46 participants were captured 3 times daily over 14 consecutive days. Content analysis of these data revealed that status messages were most frequently constructed with expressive speech acts, f…
Increasing Attributional Certainty via Social Media
This study presents a novel examination of changes in attributions about individuals via information obtained from online sources within the context of hiring decisions. An experiment had 127 participants examine dossiers collected about a job applicant, in some conditions containing either positively or negatively valenced information about the applicant, obtained from the Internet. Results indicated online information significantly increases at…
Social Media
What is a social medium, and how may one moderate, isolate, and influence communicative processes within? Although scholars assume an inherent understanding of social media based on extant technology, there is no commonly accepted definition of what social media are, both functionally and theoretically, within communication studies. Given this lack of understanding, cogent theorizing regarding the uses and effects of social media has been limited…
Spotlight on ethics
Bullying, often considered an interpersonal or intergroup behaviour, has not been explored as an unintended artefact of organisational structure. Institutional review boards (IRBs), the 'human research ethics committees' at US universities, help oversee the protection of human research subjects, particularly in the social sciences within higher education, but are organisationally situated so that they often have unchecked power over research. Con…
One Click, Many Meanings
In this study we conceptualize cues in social media that require a single click (e.g., Likes, Favorites) as paralinguistic digital affordances (PDAs). Why do people use PDAs and how do they interpret them when they are the recipient? Through focus groups (N = 25) and interviews (N = 26) we address these research questions within a uses and gratifications framework. Using adaptive structuration theory as a lens for analysis, we examine both faithf…
As Social Support
It's the Audience
Responding to recent calls to transcend social media platforms when examining media effects, and using the social information processing model to predict and explain results, this multi-method study first uses a US national survey ( N = 325) to examine perceived effectiveness of social support and relational closeness via paralinguistic digital affordances (PDAs; e.g., 'Likes,' '+1s,' and 'Upvotes')-the one-click tools for phatic communication-be…
Masspersonal communication
Theoretical discussions about the false dichotomy between interpersonal and mass communication scholarship continue while the emergence of powerful and flexible digital communication tools have made the old distinctions more permeable than ever. Individuals are using communication technologies in ways that expand the intersection of interpersonal communication and mass communication, calling for new frameworks. We introduce masspersonal communica…
Toward a relational matrix model of avatar-mediated interactions
When Nobody 'Likes' You
This research explores the processes of perceived ostracism ensuing from a lack of feedback via paralinguistic digital affordances (PDAs), the one-click tools (e.g., Likes and +1s) which are one of the most used features of social media, provided to an individual's posted social media content. The positive and negative psychological outcomes of social media communication have been well-documented. However, as social media have become entrenched a…
CMC Is Dead, Long Live CMC
As the term “computer” and the processes and effects of technologies in human communication broaden, there is a need to have an accounting of the computer-mediated communication (CMC) subdiscipline. After identifying some of the changes that have occurred in both devices and our theories of CMC, suggestions are offered for how to uniquely situate CMC in the future. Ultimately, this article calls for a realignment of CMC scholarship away from focu…
Employer reviews may say as much about the employee as they do the employer
Do reviews on organizational review websites (e.g., Indeed.com, GlassDoor.com) speak to the employer or the employee? This study tests the structural relationship between cognitive and affective organizational attachments and three outcomes: willingness to disclose one’s workplace online, unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB), and workplace reviews. Using a national sample of U.S. workers (N = 304), we examine how organizational identificat…
Assessing the cognitive and communicative properties of Facebook Reactions and Likes as lightweight feedback cues
The emergence of Facebook Reactions provides new opportunities to explore the nature of paralinguistic digital affordances (PDAs; lightweight one-click social media response cues). Guided by adaptive structuration theory and the concept of cognitive automaticity, a survey of 255 individuals aged 18–24 assessed the cognitive processes and communicative meanings associated with the provision of Facebook Reactions and Likes. Although Like and Reacti…
Advancing a Dual-Process Model to Explain Interpersonal Versus Intergroup Communication in Social Media
Existing theories within interpersonal (IPC) and intergroup communication (IGC) have not yet explained when online interactions are initially intergroup in nature, interpersonal, or both. We address this undertheorized conundrum—which is particularly challenging as more communication occurs on social media, in which a multitude of goals may converge—by proposing the dual-process model of interpersonal–intergroup communication (IPC–IPG). Focusing …
The Delocalization of the Local Election
Local elections are no longer just influenced by, marketed toward, or relevant to only a small, geographically constrained electorate. Social media increasingly connect politics to publics that may extend beyond politicians' or issues' local constituencies. Every election-from Senator to alderperson-has been rendered accessible and relevant to broad individuals, organizations, and interests. Now, campaigns-particularly in close races or battlegro…
Identity shift effects of personalization of self-presentation on extraversion
Research has noted an individual’s deliberate mediated self-presentation can transform subsequent self-perceptions, a process known as identity shift. Guided by the masspersonal communication model as a framework, the present study extends extant identity shift research by considering how the personalization of that self-presentation influences self-transformative processes. An experimental study (N = 103) utilized a 2 (self-presentation: introve…
Toward a Theoretical Framework of Relational Maintenance in Computer-Mediated Communication
This article addresses the need for theoretical frameworks from which to advance the study of interpersonal relational maintenance in computer-mediated communication (CMC). We suggest one way to satisfy this need is to extend and adapt extant theories of offline relational maintenance to mediated interactions by addressing how CMC is likely integrated to sustain the underlying processes of human interaction in newer channels. Social penetration t…
An Explication of Identity Shift Theory
First articulated in 2008, the concept of identity shift refers to the process of self-transformation that is the result of intentional self-presentation in a mediated context. As research into identity shift has become increasingly prevalent, our understanding of the concept’s mechanisms and constraints has become more detailed and in depth. We now have a greater understanding of the process and limitations of identity shift: an understanding su…
Temporal Impacts of Problematic Social Media Content on Perceived Employee Hirability
Job applicants’ social media postings and presence can impact employers’ perceptions during the hiring process. The current study expands this line of inquiry, exploring the effects of both message characteristics (i.e. post temporality) and individual characteristics (i.e. hiring manager’s view about individuals’ ability to change over time). Results of a 2 (problematic content: present v. absent) × 3 (post temporality: recent v. 2 years ago v. …
Words, words, words
Informed consent is an essential part of conducting human subjects research; but its utility is dependent on participants actually reading the consent forms provided. This research conducted secondary analysis of data (N = 1,283) to assess how long participants spent on the consent forms. Participants spent an average of 35.4 seconds on consent documents: not a nonsignficant amount of time (i.e., different from 0 seconds), but insufficient to rea…
Tempus Fugit
As social media readily enables users to traverse a targets’ posted content across time, the present research explores the effects of two types of temporality – occurrence and display order – on offline perceptions. Using the context of employers’ impression formation of job applicants, N = 200 human resource personnel were exposed to a job posting and an applicant’s resume and supplemental social media posts in a fully crossed 2 (occurrence orde…
Effects of Multitasking During Interpersonal Video Chats
Even when engaged in synchronous dyadic video chats, individuals can be distracted from their communication partner. Drawing on the concept of crosstalk in face-to-face interactions, two studies explored the impact of a video chat partner’s distraction on perceptions of that partner’s social attractiveness, electronic propinquity, conversational immediacy, and social presence. The first study (N = 40) used a survey to have respondents recall and …
Psychology (22 works) · Social Psychology (16 works) · Computer Science (15 works) · Social media (12 works) · World Wide Web (11 works) · Impact of Technology on Adolescents (10 works) · Social Media and Politics (10 works) · Cognitive psychology (9 works) · Political science (9 works) · Interpersonal communication (8 works)