Carole A Winston
Biographic Data
| ID | 114592 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Carole A Winston |
| GIVEN NAMES | Carole A |
| FAMILY NAME | Winston |
| SIGNATURE | WINSTON C A |
| AFFILIATIONS | The University of Melbourne |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-0261-966X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 21 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 58 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 21 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2000 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2023 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
International Norms as Emergent Properties of Complex Adaptive Systems
This theory note argues that international norms, as currently understood by scholars of international relations, can be seen as emergent properties of a complex adaptive system (the international political system). Arising from the microlevel interactions of agents within and across various levels of analysis, they have the potential to become system properties that (a) influence the constitution, relationships, and behavior of agents within tha…
Words count
Scholarship on human rights norms is fraught with inconsistencies between different interpretations of norm diffusion and effect. This problem can be remedied in part through a closer examination of the structure of norms themselves and how that structure informs the process of data collection, particularly for quantitative analysis. Contemporary international norms have a tripartite structure, and research on contemporary norms must gather data …
Truth commissions as tactical concessions
Tactical concessions represent a critical juncture in the process of human rights change; depending on how they are used by autocrats or the opposition, they can either thwart or enable further improvements in human rights. This article argues that some truth commissions, traditionally examined with a transitional justice lens, should instead be considered as tactical concessions. In many ways, the two sets of theorised causal processes overlap s…
Prevalence of Tuberculosis Disease Among Adult US-Bound Refugees with Chronic Kidney Disease
NGO participation in global governance institutions
The Mass Appeal of Human Rights
How can human rights campaigners thread the needle between a broad appeal to the public and deep, meaningful, inescapably political engagement on human rights issues? In his first book, Joel Pruce
Age-Period-Cohort Analyses of Tuberculosis Incidence Rates by Nativity, United States, 1996–2016
Objectives. To assess changes in US tuberculosis (TB) incidence rates by age, period, and cohort effects, stratified according to race/ethnicity and nativity. Methods. We used US National Tuberculosis Surveillance System data for 1996 to 2016 to estimate trends through age-period-cohort models. Results. Controlling for cohort and period effects indicated that the highest rates of TB incidence occurred among those 0 to 5 and 20 to 30 years of age.…
Norm structure, diffusion, and evolution
Norms are one of the most widely studied topics of contemporary International Relations scholarship. Norms scholars have created an extensive theoretical and empirical literature to identify, describe, and analyze the emergence, diffusion, and effect of norms in the international system. However, this scholarship is inconsistent in how it treats state choice and norm diffusion; in particular, it is divided between theories that emphasize continui…
Talking About Torture
Tuberculosis Among Africans Living in the United States, 2000–2009
A national study of socioeconomic status and tuberculosis rates by country of birth, United States, 1996–2005
Low SES is only weakly associated with TB among foreign-born persons in the United States. The traditional associations of TB with poverty are not sufficient to explain the epidemiology of TB among foreign-born persons in this country and perhaps in other developed countries. TB outreach and research efforts that focus only on low SES will miss an important segment of the foreign-born population
Parental Relationships of Young Adults in Long-Term Care
This research explores the parental relationship (or lack thereof) between young adults in long-term care facilities and their children. The study explores not only the ecological impediments presented by the medical disposition of the parent but the psychosocial schism between parent and child, notwithstanding the redefinition of their role as parent and acceptance of the concept of interdependence. The article qualitatively addresses how such b…
Unexpected decline in tuberculosis cases coincident with economic recession - United States, 2009
Our assessments show that the decline in reported TB was not an artifact of changes in surveillance methods; rather, similar declines were found through multiple data sources. While the steady decline of TB cases before 2009 suggests ongoing improvement in TB control, we were not able to identify any substantial change in TB control activities or TB transmission that would account for the abrupt decline in 2009. It is possible that other multiple…
O2-1.1 Multidrug resistant tuberculous meningitis in the United States, 1993–2005
Background Little is known about the epidemiology of multidrug resistant tuberculous meningitis (TBM), defined as resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampin. We sought to describe cases of multidrug resistant TBM reported in the United States with respect to clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data collected by the National Tuberculosis Surveillance System at the Centers for …
Epidemiology of Urban Tuberculosis in the United States, 2000–2007
Objectives. We investigated tuberculosis (TB) incidence rates and characteristics of patients with TB in large US cities. Methods. Using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Tuberculosis Surveillance System data, we categorized 48 cities annually from 2000 to 2007 as reporting decreasing or nondecreasing rates with Joinpoint analysis. We compared demographic, clinical, and treatment characteristics of patients with TB using b…
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis Among US- and Foreign-Born Children and Adolescents in the United States, 1994–2007
Objectives. We examined trends in tuberculosis (TB) cases and case rates among US- and foreign-born children and adolescents and analyzed the potential effect of changes to overseas screening of applicants for immigration to the United States. Methods. We analyzed TB case data from the National Tuberculosis Surveillance System for 1994 to 2007. Results. Foreign-born children and adolescents accounted for 31% of 18 659 reported TB cases in persons…
Do Patterns of Knowledge and Attitudes Exist Among Unvaccinated Seniors
Overcoming Barriers to Access and Utilization of Hospice and Palliative Care Services in African-American Communities
While there is ample evidence to support the need for hospice and palliative care services for African Americans, only 8% of patients who utilize those services are from African-American communities. The underutilization of end-of-life and palliative care can be attributed to several barriers to service access including incompatibility between hospice philosophy and African-American religious, spiritual, and cultural beliefs; health care disparit…
African American grandmothers parenting Aids orphans
Ten urban African American grandmothers participated in a qualitative study using in-depth open-ended interviews to determine if and how the African American cultural experience informed the grieving process and the acceptance of the "off-time" parenting role. The findings do not support the premise that grief resolution requires the bereaved to relinquish all ties to the deceased. The participants maintained strong bonds with the deceased throug…
African American Grandmothers Parenting Grandchildren Orphaned by Aids
While recent advances in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment has decreased the number of AIDS-related deaths among all women in America, AIDS continues to be the third leading cause of death among African American and Latina women aged twenty-five though forty-four. The majority of the children left behind will be parented by their grandmothers or other women who will assume the parenting role. This article focuses on the ways in which A…
Seeking Early Care
This exploratory study investigates the role of social support in the initiation of prenatal care by analyzing data from interviews with 36 pregnant women at a public health facility in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. A systematic sample of U.S.-born women aged 19 to 34 who initiated care in each of the three trimesters was interviewed. After controlling for age and education, three variables were found to be associated with earlier estimated gestational ag…
Norm structure, diffusion, and evolution
Norms are one of the most widely studied topics of contemporary International Relations scholarship. Norms scholars have created an extensive theoretical and empirical literature to identify, describe, and analyze the emergence, diffusion, and effect of norms in the international system. However, this scholarship is inconsistent in how it treats state choice and norm diffusion; in particular, it is divided between theories that emphasize continui…
International Norms as Emergent Properties of Complex Adaptive Systems
This theory note argues that international norms, as currently understood by scholars of international relations, can be seen as emergent properties of a complex adaptive system (the international political system). Arising from the microlevel interactions of agents within and across various levels of analysis, they have the potential to become system properties that (a) influence the constitution, relationships, and behavior of agents within tha…
Seeking Early Care
This exploratory study investigates the role of social support in the initiation of prenatal care by analyzing data from interviews with 36 pregnant women at a public health facility in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. A systematic sample of U.S.-born women aged 19 to 34 who initiated care in each of the three trimesters was interviewed. After controlling for age and education, three variables were found to be associated with earlier estimated gestational ag…
Truth commissions as tactical concessions
Tactical concessions represent a critical juncture in the process of human rights change; depending on how they are used by autocrats or the opposition, they can either thwart or enable further improvements in human rights. This article argues that some truth commissions, traditionally examined with a transitional justice lens, should instead be considered as tactical concessions. In many ways, the two sets of theorised causal processes overlap s…
Epidemiology of Urban Tuberculosis in the United States, 2000–2007
Objectives. We investigated tuberculosis (TB) incidence rates and characteristics of patients with TB in large US cities. Methods. Using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Tuberculosis Surveillance System data, we categorized 48 cities annually from 2000 to 2007 as reporting decreasing or nondecreasing rates with Joinpoint analysis. We compared demographic, clinical, and treatment characteristics of patients with TB using b…
Words count
Scholarship on human rights norms is fraught with inconsistencies between different interpretations of norm diffusion and effect. This problem can be remedied in part through a closer examination of the structure of norms themselves and how that structure informs the process of data collection, particularly for quantitative analysis. Contemporary international norms have a tripartite structure, and research on contemporary norms must gather data …
NGO participation in global governance institutions
Parental Relationships of Young Adults in Long-Term Care
This research explores the parental relationship (or lack thereof) between young adults in long-term care facilities and their children. The study explores not only the ecological impediments presented by the medical disposition of the parent but the psychosocial schism between parent and child, notwithstanding the redefinition of their role as parent and acceptance of the concept of interdependence. The article qualitatively addresses how such b…
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis Among US- and Foreign-Born Children and Adolescents in the United States, 1994–2007
Objectives. We examined trends in tuberculosis (TB) cases and case rates among US- and foreign-born children and adolescents and analyzed the potential effect of changes to overseas screening of applicants for immigration to the United States. Methods. We analyzed TB case data from the National Tuberculosis Surveillance System for 1994 to 2007. Results. Foreign-born children and adolescents accounted for 31% of 18 659 reported TB cases in persons…
Seeking Early Care
This exploratory study investigates the role of social support in the initiation of prenatal care by analyzing data from interviews with 36 pregnant women at a public health facility in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. A systematic sample of U.S.-born women aged 19 to 34 who initiated care in each of the three trimesters was interviewed. After controlling for age and education, three variables were found to be associated with earlier estimated gestational ag…
African American grandmothers parenting Aids orphans
Ten urban African American grandmothers participated in a qualitative study using in-depth open-ended interviews to determine if and how the African American cultural experience informed the grieving process and the acceptance of the "off-time" parenting role. The findings do not support the premise that grief resolution requires the bereaved to relinquish all ties to the deceased. The participants maintained strong bonds with the deceased throug…
African American Grandmothers Parenting Grandchildren Orphaned by Aids
While recent advances in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment has decreased the number of AIDS-related deaths among all women in America, AIDS continues to be the third leading cause of death among African American and Latina women aged twenty-five though forty-four. The majority of the children left behind will be parented by their grandmothers or other women who will assume the parenting role. This article focuses on the ways in which A…
Overcoming Barriers to Access and Utilization of Hospice and Palliative Care Services in African-American Communities
While there is ample evidence to support the need for hospice and palliative care services for African Americans, only 8% of patients who utilize those services are from African-American communities. The underutilization of end-of-life and palliative care can be attributed to several barriers to service access including incompatibility between hospice philosophy and African-American religious, spiritual, and cultural beliefs; health care disparit…
Do Patterns of Knowledge and Attitudes Exist Among Unvaccinated Seniors
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis Among US- and Foreign-Born Children and Adolescents in the United States, 1994–2007
Objectives. We examined trends in tuberculosis (TB) cases and case rates among US- and foreign-born children and adolescents and analyzed the potential effect of changes to overseas screening of applicants for immigration to the United States. Methods. We analyzed TB case data from the National Tuberculosis Surveillance System for 1994 to 2007. Results. Foreign-born children and adolescents accounted for 31% of 18 659 reported TB cases in persons…
Unexpected decline in tuberculosis cases coincident with economic recession - United States, 2009
Our assessments show that the decline in reported TB was not an artifact of changes in surveillance methods; rather, similar declines were found through multiple data sources. While the steady decline of TB cases before 2009 suggests ongoing improvement in TB control, we were not able to identify any substantial change in TB control activities or TB transmission that would account for the abrupt decline in 2009. It is possible that other multiple…
O2-1.1 Multidrug resistant tuberculous meningitis in the United States, 1993–2005
Background Little is known about the epidemiology of multidrug resistant tuberculous meningitis (TBM), defined as resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampin. We sought to describe cases of multidrug resistant TBM reported in the United States with respect to clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data collected by the National Tuberculosis Surveillance System at the Centers for …
Epidemiology of Urban Tuberculosis in the United States, 2000–2007
Objectives. We investigated tuberculosis (TB) incidence rates and characteristics of patients with TB in large US cities. Methods. Using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Tuberculosis Surveillance System data, we categorized 48 cities annually from 2000 to 2007 as reporting decreasing or nondecreasing rates with Joinpoint analysis. We compared demographic, clinical, and treatment characteristics of patients with TB using b…
Tuberculosis Among Africans Living in the United States, 2000–2009
A national study of socioeconomic status and tuberculosis rates by country of birth, United States, 1996–2005
Low SES is only weakly associated with TB among foreign-born persons in the United States. The traditional associations of TB with poverty are not sufficient to explain the epidemiology of TB among foreign-born persons in this country and perhaps in other developed countries. TB outreach and research efforts that focus only on low SES will miss an important segment of the foreign-born population
Parental Relationships of Young Adults in Long-Term Care
This research explores the parental relationship (or lack thereof) between young adults in long-term care facilities and their children. The study explores not only the ecological impediments presented by the medical disposition of the parent but the psychosocial schism between parent and child, notwithstanding the redefinition of their role as parent and acceptance of the concept of interdependence. The article qualitatively addresses how such b…
Talking About Torture
Age-Period-Cohort Analyses of Tuberculosis Incidence Rates by Nativity, United States, 1996–2016
Objectives. To assess changes in US tuberculosis (TB) incidence rates by age, period, and cohort effects, stratified according to race/ethnicity and nativity. Methods. We used US National Tuberculosis Surveillance System data for 1996 to 2016 to estimate trends through age-period-cohort models. Results. Controlling for cohort and period effects indicated that the highest rates of TB incidence occurred among those 0 to 5 and 20 to 30 years of age.…
Norm structure, diffusion, and evolution
Norms are one of the most widely studied topics of contemporary International Relations scholarship. Norms scholars have created an extensive theoretical and empirical literature to identify, describe, and analyze the emergence, diffusion, and effect of norms in the international system. However, this scholarship is inconsistent in how it treats state choice and norm diffusion; in particular, it is divided between theories that emphasize continui…
Prevalence of Tuberculosis Disease Among Adult US-Bound Refugees with Chronic Kidney Disease
NGO participation in global governance institutions
The Mass Appeal of Human Rights
How can human rights campaigners thread the needle between a broad appeal to the public and deep, meaningful, inescapably political engagement on human rights issues? In his first book, Joel Pruce
Words count
Scholarship on human rights norms is fraught with inconsistencies between different interpretations of norm diffusion and effect. This problem can be remedied in part through a closer examination of the structure of norms themselves and how that structure informs the process of data collection, particularly for quantitative analysis. Contemporary international norms have a tripartite structure, and research on contemporary norms must gather data …
Truth commissions as tactical concessions
Tactical concessions represent a critical juncture in the process of human rights change; depending on how they are used by autocrats or the opposition, they can either thwart or enable further improvements in human rights. This article argues that some truth commissions, traditionally examined with a transitional justice lens, should instead be considered as tactical concessions. In many ways, the two sets of theorised causal processes overlap s…
International Norms as Emergent Properties of Complex Adaptive Systems
This theory note argues that international norms, as currently understood by scholars of international relations, can be seen as emergent properties of a complex adaptive system (the international political system). Arising from the microlevel interactions of agents within and across various levels of analysis, they have the potential to become system properties that (a) influence the constitution, relationships, and behavior of agents within tha…
Medicine (12 works) · Sociology (10 works) · Political science (9 works) · Demography (8 works) · Environmental health (8 works) · Tuberculosis (8 works) · Tuberculosis Research and Epidemiology (8 works) · Psychology (7 works) · Politics (6 works) · Population (6 works)