Charles J Kowalski
Biographic Data
| ID | 115026 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Charles J Kowalski |
| GIVEN NAMES | Charles J |
| FAMILY NAME | Kowalski |
| SIGNATURE | KOWALSKI C J |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Michigan |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9534-4505 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 13 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 58 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 13 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1972 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2020 |
| H-INDEX | 2 |
How Scientism Infiltrated Medicine and Distorted Clinical Practice
Scientism can be defined as a passionate belief in the universal applicability of the scientific method and approach, and the view that empirical science constitutes the most authoritative worldview or most valuable part of human learning, to the exclusion of other viewpoints. At this level of generality, it is not difficult to show that scientism poses some distinct dangers, putting a damper as it does on the validity and usefulness of other kin…
Application of Schaie’s Most Efficient Design in a Study of the Development of Dutch Children
This paper describes the design of the interdisciplinary study of the growth and development of Dutch children currently in progress at the University of Nymegen, The Netherlands. The design, known as Schaie’s ‘most efficient’ design, is based on a trifactorial developmental model which isolates the contributions to developmental data of the factors age, cohort and time of measurement. In addition, independently selected control groups are employ…
PC program for obtaining orthogonal polynomial regression coefficients for use in longitudinal data analysis
Much of longitudinal data analysis begins with dimensionality reduction, i.e., the replacement of the T observations x 1 , x 2 , ..., x T on an individual taken at times t 1 , t 2 , ..., t T (not necessarily equally spaced) by a smaller number, P, of parameters which are then used to describe and compare growth processes. We focus on the class of polynomial growth curve models for one‐sample data matrices in which the P regression coefficients ar…
PC program for comparing tracking indices in several independent groups
A method for computing a measure of tracking based on Cohen's kappa statistic for one-sample longitudinal data sets was previously described and implemented. This paper shows how one may test the equality of several kappas, each computed from an independent longitudinal sample. Thus, it is possible to formally compare groups of individuals with regard to stability in growth (or adaptive) patterns. Relative assessments of predictability in growth …
Computation of Foulkes and Davis' nonparametric tracking index using Gauss
Foulkes and Davis (1981) define tracking as the maintenance of relative rank over a given time span. This paper outlines the development of their statistic, based on a set of individual growth profiles, which estimates the degree of tracking observed in a one-sample longitudinal data set and shows how confidence intervals for the corresponding population parameter may be constructed. An example using a measure of skeletal growth is given and a GA…
Tracking
Tracking can be defined as the tendency of an individual, or a collection of individuals, to maintain a particular course of growth over time relative to other individuals. A measure of tracking based on Cohen's kappa statistic and the tracking indices proposed by Foulkes-Davis and McMahan are considered. Applications, including significance testing, are made to a study of the growth of Guatemalan school children whose stature was measured longit…
Two programs for performing multigroup longitudinal data analyses
No Abstract
PC program for analyzing one‐sample longitudinal data sets which satisfy the two‐stage polynomial growth curve model
The two‐stage polynomial growth curve model is described and a GAUSS program to perform the associated computations is documented and made available to interested readers. The two‐stage model is similar to that considered by us earlier (Schneiderman and Kowalski: American Journal of Physical Anthropology 67:323–333, 1985; American Journal of Human Biology 1:31–42, 1989), i.e., it is appropriate for the analysis of one‐sample longitudinal data col…
A Gauss program for computing an index of tracking from longitudinal observations
Tracking can be defined as the tendency of individuals or collections of individuals to stay within a particular course of growth over time relative to other individuals. Thus, tracking describes stability in growth patterns. This paper outlines a statistical procedure for examining tracking in a single sample of measurements made on humans or other animals. This nonparametric procedure, based on Cohen's (1960) kappa statistic, is suitable for eq…
Implementation of Hills' growth curve analysis for unequal‐time intervals using Gauss
Longitudinal data are widely regarded as the most efficient and informative type of data with which to investigate growth. Paradoxically, appropriate statistical methods for analyzing longitudinal data have been unavailable; with the exception of a computer program for executing Rao's (Biometrika 46: 49–58, 1959) one‐sample polynomial growth curve analysis (Schneiderman and Kowalski, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 67: 323–333, 1985) and another applying…
Implementation of Rao's one‐sample polynomial growth curve model using SAS
Longitudinal data are frequently treated with the classic analysis of variance and regression models. However, these models assume independence of observations. Hoel (1964) demonstrated that the use of least‐squares methods on intercorrelated serial observations results in the rejection of the null hypothesis much too frequently. Although appropriate models for analyzing longitudinal data have been available for quite some time, they have remaine…
A commentary on the use of multivariate statistical methods in anthropometric research
A critical review of the increasing emphasis being placed on the use of multivariate statistical methods in anthropometric research is given. Particular attention is paid to multivariate techniques for testing hypotheses concerning mean vectors, principal components analysis and the use of discriminant functions, but some more general comments about the proper role of statistics in research are included. It is argued that multivariate techniques …
On the growth of the mandible
In a cross‐sectional cephalometric study of over 800 normal white American children we show that the average ANB angle is roughly twice as large as the currently employed norms for that variable. The angle is relatively the same in females from 6 to 20 years of age, but there is a definite tendency for older males to exhibit a smaller ANB angle. The dynamics of this decrease is essentially the fact that, in the male, the mandible continues to gro…
A commentary on the use of multivariate statistical methods in anthropometric research
A critical review of the increasing emphasis being placed on the use of multivariate statistical methods in anthropometric research is given. Particular attention is paid to multivariate techniques for testing hypotheses concerning mean vectors, principal components analysis and the use of discriminant functions, but some more general comments about the proper role of statistics in research are included. It is argued that multivariate techniques …
On the growth of the mandible
In a cross‐sectional cephalometric study of over 800 normal white American children we show that the average ANB angle is roughly twice as large as the currently employed norms for that variable. The angle is relatively the same in females from 6 to 20 years of age, but there is a definite tendency for older males to exhibit a smaller ANB angle. The dynamics of this decrease is essentially the fact that, in the male, the mandible continues to gro…
Tracking
Tracking can be defined as the tendency of an individual, or a collection of individuals, to maintain a particular course of growth over time relative to other individuals. A measure of tracking based on Cohen's kappa statistic and the tracking indices proposed by Foulkes-Davis and McMahan are considered. Applications, including significance testing, are made to a study of the growth of Guatemalan school children whose stature was measured longit…
Two programs for performing multigroup longitudinal data analyses
No Abstract
A commentary on the use of multivariate statistical methods in anthropometric research
A critical review of the increasing emphasis being placed on the use of multivariate statistical methods in anthropometric research is given. Particular attention is paid to multivariate techniques for testing hypotheses concerning mean vectors, principal components analysis and the use of discriminant functions, but some more general comments about the proper role of statistics in research are included. It is argued that multivariate techniques …
On the growth of the mandible
In a cross‐sectional cephalometric study of over 800 normal white American children we show that the average ANB angle is roughly twice as large as the currently employed norms for that variable. The angle is relatively the same in females from 6 to 20 years of age, but there is a definite tendency for older males to exhibit a smaller ANB angle. The dynamics of this decrease is essentially the fact that, in the male, the mandible continues to gro…
Implementation of Rao's one‐sample polynomial growth curve model using SAS
Longitudinal data are frequently treated with the classic analysis of variance and regression models. However, these models assume independence of observations. Hoel (1964) demonstrated that the use of least‐squares methods on intercorrelated serial observations results in the rejection of the null hypothesis much too frequently. Although appropriate models for analyzing longitudinal data have been available for quite some time, they have remaine…
Implementation of Hills' growth curve analysis for unequal‐time intervals using Gauss
Longitudinal data are widely regarded as the most efficient and informative type of data with which to investigate growth. Paradoxically, appropriate statistical methods for analyzing longitudinal data have been unavailable; with the exception of a computer program for executing Rao's (Biometrika 46: 49–58, 1959) one‐sample polynomial growth curve analysis (Schneiderman and Kowalski, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 67: 323–333, 1985) and another applying…
A Gauss program for computing an index of tracking from longitudinal observations
Tracking can be defined as the tendency of individuals or collections of individuals to stay within a particular course of growth over time relative to other individuals. Thus, tracking describes stability in growth patterns. This paper outlines a statistical procedure for examining tracking in a single sample of measurements made on humans or other animals. This nonparametric procedure, based on Cohen's (1960) kappa statistic, is suitable for eq…
PC program for analyzing one‐sample longitudinal data sets which satisfy the two‐stage polynomial growth curve model
The two‐stage polynomial growth curve model is described and a GAUSS program to perform the associated computations is documented and made available to interested readers. The two‐stage model is similar to that considered by us earlier (Schneiderman and Kowalski: American Journal of Physical Anthropology 67:323–333, 1985; American Journal of Human Biology 1:31–42, 1989), i.e., it is appropriate for the analysis of one‐sample longitudinal data col…
PC program for obtaining orthogonal polynomial regression coefficients for use in longitudinal data analysis
Much of longitudinal data analysis begins with dimensionality reduction, i.e., the replacement of the T observations x 1 , x 2 , ..., x T on an individual taken at times t 1 , t 2 , ..., t T (not necessarily equally spaced) by a smaller number, P, of parameters which are then used to describe and compare growth processes. We focus on the class of polynomial growth curve models for one‐sample data matrices in which the P regression coefficients ar…
PC program for comparing tracking indices in several independent groups
A method for computing a measure of tracking based on Cohen's kappa statistic for one-sample longitudinal data sets was previously described and implemented. This paper shows how one may test the equality of several kappas, each computed from an independent longitudinal sample. Thus, it is possible to formally compare groups of individuals with regard to stability in growth (or adaptive) patterns. Relative assessments of predictability in growth …
Computation of Foulkes and Davis' nonparametric tracking index using Gauss
Foulkes and Davis (1981) define tracking as the maintenance of relative rank over a given time span. This paper outlines the development of their statistic, based on a set of individual growth profiles, which estimates the degree of tracking observed in a one-sample longitudinal data set and shows how confidence intervals for the corresponding population parameter may be constructed. An example using a measure of skeletal growth is given and a GA…
Tracking
Tracking can be defined as the tendency of an individual, or a collection of individuals, to maintain a particular course of growth over time relative to other individuals. A measure of tracking based on Cohen's kappa statistic and the tracking indices proposed by Foulkes-Davis and McMahan are considered. Applications, including significance testing, are made to a study of the growth of Guatemalan school children whose stature was measured longit…
Two programs for performing multigroup longitudinal data analyses
No Abstract
Application of Schaie’s Most Efficient Design in a Study of the Development of Dutch Children
This paper describes the design of the interdisciplinary study of the growth and development of Dutch children currently in progress at the University of Nymegen, The Netherlands. The design, known as Schaie’s ‘most efficient’ design, is based on a trifactorial developmental model which isolates the contributions to developmental data of the factors age, cohort and time of measurement. In addition, independently selected control groups are employ…
How Scientism Infiltrated Medicine and Distorted Clinical Practice
Scientism can be defined as a passionate belief in the universal applicability of the scientific method and approach, and the view that empirical science constitutes the most authoritative worldview or most valuable part of human learning, to the exclusion of other viewpoints. At this level of generality, it is not difficult to show that scientism poses some distinct dangers, putting a damper as it does on the validity and usefulness of other kin…
Mathematics (9 works) · Statistics (9 works) · Computer Science (8 works) · Psychology (6 works) · Combinatorics (5 works) · Confidence interval (5 works) · Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference (5 works) · Data mining (4 works) · Mathematical analysis (4 works) · Polynomial (4 works)