Nathan Walter
Biographic Data
| ID | 115716 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Nathan Walter |
| GIVEN NAMES | Nathan |
| FAMILY NAME | Walter |
| SIGNATURE | WALTER N |
| AFFILIATIONS | Northwestern University |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-8122-1221 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 60 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 195 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 60 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2016 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
A Content Analysis of Abortion Storylines on U.S. Streaming Services: Lessons from Narrative Persuasion
Mediated representations of abortion have grown increasingly prominent in recent decades. Despite the potential for these depictions to influence attitudes toward reproductive rights, public opinion in the United States has remained largely static. To better understand how these representations may influence perceptions of reproductive healthcare, this study reports a theoretically-driven content analysis of narrative representations of abortion …
From Punchlines to Punches: A Meta-Analysis of the Persuasive Effects of Horatian and Juvenalian Political Satires
A meta-analysis evaluated the persuasive effects of political satire and how such effects may differ between Horatian (light-hearted) and Juvenalian (acerbic) satire types. A synthesis of 33 studies ( N = 7,469) revealed that political satire is no more persuasive than serious news, but the data find several contingencies when distinguishing between satire types. Namely, satire type was found to interact with issue involvement and format, but not…
Descriptive Norms ≠ Injunctive Norms: A Meta-Analytic Review Across Four Health Contexts
Despite a prolific body of work on normative influence, the empirical status of research on perceived descriptive and injunctive norms remains largely unsettled. To clarify longstanding ambiguities, the present meta-analysis synthesizes data from 99 studies (N = 80,722) across four health domains: tobacco, vaccination, binge drinking, and recreational drug use. The synthesis quantifies the average relationship between perceived descriptive and in…
Do all roads lead to vicarious affirmation? A comparative look at cognitive, emotional, and values-based domains
Self-affirmation can reduce defensiveness toward threatening information, thereby increasing receptivity to persuasive messages. Prior research suggests that individuals may experience the benefits of self-affirmation by proxy when they observe a similar other affirm identity-relevant qualities. To extend this line of inquiry, the present study (N = 744) investigated whether such effects vary by affirmation domain (i.e., cognitive, emotional, or …
Synthetic News, Natural Doubts? A Meta-Analysis of Credibility Perceptions of AI-Generated News
As generative artificial intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly integrated into news production, concerns about the credibility of synthetic news content are intensifying. While some studies report that audiences find AI-generated news less credible than human-written content, others reveal mixed or even reversed findings. This meta-analysis synthesizes findings across 31 studies (41 effect sizes) to assess how the source label (AI vs. human) inf…
The Paradox of Tailored Messaging: When Precision Interferes with Privacy
451) investigates the effects of message specificity (explicit vs. implicit) on behavioral intention across two health topics. The evidence points to an interesting tradeoff between precision and invasiveness. Specifically, across two topics, greater tailoring precision enhances perceived invasiveness, which, in turn, triggers felt anger and negative cognitions, ultimately decreasing behavioral intention. These findings contribute to a gradually …
A Meta-Analysis of Parasocial Relationships and Health: Examining Theoretical Mechanisms, Health Outcomes, and Moderating Factors
This meta-analysis reviews the literature on parasocial relationships (PSRs) and their association with health from 1979 to 2024. While previous work has established PSRs as influential in persuasive contexts, their specific role in health outcomes remains unclear. In a review of 58 studies, this meta-analysis finds that PSRs are positively associated with both beneficial and harmful health attitudes as well as with health information seeking and…
Lifting the Screen on Fitspiration: A Meta-Analysis
6,111) addresses this question by synthesizing the growing body of causal evidence published between 2015 and 2023. The results paint a dire image, revealing that exposure to fitspiration among young adults leads to increased social comparisons and unhealthy dieting and exercise motivations, as well as negatively influencing self-esteem, body image, appearance satisfaction, and affect. These findings set the agenda for future research, offering e…
Trust falls: Analyzing trust in science as a moderator ofsource credibility in contentious scientific contexts
Words that trigger: A meta-analysis of threatening language, reactance, and persuasion in health
Psychological reactance theory is an important theoretical framework that explains resistance to persuasive messages. However, research has shown inconsistencies regarding the effects of reactance on persuasion, the operational treatment of reactance, and the manipulation of threatening language. This meta-analysis (k = 35, combined N = 10,658) consolidates findings from research on psychological reactance in health communication regarding the as…
Media versus meditation: A comparison of the stress-relieving benefits of multiple media experiences
Too Much Screen Time or Too Much Guilt? How Child Screen Time and Parental Screen Guilt Affect Parental Stress and Relationship Satisfaction
Recent decades have witnessed a surge in public discourse around the negative effects of media technologies. One of these public debates concerned the negative effects of child screen time on children’s development resulting in parental feelings of guilt and stress as parents struggle to limit their children’s screen use. Based on a social constructivist perspec tive, we suggest that parental stress around child screen time and subsequent relati…
Beyond the Screen: A Meta-Analysis of How Tracking Levels, Age, and Issue Relevance Shape the Effectiveness of Immersive Media in Health Communication
As the use of immersive media in health interventions expands, research indicates that it outperforms traditional flat screens by enhancing spatial presence and persuasive outcomes. This meta-analysis integrates findings from 28 experimental studies to investigate how immersive media affects spatial presence and to assess whether these effects differ according to tracking levels (e.g. 3DoF vs. 6DoF) and audience characteristics such as age and is…
Value Added: Vicarious-Affirmation Strategies to Enhance Prediabetes Awareness Among High-Risk Hispanics
Reducing the progression of type 2 diabetes mellitus hinges on accurate, timely recognition of prediabetes risk and the ability to make corresponding lifestyle changes. However, this critical step is often hindered by resistance to and avoidance of health information among high-risk individuals. Drawing on self- and vicarious-affirmation (VA) theory, this study experimentally tests a brief, culturally targeted, message-based vicarious-affirmation…
Vaccine Hesitancy and Its Epistemic Antecedents: A Meta-Analysis
Although much attention has been given to vaccine hesitancy, there is still considerable ambiguity regarding its epistemological antecedents. The current meta-analysis addresses this theoretical and practical gap by focusing on the interplay between trust, belief in conspiracy theories, and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy (k = 32), as well as key moderators such as the availability of the vaccine and the state and progress of the pandemic. Overall, re…
Media matters: A mixed-method look into the research on misinformation and communication over 30 years
We use a large-scale mixed-method analysis to examine changes in misinformation research over three decades, with a particular attention to the role of media research. We examine a corpus of more than 7,000 academic studies, published between 1993 and 2022, analyzing changes in volume, topics, and methods used. Employing computational text and network analyses, we show how the meteoric rise in misinformation research in the 2010s was driven by a …
Thirty years since Kunda: Addressing critiques to reimagine a model of motivated reasoning
Following Kunda’s (1990) defense of the influence of motivations on reasoning, a growing body of communication research has coalesced around the idea that specific motivations can influence decision-making. At the same time, this body of research has been subjected to criticisms highlighting alternative explanations that do not involve motivated processes. The present study contributes to this conversation by reviewing the evidence around motivat…
Losing the Plot: Transportation as a Predictor of Engagement with Misinformation
Should We Retire the Concept of Source Credibility? An Experimental Exploration of When Credibility Is (and Is Not) Useful
Perceived source credibility is fundamental to effective science communication. Recent years, however, have seen science become polarized and expert authority erode, complicating the notion that credibility equals persuasion. Two experiments address this tension, focusing on subcomponents of perceived source credibility—expertise and trustworthiness—for expert ( N = 474) and nonexpert sources ( N = 411). By manipulating the order by which partici…
Conspiracy theories and self-worth: Can Self-Affirmation Help Explain the Adoption of Conspiracy Theories
Although research on misinformation and conspiracy theories has grown exponentially in recent years, false and misleading content remains difficult to combat. Understanding the fundamental drivers behind conspiracy theory engagement may provide unique insight. Drawing upon distinct literatures around self-affirmation and motivation theories, this study aims to: (a) determine if conspiracy theories serve to bolster self-worth among those predispos…
Narrative persuasion across the aisle: Mechanisms of engagement with discordant characters
Media prescriptions for goal achievement: The differential effect of inspiring versus humorous content
Angry Content for Angry People: How Anger Appeals Facilitate Health Misinformation Recall on Social Media
Social media is often viewed as a breeding ground for misinformation, given the anger-laden nature of its content. Despite the persuasiveness of anger and misinformation on social media, little is known about how misinformation surges in power when users are exposed to misinformation-related anger appeals and/or misinformation-unrelated (i.e. ambient) anger. Employing two online experiments across different health contexts, the studies test mecha…
Effects of Scanning Health News Headlines on Trust in Science: An Emotional Framing Perspective
Rooted in the emotions-as-frames model (EFM), this research examines how hope, fear, and annoyance are evoked through health news headline scanning, and how these emotions influence perceptions of news and medical science institutions as well as health behavioral intentions. A sample of U.S. adults (N = 327) were assigned to one of four headline framing conditions expected to associate with different emotions (positive future frame-hope; threat f…
From Watching to Calling: Linking Variations in an Entertainment-Education Storyline with Calls to a Health Hotline
Substantial gaps exist in the theoretical conceptualization and practical development of entertainment-education, as studies often fail to account for the ways in which intrinsic message characteristics influence subsequent behavior. These gaps served as the impetus for an international collaborative project that evaluated Vencer el Miedo (“Overcome the Fear”), a Spanish-language program that aired in Mexico from January to March 2020. The teleno…
Fact-Checking: A Meta-Analysis of What Works and for Whom
Despite its growing prominence in news coverage and public discourse, there is still considerable ambiguity regarding when and how fact-checking affects beliefs. Informed by theories of motivated reasoning and message design, a meta-analytic review was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of fact-checking in correcting political misinformation (k = 30,N = 20,963). Fact-checking has a significantly positive overall influence on political belief…
A Priest, a Rabbi, and a Minister Walk into a Bar: A Meta-Analysis of Humor Effects on Persuasion
Despite its long history in communication, scholars continue to debate whether humor enhances or undermines persuasive attempts. To better understand the contingencies of humor effects, we conducted a meta-analysis of 89 studies across the various fields in which humor has been researched over time. Overall, humor has a weak and significant effect on persuasion (r = .13). Further, results indicate that humor has a moderate-level influence on know…
When less is more and more is less: The paradoxical metacognitive effects of counterarguing
According to the cognitive perspective, the generation of counterarguments is a key obstacle to persuasion. Following the metacognitive view, however, the experience of difficulty that accompanies increased counterarguing may benefit persuasion. These two contrasting predictions were evaluated in two experiments (N1 = 392; N2 = 210) by manipulating the instructions of thought-listing tasks following exposure to a testimonial that advocated for Ph…
Communication Ecologies: Analyzing Adoption of False Beliefs in an Information-Rich Environment
The continued fragmentation of information and the proliferation of communication resources necessitate a shift toward perspectives that situate communication practices in a multilevel ecosystem. The current article offers a method to map and analyze communication ecologies—defined as the networks of communication connections that individuals depend on in order to construct knowledge and achieve goals—as social networks. To demonstrate the potent…
Ushering in an age of scientific principles for communication research
Communication seeks internal coherence and external distinction as its research profile grows and diversifies. The present essay calls for the establishment of scientific principles to guide future communication research and solidify the field's unique scholarly identity within the marketplace of ideas. An argument is made that the field has achieved the necessary foundations to establish scientific principles but has yet to embrace this undertak…
Do Influencers Influence? A Meta-Analytic Comparison of Celebrities and Social Media Influencers Effects
The emergent body of scholarship on social media influencers (SMIs) highlights their potential to yield positive brand advertising outcomes. However, the literature is undermined by the lack of clarity regarding how SMIs conceptually compare to celebrity endorsers and their impact on advertising outcomes. The study aims to clarify these differences via a meta-analysis of 39 experimental studies (total sample size = 13,766) of SMI effects from 201…
On the Boundaries of Framing Terrorism: Guilt, Victimization, and the 2016 Orlando Shooting
The 2016 Orlando shooting offers an intriguing lens through which to evaluate the boundaries of media frames in the interpretation of terrorism. Using an experimental design (N = 243), the current study investigated the effects of two dominant frames—the homophobic hate crime and the Islamic terrorist frame—on collective guilt, collective victimization, and pro–lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) political action. In addition, …
To Walk a Mile in Someone Else's Shoes: How Narratives Can Change Causal Attribution Through Story Exploration and Character Customization
This study provides evidence for the independent and additive effects of story exploration and character customization induced by fictional narratives on causal attribution and support formarginalized groups. In Study 1 (N = 163), participants read a story about a transgender teenager. Story exploration influenced identification and narrative engagement, increasing external attribution for the character's negative actions, as well as engendering …
Conspiracy theories and self-worth: Can Self-Affirmation Help Explain the Adoption of Conspiracy Theories
Although research on misinformation and conspiracy theories has grown exponentially in recent years, false and misleading content remains difficult to combat. Understanding the fundamental drivers behind conspiracy theory engagement may provide unique insight. Drawing upon distinct literatures around self-affirmation and motivation theories, this study aims to: (a) determine if conspiracy theories serve to bolster self-worth among those predispos…
The Chaffee principle: The most likely effect of communication … is further communication
Steven Chaffee stated that 'the most likely "effect" of communication...is further communication' (p. 72). The present study asks to what extent this offering, referred to as 'The Chaffee Principle,' is realized in extant communication research. A manual content analysis of two top-tier communication journals (N = 2,040) offers an assessment of empirical attention to a variety of communicative acts in mass, interpersonal, and mediated-interperson…
Tipping the Scales of Psychological Reactance: A Closer Look at Imperative Language and the Role of Epistemic Certainty
Psychological reactance is a key construct in persuasion, but experimental inductions often confound imperative language with epistemically certain language (i.e., language that belies grounds for doubt). Two online experiments examine the effects of each language type on indicators of psychological reactance across two scientific contexts. In Study 1 ( N = 274), imperative language increased felt anger and perceived threat to freedom, while epis…
Adult Stakeholders’ Perspectives on the Content, Design, and Dissemination of Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescent-Centered PrEP Campaigns
Dissecting a frog: A meta-Analytic evaluation of humor intensity in persuasion research
After decades of study, much of what comprises ‘funny’ content remains subjective. A meta-analysis of 80 experimental humor manipulations sought to identify what makes a stimulus funny by focusing on its content, audience, and research design. Results suggest that content which draws upon theoretically grounded techniques like surprise, tension relief, and superiority leads to stronger effects on perceived humor. Study design features such as the…
Prime‐time abortion on Grey's Anatomy: What do US viewers learn from fictional portrayals of abortion on television
These findings suggest that entertainment television can contribute to meaningful increases in viewers' knowledge about abortion, but that the potential for impact of entertainment-education is closely linked to episode content and moderated by state-level abortion policy
The weight of networks: The role of social ties and ethnic media in mitigating obesity and hypertension among Latinas
Objectives: Latinos have a disproportionately high risk for obesity and hypertension. The current study analyzes survey data from Latin American women to detect differences in rates of obesity and hypertension based on their number of health-related social ties. Additionally, it proposes individuals' health-related media preference (ethnic/ mainstream) as a potential moderator. Design: The dataset includes 364 Latinas (21-50 years old) from the g…
Two (Un)Related Spheres: Understanding Administrative and Critical Research in Health Communication
This article analyzes the ongoing dialogue between administrative research and critical studies in health communication, focusing on contrasts and points of tangency. Following Lazarsfeld's work, we conclude with a proposition to adopt an integrative approach to the study of health, balancing between administrative tools and critical concerns
On the Boundaries of Framing Terrorism: Guilt, Victimization, and the 2016 Orlando Shooting
The 2016 Orlando shooting offers an intriguing lens through which to evaluate the boundaries of media frames in the interpretation of terrorism. Using an experimental design (N = 243), the current study investigated the effects of two dominant frames—the homophobic hate crime and the Islamic terrorist frame—on collective guilt, collective victimization, and pro–lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) political action. In addition, …
The weight of networks: The role of social ties and ethnic media in mitigating obesity and hypertension among Latinas
Objectives: Latinos have a disproportionately high risk for obesity and hypertension. The current study analyzes survey data from Latin American women to detect differences in rates of obesity and hypertension based on their number of health-related social ties. Additionally, it proposes individuals' health-related media preference (ethnic/ mainstream) as a potential moderator. Design: The dataset includes 364 Latinas (21-50 years old) from the g…
To Walk a Mile in Someone Else's Shoes: How Narratives Can Change Causal Attribution Through Story Exploration and Character Customization
This study provides evidence for the independent and additive effects of story exploration and character customization induced by fictional narratives on causal attribution and support formarginalized groups. In Study 1 (N = 163), participants read a story about a transgender teenager. Story exploration influenced identification and narrative engagement, increasing external attribution for the character's negative actions, as well as engendering …
The Ebb and Flow of Communication Research: Seven Decades of Publication Trends and Research Priorities
An analysis of all published research articles in the Journal of Communication (N = 1574) revealed a slow progression toward openness and diversity of thought, interrupted by temporal slowdowns and declines. Among the recorded gaps is the overwhelmingly small representation of voices outside the United States. The assumption of interdisciplinarity is also questioned, as primary journal contributors were limited to a small set of sub-disciplines. …
Communication Ecologies: Analyzing Adoption of False Beliefs in an Information-Rich Environment
The continued fragmentation of information and the proliferation of communication resources necessitate a shift toward perspectives that situate communication practices in a multilevel ecosystem. The current article offers a method to map and analyze communication ecologies—defined as the networks of communication connections that individuals depend on in order to construct knowledge and achieve goals—as social networks. To demonstrate the potent…
A Priest, a Rabbi, and a Minister Walk into a Bar: A Meta-Analysis of Humor Effects on Persuasion
Despite its long history in communication, scholars continue to debate whether humor enhances or undermines persuasive attempts. To better understand the contingencies of humor effects, we conducted a meta-analysis of 89 studies across the various fields in which humor has been researched over time. Overall, humor has a weak and significant effect on persuasion (r = .13). Further, results indicate that humor has a moderate-level influence on know…
Meta-Analysis of Anger and Persuasion: An Empirical Integration of Four Models
Despite the increasing use of anger in persuasive messaging, such as political ads and health campaigns, very little is known about when and how anger affects persuasion. Building on theoretical propositions derived from four theoretical models that have addressed the link between anger and persuasion, the current meta-analysis (k = 55, N = 6,805) finds a weak impact of anger on behavior (r = .15, p = .04) and nonsignificant effects on attitudes …
The World of News and Politics
Over the past two decades, changes in media technology, in the ecology of media, and in the political environment defied many of the assumptions that laid at the core of political effects research a generation ago. The chapter describes four main such developments: the return of partisan media and the polarization of the political environment, the spread of social media, the vast use of misinformation in politics, and the blurring boundaries betw…
When less is more and more is less: The paradoxical metacognitive effects of counterarguing
According to the cognitive perspective, the generation of counterarguments is a key obstacle to persuasion. Following the metacognitive view, however, the experience of difficulty that accompanies increased counterarguing may benefit persuasion. These two contrasting predictions were evaluated in two experiments (N1 = 392; N2 = 210) by manipulating the instructions of thought-listing tasks following exposure to a testimonial that advocated for Ph…
Can Emotions Capture the Elusive Gain-Loss Framing Effect? A Meta-Analysis
Although recent streams of research have suggested that emotions play a key role in generating framing effects, little is known about the affective dimension of gain and loss framing and its potential impact on persuasion. The current study adopted a meta-analytical approach, synthesizing over 30 years of literature ( k = 25, N = 5,772), to investigate this issue. The results indicate that message frame type directs the emotional response elicite…
Antecedents and Effects of Parasocial Relationships: A Meta-Analysis
The current meta-analysis synthesizes four decades of research (k = 120) on the antecedents and effects of parasocial relationships (PSRs). In line with contemporary theorization of PSRs as an extension of, rather than as a substitution for social relationships, the meta-analysis does not find a significant relationship between social deficiencies and PSRs. PSRs are also strongly correlated with factors that facilitate interpersonal bonds (e.g., …
Fact-Checking: A Meta-Analysis of What Works and for Whom
Despite its growing prominence in news coverage and public discourse, there is still considerable ambiguity regarding when and how fact-checking affects beliefs. Informed by theories of motivated reasoning and message design, a meta-analytic review was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of fact-checking in correcting political misinformation (k = 30,N = 20,963). Fact-checking has a significantly positive overall influence on political belief…
Seeing Red Through Rose-Colored Glasses: Subjective Hope as a Moderator of the Persuasive Influence of Anger
Research identifies contradictory effects of anger in political communication, engendering heuristic processing of information that exacerbates partisan bias in some situations, but increasing attention and deepening information processing in others. This study addressed these contradictions by positing subjective hope as a moderator of anger’s effects on message processing and persuasion. Employing an experimental design (N = 538) in the context…
Metacognitive approach to narrative persuasion: The desirable and undesirable consequences of narrative disfluency
The current article tests the metacognitive proposition that the relative ease or difficulty with which narrative messages are processed can affect subsequent judgment. Challenging the assertion that experienced disfluency is mostly negative and undesirable, it is argued that disfluent (difficult-to-process) narratives are well-positioned to facilitate narrative persuasion when people hold value-laden beliefs. Using the controversial context of p…
Evaluating the Impact of Attempts to Correct Health Misinformation on Social Media: A Meta-Analysis
Dissecting a frog: A meta-Analytic evaluation of humor intensity in persuasion research
After decades of study, much of what comprises ‘funny’ content remains subjective. A meta-analysis of 80 experimental humor manipulations sought to identify what makes a stimulus funny by focusing on its content, audience, and research design. Results suggest that content which draws upon theoretically grounded techniques like surprise, tension relief, and superiority leads to stronger effects on perceived humor. Study design features such as the…
Prime‐time abortion on Grey's Anatomy: What do US viewers learn from fictional portrayals of abortion on television
These findings suggest that entertainment television can contribute to meaningful increases in viewers' knowledge about abortion, but that the potential for impact of entertainment-education is closely linked to episode content and moderated by state-level abortion policy
Coping with Covid-19 stress: The role of media consumption in emotion- and problem-focused coping
Making it Real: The Role of Parasocial Relationships in Enhancing Perceived Susceptibility and Covid-19 Protective Behavior
Nathan Waltera*, Jonathan Cohenb , Robin L. Nabic & Camille J. Saucieraa School of Communication, Northwestern University, Evanston, llinois, USAb Department of Communication, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israelc Department of Communication, UC Santa Barbara, California, USA
The Effect of an Entertainment-Education Intervention on Reproductive Health of Young Women of Color
While teen pregnancy rates in the United States have been declining for decades, they remain the highest of all western countries. Within the U.S., Black and Latina teens experience disproportionate rates of unplanned pregnancy. Plan A is an entertainment-education video intervention that was developed to help address these disparities, in part by emphasizing the ability of young cisgender women to control when they become pregnant by using an ef…
Initiation and Evolution of PSRs
Most research examines parasocial relationships (PSRs) with cross-sectional designs. However, by nature, relationships evolve over time and need to be managed and nurtured if they are to thrive. The chapter offers an account of the key predictors in the initiation and evolution of positive, amicable PSRs. This chapter addresses the dynamic nature of PSRs by providing an overview of the literature concerning factors that predict the initiation and…
Parasocial Experiences in the Political Arena
As politics becomes increasingly personalized, research in parasocial relationships (PSRs) has begun to explore the effects of the public’s imagined relationships with political figures. This chapter provides an overview of this emerging area of study, beginning with a discussion of three primary strands of research on politically relevant PSRs. The first focuses on PSRs with politicians (e.g., Donald Trump) and examines how media and social medi…
Can a Video a Day Keep Stress Away? A Test of Media Prescriptions
This research attempts to both replicate initial research on media prescriptions – the assignment of small doses of positively-valenced media for the purposes of reducing perceived stress – and, through the lens of the broaden-and-build theory, shed light on the process through which this effect might emerge. Two longitudinal data sets were collected, one with college students (N = 182) and one with U.S. adults (N = 197), in which participants we…
Vaccine Hesitancy Under the Magnifying Glass: A Systematic Review of the Uses and Misuses of an Increasingly Popular Construct
Resistance to vaccines has hindered attempts to contain and prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases for centuries. More recently, however, the term "vaccine hesitancy" has been used to describe not necessarily outright resistance but also a delay in acceptance or uncertainty regarding vaccines. Given concerns about hesitancy and its impact on vaccine uptake rates, researchers increasingly shifted the focus from resistance to vaccines toward vacc…
Psychology (42 works) · Media Influence and Health (29 works) · Social Psychology (28 works) · Political science (19 works) · Computer Science (17 works) · Medicine (14 works) · Social Psychology (14 works) · Misinformation and Its Impacts (13 works) · Sociology (13 works) · Persuasion (12 works)