Janine Bosak
Biographic Data
| ID | 115956 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Janine Bosak |
| GIVEN NAMES | Janine |
| FAMILY NAME | Bosak |
| SIGNATURE | BOSAK J |
| AFFILIATIONS | Dublin City University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-5701-6538 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 29 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 99 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 29 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2004 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 6 |
From identity to caring
Previous research suggests that people who identify with global communities tend to show greater concern for global challenges. Using student samples from 44 countries across different cultural clusters ( N = 13,055), we examined whether (1) three forms of dispositional global social identification (GSI, with all humanity, citizens of the world, and people all over the world) are related to concern for global issues, (2) situational activation of…
Beyond Weird societies
In an increasingly globalized world challenged by multiple social problems, global social identifications (GSIs, e.g., with all humanity) are concepts of growing interest. Although such identifications can be affected by the cultural contexts in which they are manifested, research on them remains largely confined to Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic (WEIRD) societies. Using data collected in 45 countries ( N = 9807, preregistere…
The gender gap in the care economy is larger in highly developed countries
Despite the growing demand for care economy employees (e.g., nurses, teachers, and social workers), men remain underrepresented in these careers. While economically developed countries support more equal rights for women and men, their labor markets are highly gender segregated (Charles, 1992, 2003). We conducted a focused investigation of this paradoxical pattern in the care economy, testing whether gender gaps in care economy career interest ar…
Indirect Influence of Prejudice
Research on social discrimination has traditionally focused on the direct influence of individuals' prejudice on their behavior toward members of minoritized groups. In this review, we highlight recent theory and research findings on the indirect influence of prejudice, which can produce discriminatory outcomes, even among low‐prejudiced people, to accommodate the prejudices of others. Key to this process of prejudice accommodation is instrumenta…
Gendered Self-Views Across 62 Countries
Social role theory posits that binary gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in less egalitarian countries, reflecting these countries’ more pronounced sex-based power divisions. Conversely, evolutionary and self-construal theorists suggest that gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in more egalitarian countries, reflecting the greater autonomy support and flexible self-construction processes present in these countrie…
Gender Gap in Parental Leave Intentions
Despite global commitments and efforts, a gender‐based division of paid and unpaid work persists. To identify how psychological factors, national policies, and the broader sociocultural context contribute to this inequality, we assessed parental‐leave intentions in young adults (18–30 years old) planning to have children (N = 13,942; 8,880 identified as women; 5,062 identified as men) across 37 countries that varied in parental‐leave policies and…
Psychometric Properties and Correlates of Precarious Manhood Beliefs in 62 Nations
Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country-level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data …
International differences in employee silence motives
Employee silence, the withholding of work‐related ideas, questions, or concerns from someone who could effect change, has been proposed to hamper individual and collective learning as well as the detection of errors and unethical behaviors in many areas of the world. To facilitate cross‐cultural research, we validated an instrument measuring four employee silence motives (i.e., silence based on fear, resignation, prosocial, and selfish motives) i…
Human capital development practices and career success
Employees can enhance their human capital through participation in organizationally sponsored development activities. However, there is little research on the extent to which the effects of such practices vary depending on national context. Adopting a human capital theory perspective, we hypothesized a positive relationship between human capital development practices experienced in one's career and objective and subjective career success (salary …
Sex Differences in SDO
Measurement Invariance of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) Across Seven Cross-National Representative Samples
The aim of this study was to investigate the measurement invariance of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) across seven cross-national representative samples. In this study, burnout was modeled as a second-order factor in line with the conceptual definition as a syndrome. The combined sample consisted of 10,138 participants from countries in Europe and Japan. The data were treated as ordered categorical in nature and a series of models were tested …
Country‐level and individual‐level predictors of men's support for gender equality in 42 countries
Men sometimes withdraw support for gender equality movements when their higher gender status is threatened. Here, we expand the focus of this phenomenon by examining it cross‐culturally, to test if both individual‐ and country‐level variables predict men's collective action intentions to support gender equality. We tested a model in which men's zero‐sum beliefs about gender predict reduced collective action intentions via an increase in hostile s…
Sex Segregation
Social Exchange Theory
Salience of Category
Social Roles
Women and Men of the Past, Present, and Future
People represent social groups by their trajectories through time, producing dynamic stereotypes. To the extent that these stereotypes derive from observations of group members' behaviors in their typical roles, change in the roles of women and men over time should fuel beliefs that the sexes adopt traits associated with their new roles. Thus, earlier studies have found that stereotypes about the past, present, and future traits of women and men …
Be an advocate for others, unless you are a man
Previous research shows that gender vanguards (individuals who demonstrate genderatypical skills and behavior) suffer backlash in the form of social and economic penalties\n(Rudman & Phelan, 2008). This study examined backlash against female and male job applicants\nwho were either gender-atypical or typical. Professionals (N = 149) evaluated female or male\nmanagerial applicants for internal promotion described in their performance review as sho…
Women at Work
As women began to enter paid employment in large numbers, the study of “women at work” has emerged as a significant interdisciplinary subfield of organizational research, drawing on management, psychology, economics, and so on. In recent years, with women's numbers increasing substantially in the general labor force, in professional occupations, and in management, the study of the role of women in modern organizational life has become increasingl…
Women Managers
With increasing numbers of women in the labor force and in higher education, more than at any other time in history, women have the qualifications and resources to fulfill management and leadership roles. However, despite these advances, few women make it to the corporate boardrooms, executive office suites, or the ranks of companies' top earners. This article discusses one of the main causes for women's power deficit, the glass ceiling phenomeno…
Gender
In the 1970s, feminist researchers introduced the concept of gender to distinguish between differences in male and female psychology caused by sociocultural meanings associated with males and females, and those caused by their biology. Owing to the complexity and intertwined nature of biological and sociocultural factors in causing behavior, the term “sex” has been used by researchers to refer to the binary categories of male and female without i…
Assertiveness
Assertiveness is people's tendency to actively defend, speak up for, and act in the interest of themselves and their own values, preferences, and goals. Assertiveness has been found to yield instrumental benefits but also can result in social costs, such as negative perceptions. This article discusses the costs and benefits of assertiveness in the workplace specifically in relation to perceptions of leadership effectiveness and women's self‐promo…
Nations' income inequality predicts ambivalence in stereotype content
Income inequality undermines societies: The more inequality, the more health problems, social tensions, and the lower social mobility, trust, life expectancy. Given people's tendency to legitimate existing social arrangements, the stereotype content model ( SCM ) argues that ambivalence―perceiving many groups as either warm or competent, but not both―may help maintain socio‐economic disparities. The association between stereotype ambivalence and …
Communality sells
Portrayals of women in advertisements have a significant impact on the maintenance of gender stereotypes in society. Therefore, the present research investigates the effectiveness of communal and agentic female characters in advertisements as well as the question how evaluations of such characters are influenced by perceivers' sexist attitudes toward women. Results show that communal female advertising characters are evaluated more favorably than…
Gender Bias in Leader Selection? Evidence from a Hiring Simulation Study
Gender Stereotypes and the Attribution of Leadership Traits
Gender Bias in Leader Selection? Evidence from a Hiring Simulation Study
Country‐level and individual‐level predictors of men's support for gender equality in 42 countries
Men sometimes withdraw support for gender equality movements when their higher gender status is threatened. Here, we expand the focus of this phenomenon by examining it cross‐culturally, to test if both individual‐ and country‐level variables predict men's collective action intentions to support gender equality. We tested a model in which men's zero‐sum beliefs about gender predict reduced collective action intentions via an increase in hostile s…
Am I the Right Candidate? Self-Ascribed Fit of Women and Men to a Leadership Position
Women and Men of the Past, Present, and Future
People represent social groups by their trajectories through time, producing dynamic stereotypes. To the extent that these stereotypes derive from observations of group members' behaviors in their typical roles, change in the roles of women and men over time should fuel beliefs that the sexes adopt traits associated with their new roles. Thus, earlier studies have found that stereotypes about the past, present, and future traits of women and men …
Be an advocate for others, unless you are a man
Previous research shows that gender vanguards (individuals who demonstrate genderatypical skills and behavior) suffer backlash in the form of social and economic penalties\n(Rudman & Phelan, 2008). This study examined backlash against female and male job applicants\nwho were either gender-atypical or typical. Professionals (N = 149) evaluated female or male\nmanagerial applicants for internal promotion described in their performance review as sho…
Communion and agency judgments of women and men as a function of role information and response format
In past research, the presentation of men and women in the same social role has eliminated gender stereotypical ratings of greater agency and lesser communion in men compared with women. The social‐role interpretation of such findings is challenged from the shifting‐standards perspective, which suggests that the application of within‐sex judgmental standards to men and women in roles may have masked underlying gender stereotypes. To clarify this …
Gender Gap in Parental Leave Intentions
Despite global commitments and efforts, a gender‐based division of paid and unpaid work persists. To identify how psychological factors, national policies, and the broader sociocultural context contribute to this inequality, we assessed parental‐leave intentions in young adults (18–30 years old) planning to have children (N = 13,942; 8,880 identified as women; 5,062 identified as men) across 37 countries that varied in parental‐leave policies and…
International differences in employee silence motives
Employee silence, the withholding of work‐related ideas, questions, or concerns from someone who could effect change, has been proposed to hamper individual and collective learning as well as the detection of errors and unethical behaviors in many areas of the world. To facilitate cross‐cultural research, we validated an instrument measuring four employee silence motives (i.e., silence based on fear, resignation, prosocial, and selfish motives) i…
Malleability of Intergroup Stereotypes and Attitudes
Gender Stereotypes and the Attribution of Leadership Traits
Am I the Right Candidate? Self-Ascribed Fit of Women and Men to a Leadership Position
Communion and agency judgments of women and men as a function of role information and response format
In past research, the presentation of men and women in the same social role has eliminated gender stereotypical ratings of greater agency and lesser communion in men compared with women. The social‐role interpretation of such findings is challenged from the shifting‐standards perspective, which suggests that the application of within‐sex judgmental standards to men and women in roles may have masked underlying gender stereotypes. To clarify this …
Malleability of Intergroup Stereotypes and Attitudes
Gender Bias in Leader Selection? Evidence from a Hiring Simulation Study
Communality sells
Portrayals of women in advertisements have a significant impact on the maintenance of gender stereotypes in society. Therefore, the present research investigates the effectiveness of communal and agentic female characters in advertisements as well as the question how evaluations of such characters are influenced by perceivers' sexist attitudes toward women. Results show that communal female advertising characters are evaluated more favorably than…
Nations' income inequality predicts ambivalence in stereotype content
Income inequality undermines societies: The more inequality, the more health problems, social tensions, and the lower social mobility, trust, life expectancy. Given people's tendency to legitimate existing social arrangements, the stereotype content model ( SCM ) argues that ambivalence―perceiving many groups as either warm or competent, but not both―may help maintain socio‐economic disparities. The association between stereotype ambivalence and …
Women at Work
As women began to enter paid employment in large numbers, the study of “women at work” has emerged as a significant interdisciplinary subfield of organizational research, drawing on management, psychology, economics, and so on. In recent years, with women's numbers increasing substantially in the general labor force, in professional occupations, and in management, the study of the role of women in modern organizational life has become increasingl…
Women Managers
With increasing numbers of women in the labor force and in higher education, more than at any other time in history, women have the qualifications and resources to fulfill management and leadership roles. However, despite these advances, few women make it to the corporate boardrooms, executive office suites, or the ranks of companies' top earners. This article discusses one of the main causes for women's power deficit, the glass ceiling phenomeno…
Gender
In the 1970s, feminist researchers introduced the concept of gender to distinguish between differences in male and female psychology caused by sociocultural meanings associated with males and females, and those caused by their biology. Owing to the complexity and intertwined nature of biological and sociocultural factors in causing behavior, the term “sex” has been used by researchers to refer to the binary categories of male and female without i…
Assertiveness
Assertiveness is people's tendency to actively defend, speak up for, and act in the interest of themselves and their own values, preferences, and goals. Assertiveness has been found to yield instrumental benefits but also can result in social costs, such as negative perceptions. This article discusses the costs and benefits of assertiveness in the workplace specifically in relation to perceptions of leadership effectiveness and women's self‐promo…
Be an advocate for others, unless you are a man
Previous research shows that gender vanguards (individuals who demonstrate genderatypical skills and behavior) suffer backlash in the form of social and economic penalties\n(Rudman & Phelan, 2008). This study examined backlash against female and male job applicants\nwho were either gender-atypical or typical. Professionals (N = 149) evaluated female or male\nmanagerial applicants for internal promotion described in their performance review as sho…
Salience of Category
Social Roles
Women and Men of the Past, Present, and Future
People represent social groups by their trajectories through time, producing dynamic stereotypes. To the extent that these stereotypes derive from observations of group members' behaviors in their typical roles, change in the roles of women and men over time should fuel beliefs that the sexes adopt traits associated with their new roles. Thus, earlier studies have found that stereotypes about the past, present, and future traits of women and men …
Sex Segregation
Social Exchange Theory
Sex Differences in SDO
Measurement Invariance of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) Across Seven Cross-National Representative Samples
The aim of this study was to investigate the measurement invariance of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) across seven cross-national representative samples. In this study, burnout was modeled as a second-order factor in line with the conceptual definition as a syndrome. The combined sample consisted of 10,138 participants from countries in Europe and Japan. The data were treated as ordered categorical in nature and a series of models were tested …
Country‐level and individual‐level predictors of men's support for gender equality in 42 countries
Men sometimes withdraw support for gender equality movements when their higher gender status is threatened. Here, we expand the focus of this phenomenon by examining it cross‐culturally, to test if both individual‐ and country‐level variables predict men's collective action intentions to support gender equality. We tested a model in which men's zero‐sum beliefs about gender predict reduced collective action intentions via an increase in hostile s…
Psychometric Properties and Correlates of Precarious Manhood Beliefs in 62 Nations
Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country-level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data …
International differences in employee silence motives
Employee silence, the withholding of work‐related ideas, questions, or concerns from someone who could effect change, has been proposed to hamper individual and collective learning as well as the detection of errors and unethical behaviors in many areas of the world. To facilitate cross‐cultural research, we validated an instrument measuring four employee silence motives (i.e., silence based on fear, resignation, prosocial, and selfish motives) i…
Human capital development practices and career success
Employees can enhance their human capital through participation in organizationally sponsored development activities. However, there is little research on the extent to which the effects of such practices vary depending on national context. Adopting a human capital theory perspective, we hypothesized a positive relationship between human capital development practices experienced in one's career and objective and subjective career success (salary …
Gendered Self-Views Across 62 Countries
Social role theory posits that binary gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in less egalitarian countries, reflecting these countries’ more pronounced sex-based power divisions. Conversely, evolutionary and self-construal theorists suggest that gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in more egalitarian countries, reflecting the greater autonomy support and flexible self-construction processes present in these countrie…
Gender Gap in Parental Leave Intentions
Despite global commitments and efforts, a gender‐based division of paid and unpaid work persists. To identify how psychological factors, national policies, and the broader sociocultural context contribute to this inequality, we assessed parental‐leave intentions in young adults (18–30 years old) planning to have children (N = 13,942; 8,880 identified as women; 5,062 identified as men) across 37 countries that varied in parental‐leave policies and…
Psychology (23 works) · Social Psychology (20 works) · Gender Diversity and Inequality (15 works) · Sociology (13 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (12 works) · Gender Roles and Identity Studies (9 works) · Cultural Differences and Values (7 works) · Social Psychology (7 works) · Political science (6 works) · Work-Family Balance Challenges (6 works)