Clara Kulich
Biographic Data
| ID | 115992 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Clara Kulich |
| GIVEN NAMES | Clara |
| FAMILY NAME | Kulich |
| SIGNATURE | KULICH C |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Geneva |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-9483-2128 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 21 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 118 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 21 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2010 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2025 |
| H-INDEX | 5 |
Did Descriptive and Prescriptive Norms About Gender Equality at Home Change During the Covid-19 Pandemic? A Cross-National Investigation
Using data from 15 countries, this article investigates whether descriptive and prescriptive gender norms concerning housework and child care (domestic work) changed after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results of a total of 8,343 participants ( M = 19.95, SD = 1.68) from two comparable student samples suggest that descriptive norms about unpaid domestic work have been affected by the pandemic, with individuals seeing mothers’ relative to fa…
Raising Awareness of the Glass Cliff: Reducing Sexism Through an Information-Based Approach
The glass cliff refers to the higher likelihood for women (vs. men) to hold leadership positions in struggling companies because they were appointed during a crisis. We tested whether awareness of this phenomenon influences perceptions of gender inequality, sexism, and collective action intentions for women’s rights. In four online experiments ( N total = 1,333), participants (1) were informed about the link between women CEOs and negative compan…
Organizational Crisis in Spotlight Increases Preference for Female but not Ethnic Minority Leaders: The Role of Signaling Theory for Glass Cliff Appointments
In times of crisis, decision-makers often appoint atypical candidates (i.e., women or ethnic minorities) as leaders, a phenomenon known as the “glass cliff.” Two online experiments (N = 607) with employees in Switzerland and France investigated whether media and stakeholder (i.e., third-party) attention toward the organization drives these preferences given that atypical appointments may be used to signal change. As expected, we found that atypic…
The gender gap in the care economy is larger in highly developed countries: Sociocultural explanations for paradoxical findings
Despite the growing demand for care economy employees (e.g., nurses, teachers, and social workers), men remain underrepresented in these careers. While economically developed countries support more equal rights for women and men, their labor markets are highly gender segregated (Charles, 1992, 2003). We conducted a focused investigation of this paradoxical pattern in the care economy, testing whether gender gaps in care economy career interest ar…
Le modèle de la projection de genre: Un Modèle Explicatif Du Plafond De Verre, De L’effet De Backlash Et De La Falaise De Verre
The Political Glass Cliff: When Ethnic, Racial and Immigration Minority Participants Choose Minority Candidates for Hard‐To‐Win Seats
Atypical political candidates, such as those from ethnic, racial and immigration (ERI) minorities (vs. majority), are more likely to be chosen for hard-to-win seats than easy-to-win seats, a phenomenon known as the political glass cliff. This research aimed to uncover how the ERI status of decision makers played a role in this process. We hypothesised the emergence of a glass cliff pattern, that is, the preference for an ERI minority candidate ov…
Gender stereotypes may not influence the choice of female leaders: Experimental evidence from a crisis framed as social or economic during the Covid‐19 pandemic
This research examined whether female (vs. male) leaders are preferred during a pandemic when stereotypically feminine leadership is deemed useful. We hypothesized that citizens prefer female (vs. male) politicians when the crisis is framed as a social (vs. economic) crisis because they believe it requires feminine (vs. masculine) leadership. In a pilot study and three online experiments with US residents ( N total = 1675), we manipulated crisis …
Wage (in)equality matters: The effect of organizational economic inequality on others’ and self-ascriptions
Economic inequality has consequences at the social-psychological level, such as in the way people make inferences about their environment and other people. In the present two preregistered studies, we used a paradigm of an organizational setting to manipulate economic inequality and measured ascriptions of agentic versus communal traits to employees and the self. In Study 1 ( N = 187), participants attributed more agency than communion to a middl…
Gendered Self-Views Across 62 Countries: A Test of Competing Models
Social role theory posits that binary gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in less egalitarian countries, reflecting these countries’ more pronounced sex-based power divisions. Conversely, evolutionary and self-construal theorists suggest that gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in more egalitarian countries, reflecting the greater autonomy support and flexible self-construction processes present in these countrie…
A normative perspective of discrimination in the minimal group paradigm: Does it apply to both Ingroup love and outgroup hate
Research based on the normative perspective on intergroup discrimination showed that participants in the minimal group paradigm (MGP) discriminate because they perceive it to be in line with the ingroup's expectations (Iacoviello & Spears, 2018, 2021). The present set of studies examined whether these normative dynamics are peculiar to ‘ingroup love’, or whether they also apply to ‘outgroup hate’ (Brewer, 1979). Three studies (Ns = 405, 210, 307)…
Gender Gap in Parental Leave Intentions: Evidence from 37 Countries
Despite global commitments and efforts, a gender‐based division of paid and unpaid work persists. To identify how psychological factors, national policies, and the broader sociocultural context contribute to this inequality, we assessed parental‐leave intentions in young adults (18–30 years old) planning to have children (N = 13,942; 8,880 identified as women; 5,062 identified as men) across 37 countries that varied in parental‐leave policies and…
Psychometric Properties and Correlates of Precarious Manhood Beliefs in 62 Nations
Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country-level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data …
Social disparities in health behaviours: The role of class‐related behavioural norms and social class identification
Inequalities in health behaviours (i.e., the tendency of socially disadvantaged people, compared to more advantaged people, to engage in fewer healthy behaviours) have been mostly accounted for by individual and environmental factors. The present research proposed to consider a social identity perspective by examining the combined impact of class‐related norms and social class identification on intentions to engage in healthy behaviours. Based on…
Political Ideology Modifies the Effect of Glass Cliff Candidacies on Election Outcomes for Women in American State Legislative Races (2011–2016)
Research on glass cliff political candidacies shows that compared to men, women are more likely to run for office in districts where they are likely to lose. We examined if party differences in whether female candidates face these worse conditions in the United States could account for persistent and growing party and state variation in women's representation. Using election data from 2011 to 2016, we compared Republican versus Democratic candida…
Be an advocate for others, unless you are a man: Backlash against gender-atypical male job candidates
Previous research shows that gender vanguards (individuals who demonstrate genderatypical skills and behavior) suffer backlash in the form of social and economic penalties\n(Rudman & Phelan, 2008). This study examined backlash against female and male job applicants\nwho were either gender-atypical or typical. Professionals (N = 149) evaluated female or male\nmanagerial applicants for internal promotion described in their performance review as sho…
Glass Ceiling/Glass Cliff
The metaphor of the glass ceiling points to the discriminatory forces that limit women's access to top leadership positions. One of its major causes is that women are stereotypically ascribed feminine traits that are deemed inappropriate for a management context and thus lead to less favourable evaluations of women's performances and suitability as leaders. Despite these barriers, some women have broken through the glass ceiling and gained leadin…
Sexism
Moving across Status Lines: Low Concern for the Ingroup and Group Identification
This research examines individuals’ concern for the ingroup when they move from a socially disadvantaged inherited background (in terms of gender, ethnicity, and nationality) to a higher social standing through individual achievement. Studies 1–2 show that the status inconsistency between the disadvantaged and the achieved groups undermines concern for the disadvantaged ingroup. Studies 3–4 demonstrate that this lower concern for the ingroup is c…
Signaling change during a crisis: Refining conditions for the glass cliff
The Political Glass Cliff: Understanding How Seat Selection Contributes to the Underperformance of Ethnic Minority Candidates
An archival study of U.K. General Election results from 2001, 2005, and 2010 revealed that Conservative black and minority ethnic (BME) candidates were less successful than their white counterparts. However, mediation analyses demonstrate that this lack of success can be explained by the lower winnability of BME candidates’ seats, such that the opposition candidate held a seat with a significantly larger majority compared with white candidates’ o…
Politics and the Glass Cliff: Evidence that Women are Preferentially Selected to Contest Hard-to-Win Seats
Recent archival and experimental research has revealed that women are more likely than men to be appointed to leadership positions when an organization is in crisis. As a result, women often confront a “glass cliff” in which their position as leader is precarious. Our first archival study examined the 2005 UK general election and found that, in the Conservative party, women contested harder to win seats than did men. Our second study experimental…
Politics and the Glass Cliff: Evidence that Women are Preferentially Selected to Contest Hard-to-Win Seats
Recent archival and experimental research has revealed that women are more likely than men to be appointed to leadership positions when an organization is in crisis. As a result, women often confront a “glass cliff” in which their position as leader is precarious. Our first archival study examined the 2005 UK general election and found that, in the Conservative party, women contested harder to win seats than did men. Our second study experimental…
The Political Glass Cliff: Understanding How Seat Selection Contributes to the Underperformance of Ethnic Minority Candidates
An archival study of U.K. General Election results from 2001, 2005, and 2010 revealed that Conservative black and minority ethnic (BME) candidates were less successful than their white counterparts. However, mediation analyses demonstrate that this lack of success can be explained by the lower winnability of BME candidates’ seats, such that the opposition candidate held a seat with a significantly larger majority compared with white candidates’ o…
Signaling change during a crisis: Refining conditions for the glass cliff
Moving across Status Lines: Low Concern for the Ingroup and Group Identification
This research examines individuals’ concern for the ingroup when they move from a socially disadvantaged inherited background (in terms of gender, ethnicity, and nationality) to a higher social standing through individual achievement. Studies 1–2 show that the status inconsistency between the disadvantaged and the achieved groups undermines concern for the disadvantaged ingroup. Studies 3–4 demonstrate that this lower concern for the ingroup is c…
Be an advocate for others, unless you are a man: Backlash against gender-atypical male job candidates
Previous research shows that gender vanguards (individuals who demonstrate genderatypical skills and behavior) suffer backlash in the form of social and economic penalties\n(Rudman & Phelan, 2008). This study examined backlash against female and male job applicants\nwho were either gender-atypical or typical. Professionals (N = 149) evaluated female or male\nmanagerial applicants for internal promotion described in their performance review as sho…
Political Ideology Modifies the Effect of Glass Cliff Candidacies on Election Outcomes for Women in American State Legislative Races (2011–2016)
Research on glass cliff political candidacies shows that compared to men, women are more likely to run for office in districts where they are likely to lose. We examined if party differences in whether female candidates face these worse conditions in the United States could account for persistent and growing party and state variation in women's representation. Using election data from 2011 to 2016, we compared Republican versus Democratic candida…
Gender Gap in Parental Leave Intentions: Evidence from 37 Countries
Despite global commitments and efforts, a gender‐based division of paid and unpaid work persists. To identify how psychological factors, national policies, and the broader sociocultural context contribute to this inequality, we assessed parental‐leave intentions in young adults (18–30 years old) planning to have children (N = 13,942; 8,880 identified as women; 5,062 identified as men) across 37 countries that varied in parental‐leave policies and…
Gender stereotypes may not influence the choice of female leaders: Experimental evidence from a crisis framed as social or economic during the Covid‐19 pandemic
This research examined whether female (vs. male) leaders are preferred during a pandemic when stereotypically feminine leadership is deemed useful. We hypothesized that citizens prefer female (vs. male) politicians when the crisis is framed as a social (vs. economic) crisis because they believe it requires feminine (vs. masculine) leadership. In a pilot study and three online experiments with US residents ( N total = 1675), we manipulated crisis …
Politics and the Glass Cliff: Evidence that Women are Preferentially Selected to Contest Hard-to-Win Seats
Recent archival and experimental research has revealed that women are more likely than men to be appointed to leadership positions when an organization is in crisis. As a result, women often confront a “glass cliff” in which their position as leader is precarious. Our first archival study examined the 2005 UK general election and found that, in the Conservative party, women contested harder to win seats than did men. Our second study experimental…
The Political Glass Cliff: Understanding How Seat Selection Contributes to the Underperformance of Ethnic Minority Candidates
An archival study of U.K. General Election results from 2001, 2005, and 2010 revealed that Conservative black and minority ethnic (BME) candidates were less successful than their white counterparts. However, mediation analyses demonstrate that this lack of success can be explained by the lower winnability of BME candidates’ seats, such that the opposition candidate held a seat with a significantly larger majority compared with white candidates’ o…
Glass Ceiling/Glass Cliff
The metaphor of the glass ceiling points to the discriminatory forces that limit women's access to top leadership positions. One of its major causes is that women are stereotypically ascribed feminine traits that are deemed inappropriate for a management context and thus lead to less favourable evaluations of women's performances and suitability as leaders. Despite these barriers, some women have broken through the glass ceiling and gained leadin…
Sexism
Moving across Status Lines: Low Concern for the Ingroup and Group Identification
This research examines individuals’ concern for the ingroup when they move from a socially disadvantaged inherited background (in terms of gender, ethnicity, and nationality) to a higher social standing through individual achievement. Studies 1–2 show that the status inconsistency between the disadvantaged and the achieved groups undermines concern for the disadvantaged ingroup. Studies 3–4 demonstrate that this lower concern for the ingroup is c…
Signaling change during a crisis: Refining conditions for the glass cliff
Be an advocate for others, unless you are a man: Backlash against gender-atypical male job candidates
Previous research shows that gender vanguards (individuals who demonstrate genderatypical skills and behavior) suffer backlash in the form of social and economic penalties\n(Rudman & Phelan, 2008). This study examined backlash against female and male job applicants\nwho were either gender-atypical or typical. Professionals (N = 149) evaluated female or male\nmanagerial applicants for internal promotion described in their performance review as sho…
Psychometric Properties and Correlates of Precarious Manhood Beliefs in 62 Nations
Precarious manhood beliefs portray manhood, relative to womanhood, as a social status that is hard to earn, easy to lose, and proven via public action. Here, we present cross-cultural data on a brief measure of precarious manhood beliefs (the Precarious Manhood Beliefs scale [PMB]) that covaries meaningfully with other cross-culturally validated gender ideologies and with country-level indices of gender equality and human development. Using data …
Social disparities in health behaviours: The role of class‐related behavioural norms and social class identification
Inequalities in health behaviours (i.e., the tendency of socially disadvantaged people, compared to more advantaged people, to engage in fewer healthy behaviours) have been mostly accounted for by individual and environmental factors. The present research proposed to consider a social identity perspective by examining the combined impact of class‐related norms and social class identification on intentions to engage in healthy behaviours. Based on…
Political Ideology Modifies the Effect of Glass Cliff Candidacies on Election Outcomes for Women in American State Legislative Races (2011–2016)
Research on glass cliff political candidacies shows that compared to men, women are more likely to run for office in districts where they are likely to lose. We examined if party differences in whether female candidates face these worse conditions in the United States could account for persistent and growing party and state variation in women's representation. Using election data from 2011 to 2016, we compared Republican versus Democratic candida…
Wage (in)equality matters: The effect of organizational economic inequality on others’ and self-ascriptions
Economic inequality has consequences at the social-psychological level, such as in the way people make inferences about their environment and other people. In the present two preregistered studies, we used a paradigm of an organizational setting to manipulate economic inequality and measured ascriptions of agentic versus communal traits to employees and the self. In Study 1 ( N = 187), participants attributed more agency than communion to a middl…
Gendered Self-Views Across 62 Countries: A Test of Competing Models
Social role theory posits that binary gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in less egalitarian countries, reflecting these countries’ more pronounced sex-based power divisions. Conversely, evolutionary and self-construal theorists suggest that gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in more egalitarian countries, reflecting the greater autonomy support and flexible self-construction processes present in these countrie…
A normative perspective of discrimination in the minimal group paradigm: Does it apply to both Ingroup love and outgroup hate
Research based on the normative perspective on intergroup discrimination showed that participants in the minimal group paradigm (MGP) discriminate because they perceive it to be in line with the ingroup's expectations (Iacoviello & Spears, 2018, 2021). The present set of studies examined whether these normative dynamics are peculiar to ‘ingroup love’, or whether they also apply to ‘outgroup hate’ (Brewer, 1979). Three studies (Ns = 405, 210, 307)…
Gender Gap in Parental Leave Intentions: Evidence from 37 Countries
Despite global commitments and efforts, a gender‐based division of paid and unpaid work persists. To identify how psychological factors, national policies, and the broader sociocultural context contribute to this inequality, we assessed parental‐leave intentions in young adults (18–30 years old) planning to have children (N = 13,942; 8,880 identified as women; 5,062 identified as men) across 37 countries that varied in parental‐leave policies and…
The Political Glass Cliff: When Ethnic, Racial and Immigration Minority Participants Choose Minority Candidates for Hard‐To‐Win Seats
Atypical political candidates, such as those from ethnic, racial and immigration (ERI) minorities (vs. majority), are more likely to be chosen for hard-to-win seats than easy-to-win seats, a phenomenon known as the political glass cliff. This research aimed to uncover how the ERI status of decision makers played a role in this process. We hypothesised the emergence of a glass cliff pattern, that is, the preference for an ERI minority candidate ov…
Gender stereotypes may not influence the choice of female leaders: Experimental evidence from a crisis framed as social or economic during the Covid‐19 pandemic
This research examined whether female (vs. male) leaders are preferred during a pandemic when stereotypically feminine leadership is deemed useful. We hypothesized that citizens prefer female (vs. male) politicians when the crisis is framed as a social (vs. economic) crisis because they believe it requires feminine (vs. masculine) leadership. In a pilot study and three online experiments with US residents ( N total = 1675), we manipulated crisis …
Did Descriptive and Prescriptive Norms About Gender Equality at Home Change During the Covid-19 Pandemic? A Cross-National Investigation
Using data from 15 countries, this article investigates whether descriptive and prescriptive gender norms concerning housework and child care (domestic work) changed after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Results of a total of 8,343 participants ( M = 19.95, SD = 1.68) from two comparable student samples suggest that descriptive norms about unpaid domestic work have been affected by the pandemic, with individuals seeing mothers’ relative to fa…
Raising Awareness of the Glass Cliff: Reducing Sexism Through an Information-Based Approach
The glass cliff refers to the higher likelihood for women (vs. men) to hold leadership positions in struggling companies because they were appointed during a crisis. We tested whether awareness of this phenomenon influences perceptions of gender inequality, sexism, and collective action intentions for women’s rights. In four online experiments ( N total = 1,333), participants (1) were informed about the link between women CEOs and negative compan…
Organizational Crisis in Spotlight Increases Preference for Female but not Ethnic Minority Leaders: The Role of Signaling Theory for Glass Cliff Appointments
In times of crisis, decision-makers often appoint atypical candidates (i.e., women or ethnic minorities) as leaders, a phenomenon known as the “glass cliff.” Two online experiments (N = 607) with employees in Switzerland and France investigated whether media and stakeholder (i.e., third-party) attention toward the organization drives these preferences given that atypical appointments may be used to signal change. As expected, we found that atypic…
The gender gap in the care economy is larger in highly developed countries: Sociocultural explanations for paradoxical findings
Despite the growing demand for care economy employees (e.g., nurses, teachers, and social workers), men remain underrepresented in these careers. While economically developed countries support more equal rights for women and men, their labor markets are highly gender segregated (Charles, 1992, 2003). We conducted a focused investigation of this paradoxical pattern in the care economy, testing whether gender gaps in care economy career interest ar…
Le modèle de la projection de genre: Un Modèle Explicatif Du Plafond De Verre, De L’effet De Backlash Et De La Falaise De Verre
Psychology (15 works) · Social Psychology (14 works) · Gender Diversity and Inequality (13 works) · Political science (11 works) · Sociology (10 works) · Social Psychology (8 works) · Gender Roles and Identity Studies (7 works) · Social and Intergroup Psychology (7 works) · Cliff (6 works) · Demographic economics (5 works)