Mohamed Haji Ingiriis
Biographic Data
| ID | 116456 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Mohamed Haji Ingiriis |
| GIVEN NAMES | Mohamed Haji |
| FAMILY NAME | Ingiriis |
| SIGNATURE | INGIRIIS M H |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Oxford |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3319-0731 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 31 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 45 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 31 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2012 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2021 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
Being and becoming a state: The statebuilding and peacebuilding conversations in southern Somalia and Somaliland
Using contemporary and historical approaches, this paper empirically interrogates the recent and current trajectories of the statebuilding and peacebuilding processes and politics of southern Somalia (recognised as a state) and Somaliland (unrecognised as a state). To understand how the (post-)violent politics has preconditioned the form and face of becoming a Weberian state, the paper traces the internal dynamics and external dimensions of the t…
Insurgency and international extraversion in Somalia: The National Intelligence and Security Agency (Nisa) and Al-Shabaab's Amniyat
This article examines the various deficiencies of the security agency of the Federal Government of Somalia in Mogadishu in terms of intelligence capacity, capability and competence to counter Harakaat Al-Shabaab Al-Mujaahiduun (hereafter Al-Shabaab), the militant movement fighting against the government and its external backers. Based on field-based oral and written research data in Mogadishu, the article argues that the heavy dependence of the g…
Profiting from the failed state of Somalia: The violent political marketplace and insecurity in contemporary Mogadishu
This article examines the entanglement of insecurity profiteering and the emergence of the profitable violent political marketplace in southern Somalia. Reinforcing the recent research into secretive dealings of the securitisation of the Somali capital city of Mogadishu, it is argued that the war economy has prolonged armed conflict and insecurity in Somalia in a way that is more complicated than has been assumed. Given the internal/external dime…
Predatory politics and personalization of power: The abuses and misuses of the National Intelligence and Security Agency (Nisa) in Somalia
This article investigates the security sector in Somalia, with a focus on the National Intelligence and Security Agency (NISA), a government security unit, involved in the fight against the Al-Shabaab insurgency. This article argues that the historically traumatic legacy of autocratic oppression of the former military regime gives the Somali intelligence agency an infamous reputation that survives today and plays a significant role in the operati…
The anthropology of Al-Shabaab: The Salient Factors for the Insurgency Movement's Recruitment Project
Harakaat Al-Shabaab Al-Mujaahiduun (henceforth Al-Shabaab) is an active insurgent group in southern Somalia battling against the foreign forces and foreign-backed Somali forces. Despite recruiting both in Somalia and in the diaspora, this insurgency movement continues to increasingly recruit more local Somali youth than diaspora Somalis or non-Somalis. This article suggests that Al-Shabaab solicits support from diverse youth who – due to a conflu…
Inside Al-Shabaab: The Secret History of Al-Qaeda's Most Powerful Ally
From Grievance to Greed in Somalia: The Formation, Failure and Fall of the United Somali Congress (1989-1991)
In the existing academic literature on Somalia, the armed opposition movements that emerged at the height of the Cold War are treated as unidirectional and uniform. This article challenges this tendency by tracing the emergence and evaporation of the once popular mass armed opposition movement, the United Somali Congress (USC). The article provides comparisons with the experiences of Somali and other regional armed opposition movements to argue f…
Making Refuge: Somali Bantu Refugees and Lewiston, Maine
(2018). Making Refuge: Somali Bantu Refugees and Lewiston, Maine, by Catherine Besteman. African Historical Review: Vol. 50, “Bantustan States”, pp. 186-188
Somali Oral Poetry and the Failed She-Camel Nation State: A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Deelley Poetry Debate (1979–1980)
(2018). Somali Oral Poetry and the Failed She-Camel Nation State: A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Deelley Poetry Debate (1979–1980), by Ali Mumin Ahad. African Historical Review: Vol. 50, “Bantustan States”, pp. 189-191
Building peace from the margins in Somalia: The case for political settlement with Al-Shabaab
The prevailing discourse in Mogadishu among the federal government of Somalia and the international community is that Al-Shabaab is no longer relevant in contemporary Somali political landscape. In the language of the government, Al-Shabaab is like a lost crocodile thrown out from the river. In the lexicon of the international community, Al-Shabaab is gradually receding. In fact, Al-Shabaab is actually puissant and potent in terms of social, poli…
From Al-Itihaad to Al-Shabaab: How the Ethiopian intervention and the ‘War on Terror’ exacerbated the conflict in Somalia
External intervention has frustrated and continues to frustrate peace and stability in the Horn of Africa and Somalia, adding various adverse layers to an already complicated and complex conflict. The level of forceful military engagement intended for regional domination has profoundly affected negatively the efforts of peacebuilding and statebuilding in Somalia. This article examines how the earlier Ethiopian policies towards Somalia has reshape…
The invention of Al-Shabaab in Somalia: Emulating the anti-colonial dervishes movement
Journal Article The invention of Al-Shabaab in Somalia: Emulating the anti-colonial dervishes movement Get access Mohamed Haji Ingiriis Mohamed Haji Ingiriis Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar African Affairs, Volume 117, Issue 467, April 2018, Pages 217–237, https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/ady001 Published: 05 February 2018 Article history Received: 09 January 2018 Published: 05 February 2018
The mayor of Mogadishu: A story of chaos and redemption in the ruins of Somalia
BBC correspondent Andrew Harding sets out to paint a picture of conflict-ridden Mogadishu through the personal life story of one man: Mohamoud Ahmed Nur, the outspoken and charismatic former Mayor of Mogadishu, known by his nickname ‘Tarzan’. Tarzan lived a rough life in his childhood. He was born in the Somali region in Ethiopia but grew up in Mogadishu where he was put in an orphanage. This experience made him an angry man with a proclivity to …
State and Clan Violence in Somalia
The existing academic literature on the Somali conflict confounds state violence with clan violence. The thin line between the two forms of violence has perplexed—if not puzzled—pundits and political scientists studying the Somali state and society. This reflection raises two sets of questions: does state violence have a more distinctive character (in)visibility than clan violence? If so, what are the causes and consequences of these separate war…
From Pre-Colonial Past to the Post-Colonial Present: The Contemporary Clan-Based Configurations of Statebuilding in Somalia
This article is driven by an empirical paradox over where Somalia came from (pre-colonial clan-states) and where it ended up (return to pre-colonial clano-territorial conflicts). Existing academic studies on contemporary Somalia, which were supposed to provide critical analysis, continue to applaud the creation of clan-states within the failed state of Somalia. Based on a variety of unique primary sources, this article offers a new perspective on…
Who Assassinated the Somali President in October 1969? The Cold War, the Clan Connection, or the Coup d’État
The mystery of the assassination on October 15, 1969 of President Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke, the second civilian Somali leader in the postcolonial period, has been misunderstood. Soon after, on the October 21, 1969, at 3 o’clock in the morning, Radio Mogadishu announced that the military seized the power and overthrew the civilian government. It was also announced the prime minister and members of his government as well as former President Aden Ab…
Making Sense of Somali History: Volume One
(2017). Making Sense of Somali History: Volume One. African Historical Review: Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 119-122
Clan politics and the 2017 presidential election in Somaliland
Suicidal State in Somalia: The Rise and Fall of the Siad Barre Regime, 1969–1991
This book is a critical reposition of the study of military regimes in Africa. Documenting and delving deep into the reign and rule of General Mohamed Siad Barre regime in Somalia from 1969 up to 1991, the book puts emphasis on African agencies—ostensibly shaped by external beneficiaries and patrons—over what went wrong with Africa after the much-awaited post-colonial period. It does so by critically engaging with the wider theoretical and concep…
The Suicidal State in Somalia: The Rise and Fall of the Siad Barre Regime, 1969–1991
This book is a critical reposition of the study of military regimes in Africa. Documenting and delving deep into the reign and rule of General Mohamed Siad Barre regime in Somalia from 1969 up to 1991, the book puts emphasis on African agencies—ostensibly shaped by external beneficiaries and patrons—over what went wrong with Africa after the much-awaited post-colonial period. It does so by critically engaging with the wider theoretical and concep…
We Swallowed the State as the State Swallowed Us”: The Genesis, Genealogies, and Geographies of Genocides in Somalia
This article theorizes both the causes and the consequences of the state-sponsored genocidal campaigns leveled at the Isaaq clan-group, which can be considered as a case of a “forgotten genocide.” Little is academically known about the various uses of political violence by the Somali State with regard to suppressing armed political oppositions and its repercussions. The article assesses the central significance to the militarized state power to r…
Suicidal State in Somalia: The Rise and Fall of the Siad Barre Regime, 1969-1991
Many Somalia(s), multiple memories: Remembrances as present politics, past politics as remembrances in war-torn Somali discourses
Though a rich body of scholarship on the Somali conflicts has come to the surface, hitherto none has nuancedly analysed political memories that emerged out from traumatic experiences but was disseminated through informal oral discourses. Given the dearth of studies interrogating memory and political memory, the Somali context offers an ideal case study. The political trajectories of memory, myth and metaphor are inextricably interlinked after the…
How Somalia Works: Mimicry and the Making of Mohamed Siad Barre's Regime in Mogadishu
Recent literature on Somalia has largely been preoccupied with the latest developments from the capital, Mogadishu, yet Somalia in public discourse is not the same as the empirically nuanced Somalia on the ground. This article examines how and why the concept of governmentality has become a peculiar mixture of genuine reform and replication of old institutions and practices. Casting a new light on the type of governmentality exercised in Mogadish…
The Africana World: From Fragmentation to Unity and Renaissance, written by Mammo Muchie, Sanya Osha, and Matlotleng P. Matlou
From Al-Itihaad to Al-Shabaab: How the Ethiopian intervention and the ‘War on Terror’ exacerbated the conflict in Somalia
External intervention has frustrated and continues to frustrate peace and stability in the Horn of Africa and Somalia, adding various adverse layers to an already complicated and complex conflict. The level of forceful military engagement intended for regional domination has profoundly affected negatively the efforts of peacebuilding and statebuilding in Somalia. This article examines how the earlier Ethiopian policies towards Somalia has reshape…
From Pre-Colonial Past to the Post-Colonial Present: The Contemporary Clan-Based Configurations of Statebuilding in Somalia
This article is driven by an empirical paradox over where Somalia came from (pre-colonial clan-states) and where it ended up (return to pre-colonial clano-territorial conflicts). Existing academic studies on contemporary Somalia, which were supposed to provide critical analysis, continue to applaud the creation of clan-states within the failed state of Somalia. Based on a variety of unique primary sources, this article offers a new perspective on…
The impact of civil war and state collapse on the roles of Somali women: A Blessing in Disguise
Somali society can be characterized as patriarchal ‘to the bone’. Despite tremendous political and economic changes in the 20th century, and from colonial to post-colonial rule, the situation of women changed only minimally. In fact, some authors argue that women enjoyed even less independence from male ‘wards’ during the democratic and later revolutionary governments from 1960 to 1991 that were promulgating modernization and gender equality, at …
We Swallowed the State as the State Swallowed Us”: The Genesis, Genealogies, and Geographies of Genocides in Somalia
This article theorizes both the causes and the consequences of the state-sponsored genocidal campaigns leveled at the Isaaq clan-group, which can be considered as a case of a “forgotten genocide.” Little is academically known about the various uses of political violence by the Somali State with regard to suppressing armed political oppositions and its repercussions. The article assesses the central significance to the militarized state power to r…
The anthropology of Al-Shabaab: The Salient Factors for the Insurgency Movement's Recruitment Project
Harakaat Al-Shabaab Al-Mujaahiduun (henceforth Al-Shabaab) is an active insurgent group in southern Somalia battling against the foreign forces and foreign-backed Somali forces. Despite recruiting both in Somalia and in the diaspora, this insurgency movement continues to increasingly recruit more local Somali youth than diaspora Somalis or non-Somalis. This article suggests that Al-Shabaab solicits support from diverse youth who – due to a conflu…
Many Somalia(s), multiple memories: Remembrances as present politics, past politics as remembrances in war-torn Somali discourses
Though a rich body of scholarship on the Somali conflicts has come to the surface, hitherto none has nuancedly analysed political memories that emerged out from traumatic experiences but was disseminated through informal oral discourses. Given the dearth of studies interrogating memory and political memory, the Somali context offers an ideal case study. The political trajectories of memory, myth and metaphor are inextricably interlinked after the…
How Somalia Works: Mimicry and the Making of Mohamed Siad Barre's Regime in Mogadishu
Recent literature on Somalia has largely been preoccupied with the latest developments from the capital, Mogadishu, yet Somalia in public discourse is not the same as the empirically nuanced Somalia on the ground. This article examines how and why the concept of governmentality has become a peculiar mixture of genuine reform and replication of old institutions and practices. Casting a new light on the type of governmentality exercised in Mogadish…
Being and becoming a state: The statebuilding and peacebuilding conversations in southern Somalia and Somaliland
Using contemporary and historical approaches, this paper empirically interrogates the recent and current trajectories of the statebuilding and peacebuilding processes and politics of southern Somalia (recognised as a state) and Somaliland (unrecognised as a state). To understand how the (post-)violent politics has preconditioned the form and face of becoming a Weberian state, the paper traces the internal dynamics and external dimensions of the t…
Insurgency and international extraversion in Somalia: The National Intelligence and Security Agency (Nisa) and Al-Shabaab's Amniyat
This article examines the various deficiencies of the security agency of the Federal Government of Somalia in Mogadishu in terms of intelligence capacity, capability and competence to counter Harakaat Al-Shabaab Al-Mujaahiduun (hereafter Al-Shabaab), the militant movement fighting against the government and its external backers. Based on field-based oral and written research data in Mogadishu, the article argues that the heavy dependence of the g…
Profiting from the failed state of Somalia: The violent political marketplace and insecurity in contemporary Mogadishu
This article examines the entanglement of insecurity profiteering and the emergence of the profitable violent political marketplace in southern Somalia. Reinforcing the recent research into secretive dealings of the securitisation of the Somali capital city of Mogadishu, it is argued that the war economy has prolonged armed conflict and insecurity in Somalia in a way that is more complicated than has been assumed. Given the internal/external dime…
Predatory politics and personalization of power: The abuses and misuses of the National Intelligence and Security Agency (Nisa) in Somalia
This article investigates the security sector in Somalia, with a focus on the National Intelligence and Security Agency (NISA), a government security unit, involved in the fight against the Al-Shabaab insurgency. This article argues that the historically traumatic legacy of autocratic oppression of the former military regime gives the Somali intelligence agency an infamous reputation that survives today and plays a significant role in the operati…
Building peace from the margins in Somalia: The case for political settlement with Al-Shabaab
The prevailing discourse in Mogadishu among the federal government of Somalia and the international community is that Al-Shabaab is no longer relevant in contemporary Somali political landscape. In the language of the government, Al-Shabaab is like a lost crocodile thrown out from the river. In the lexicon of the international community, Al-Shabaab is gradually receding. In fact, Al-Shabaab is actually puissant and potent in terms of social, poli…
The invention of Al-Shabaab in Somalia: Emulating the anti-colonial dervishes movement
Journal Article The invention of Al-Shabaab in Somalia: Emulating the anti-colonial dervishes movement Get access Mohamed Haji Ingiriis Mohamed Haji Ingiriis Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar African Affairs, Volume 117, Issue 467, April 2018, Pages 217–237, https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/ady001 Published: 05 February 2018 Article history Received: 09 January 2018 Published: 05 February 2018
State and Clan Violence in Somalia
The existing academic literature on the Somali conflict confounds state violence with clan violence. The thin line between the two forms of violence has perplexed—if not puzzled—pundits and political scientists studying the Somali state and society. This reflection raises two sets of questions: does state violence have a more distinctive character (in)visibility than clan violence? If so, what are the causes and consequences of these separate war…
Al-Shabaab in Somalia: The history and ideology of a militant Islamist group, 2005-2012
The Harakat Al-Shabaab Al-Mujaahidiin (the Movement for Youth Jihadists), a militant organization based in Somalia, has long attracted Western observers of security and terrorism, and featured in policy leaflets and intelligence reports. Previously, these were the only available sources for those wishing to understand the group. Hansen's work is the first book-length study that attempts to go beyond this type of security analysis. The author sets…
The Making of the 1990 Manifesto: Somalia’s Last Chance for State Survival
The Somali elites’ attempt in 1990 to save their society from dissolution has been all but forgotten since Somalia’s government collapsed in 1991; their failure remains a neglected theme in Somali studies. This study examines an attempt made months before the fall of the Somali military regime in January 1991. The study treats such a community-led endeavor as a mused chance that Somalia could have been prevented from plunging into a complete coll…
Getting Somalia wrong? Faith, war and hope in a shattered state
The impact of civil war and state collapse on the roles of Somali women: A Blessing in Disguise
Somali society can be characterized as patriarchal ‘to the bone’. Despite tremendous political and economic changes in the 20th century, and from colonial to post-colonial rule, the situation of women changed only minimally. In fact, some authors argue that women enjoyed even less independence from male ‘wards’ during the democratic and later revolutionary governments from 1960 to 1991 that were promulgating modernization and gender equality, at …
Somali piracy and terrorism in the Horn of Africa
Al-Shabaab in Somalia: The history and ideology of a militant Islamist group, 2005-2012
The Harakat Al-Shabaab Al-Mujaahidiin (the Movement for Youth Jihadists), a militant organization based in Somalia, has long attracted Western observers of security and terrorism, and featured in policy leaflets and intelligence reports. Previously, these were the only available sources for those wishing to understand the group. Hansen's work is the first book-length study that attempts to go beyond this type of security analysis. The author sets…
The Africana World: From Fragmentation to Unity and Renaissance
Muchie, Mammo, Osha, Sanya & Matlou, Matlotleng P. (eds.). — The Africana World : From Fragmentation to Unity and Renaissance. Pretoria, Africa Institute of South Africa, 2012, 363 p., bibl. The co
The Africana World: From Fragmentation to Unity and Renaissance, written by Mammo Muchie, Sanya Osha, and Matlotleng P. Matlou
Suicidal State in Somalia: The Rise and Fall of the Siad Barre Regime, 1969–1991
This book is a critical reposition of the study of military regimes in Africa. Documenting and delving deep into the reign and rule of General Mohamed Siad Barre regime in Somalia from 1969 up to 1991, the book puts emphasis on African agencies—ostensibly shaped by external beneficiaries and patrons—over what went wrong with Africa after the much-awaited post-colonial period. It does so by critically engaging with the wider theoretical and concep…
The Suicidal State in Somalia: The Rise and Fall of the Siad Barre Regime, 1969–1991
This book is a critical reposition of the study of military regimes in Africa. Documenting and delving deep into the reign and rule of General Mohamed Siad Barre regime in Somalia from 1969 up to 1991, the book puts emphasis on African agencies—ostensibly shaped by external beneficiaries and patrons—over what went wrong with Africa after the much-awaited post-colonial period. It does so by critically engaging with the wider theoretical and concep…
We Swallowed the State as the State Swallowed Us”: The Genesis, Genealogies, and Geographies of Genocides in Somalia
This article theorizes both the causes and the consequences of the state-sponsored genocidal campaigns leveled at the Isaaq clan-group, which can be considered as a case of a “forgotten genocide.” Little is academically known about the various uses of political violence by the Somali State with regard to suppressing armed political oppositions and its repercussions. The article assesses the central significance to the militarized state power to r…
Suicidal State in Somalia: The Rise and Fall of the Siad Barre Regime, 1969-1991
Many Somalia(s), multiple memories: Remembrances as present politics, past politics as remembrances in war-torn Somali discourses
Though a rich body of scholarship on the Somali conflicts has come to the surface, hitherto none has nuancedly analysed political memories that emerged out from traumatic experiences but was disseminated through informal oral discourses. Given the dearth of studies interrogating memory and political memory, the Somali context offers an ideal case study. The political trajectories of memory, myth and metaphor are inextricably interlinked after the…
How Somalia Works: Mimicry and the Making of Mohamed Siad Barre's Regime in Mogadishu
Recent literature on Somalia has largely been preoccupied with the latest developments from the capital, Mogadishu, yet Somalia in public discourse is not the same as the empirically nuanced Somalia on the ground. This article examines how and why the concept of governmentality has become a peculiar mixture of genuine reform and replication of old institutions and practices. Casting a new light on the type of governmentality exercised in Mogadish…
Who Assassinated the Somali President in October 1969? The Cold War, the Clan Connection, or the Coup d’État
The mystery of the assassination on October 15, 1969 of President Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke, the second civilian Somali leader in the postcolonial period, has been misunderstood. Soon after, on the October 21, 1969, at 3 o’clock in the morning, Radio Mogadishu announced that the military seized the power and overthrew the civilian government. It was also announced the prime minister and members of his government as well as former President Aden Ab…
Making Sense of Somali History: Volume One
(2017). Making Sense of Somali History: Volume One. African Historical Review: Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 119-122
Clan politics and the 2017 presidential election in Somaliland
Making Refuge: Somali Bantu Refugees and Lewiston, Maine
(2018). Making Refuge: Somali Bantu Refugees and Lewiston, Maine, by Catherine Besteman. African Historical Review: Vol. 50, “Bantustan States”, pp. 186-188
Somali Oral Poetry and the Failed She-Camel Nation State: A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Deelley Poetry Debate (1979–1980)
(2018). Somali Oral Poetry and the Failed She-Camel Nation State: A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Deelley Poetry Debate (1979–1980), by Ali Mumin Ahad. African Historical Review: Vol. 50, “Bantustan States”, pp. 189-191
Building peace from the margins in Somalia: The case for political settlement with Al-Shabaab
The prevailing discourse in Mogadishu among the federal government of Somalia and the international community is that Al-Shabaab is no longer relevant in contemporary Somali political landscape. In the language of the government, Al-Shabaab is like a lost crocodile thrown out from the river. In the lexicon of the international community, Al-Shabaab is gradually receding. In fact, Al-Shabaab is actually puissant and potent in terms of social, poli…
From Al-Itihaad to Al-Shabaab: How the Ethiopian intervention and the ‘War on Terror’ exacerbated the conflict in Somalia
External intervention has frustrated and continues to frustrate peace and stability in the Horn of Africa and Somalia, adding various adverse layers to an already complicated and complex conflict. The level of forceful military engagement intended for regional domination has profoundly affected negatively the efforts of peacebuilding and statebuilding in Somalia. This article examines how the earlier Ethiopian policies towards Somalia has reshape…
The invention of Al-Shabaab in Somalia: Emulating the anti-colonial dervishes movement
Journal Article The invention of Al-Shabaab in Somalia: Emulating the anti-colonial dervishes movement Get access Mohamed Haji Ingiriis Mohamed Haji Ingiriis Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar African Affairs, Volume 117, Issue 467, April 2018, Pages 217–237, https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/ady001 Published: 05 February 2018 Article history Received: 09 January 2018 Published: 05 February 2018
The mayor of Mogadishu: A story of chaos and redemption in the ruins of Somalia
BBC correspondent Andrew Harding sets out to paint a picture of conflict-ridden Mogadishu through the personal life story of one man: Mohamoud Ahmed Nur, the outspoken and charismatic former Mayor of Mogadishu, known by his nickname ‘Tarzan’. Tarzan lived a rough life in his childhood. He was born in the Somali region in Ethiopia but grew up in Mogadishu where he was put in an orphanage. This experience made him an angry man with a proclivity to …
State and Clan Violence in Somalia
The existing academic literature on the Somali conflict confounds state violence with clan violence. The thin line between the two forms of violence has perplexed—if not puzzled—pundits and political scientists studying the Somali state and society. This reflection raises two sets of questions: does state violence have a more distinctive character (in)visibility than clan violence? If so, what are the causes and consequences of these separate war…
From Pre-Colonial Past to the Post-Colonial Present: The Contemporary Clan-Based Configurations of Statebuilding in Somalia
This article is driven by an empirical paradox over where Somalia came from (pre-colonial clan-states) and where it ended up (return to pre-colonial clano-territorial conflicts). Existing academic studies on contemporary Somalia, which were supposed to provide critical analysis, continue to applaud the creation of clan-states within the failed state of Somalia. Based on a variety of unique primary sources, this article offers a new perspective on…
Inside Al-Shabaab: The Secret History of Al-Qaeda's Most Powerful Ally
Political science (26 works) · Law (23 works) · Sociology (22 works) · Politics (19 works) · Political economy (16 works) · Somali (16 works) · Law (14 works) · African history and culture analysis (11 works) · Philosophy (11 works) · Political Conflict and Governance (10 works)