Avraham Faust
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 116597 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Avraham Faust |
| NOMBRES | Avraham |
| APELLIDO | Faust |
| FIRMA | FAUST A |
| AFILIACIONES | Bar-Ilan University |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7301-7135 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 74 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 171 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 74 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 1999 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 7 |
An Assemblage of Bullae (and a Seal) from Building 101 at Tel ʿEton and the Development of “Administrative Technology” in Judah
The Archaeology of the ‘Elderly’, ‘Elders’, ‘Fathers’ and ‘Mothers’ in Iron Age Israel
Archaeology prides itself on its ability to see beyond the urban elite. The countryside, the urban poor, gender and even children have all gradually come under the discipline’s gaze. The elderly, however, have failed to attract much scholarly attention. The few groundbreaking studies that tackled the issue scrutinized mortuary data and examined the ‘body’ of the elderly, but hardly any archaeological attention was given to the social aspects of t…
The Bible's First Kings
Saul, David, and Solomon are dominant figures in the Hebrew Bible, rulers of an expanding Israelite polity before it dissolved into two separate kingdoms. Saul's paranoid jealousy, David's killing the Philistine champion Goliath with a slingshot, and Solomon's meeting the Queen of Sheba are familiar stories to many people, but what is the truth behind the texts? While scholars long believed these three monarchs to have been historical personaliti…
The Impact of the Assyrian Conquests on Judahite Society
Various scholars have noted Mesopotamian impact on various aspects of Israelite religious beliefs and practices and extrapolated from these on the broader nature of the relations between the regions. Indeed, no society is an island, and influences are inevitable, especially when a small, peripheral society is in contact with a powerful center. Still, insufficient attention has been paid to the social and cultural contexts of the interaction, and …
Bible's First Kings
Archaeology and History
Lachish
The ancient city of Lachish is identified with Tell ed‐Duweir, a relatively large site (approximately 7 ha) located in the Shephelah (lowlands) of southwestern Israel.
Philistines
“Philistines” is a collective name of a people who settled in part of Canaan's southern coastal plain during Iron Age I and occupied the area until the end of the Iron Age.
Toward a quantitative history of ancient Israel
Building 101 at Tel ‘Eton, the Low Chronology, and the Perils of a Bias-Perpetuating Methodology
Building 101 at Tel ‘Eton was a large longitudinal four-spaces (‘four-room’) house, that was destroyed by fire in the late 8th century bce, during an Assyrian military campaign. Its size, location, quality of construction and the finds unearthed in it suggest that it was an elite dwelling, that perhaps served as a governor’s residency. In 2018 we published several radiocarbon dates, taken from the floor make-up in two separate rooms, as well as f…
Settlement, Economy, and Demography under Assyrian Rule in the West
The "Assyrian Century," the period of Assyrian rule in the Levant, is usually regarded as an era of prosperity and economic progress. As far as the southern Levant is concerned, this reconstruction more or less reflects the reality on the southern edge of the region-in the areas of Philistia, Judah, and Edom. But what was the situation in the northern part of the country, in the territories of the former kingdom of Israel and adjacent territories…
Between the Highland Polity and Philistia
The Shephelah, one of Judah’s 8th century b.c.e. settlement hubs, was sparsely settled during the Iron Age I, when only a small Canaanite enclave survived in its eastern part. The resettlement of the Shephelah, beginning during the Iron Age I–II transition and lasting over 200 years, was a complex process that had two different facets. The first, better-known facet is the gradual establishment of dozens of new sites, the vast majority of which ha…
Archaeology of Ancient Israelite Religion(s)
Israelite religion has always fascinated scholars
Funnels as Indicators of Storage Activities in the Iron Ii Southern Levant
Although literally hundreds of houses have been excavated in the southern Levant, it is not easy to use them to study past spatial activities. While modern excavations allow high‐resolution reconstructions, due to the costs involved only a limited number of houses are excavated nowadays in their entirety; the recording of the hundreds of houses excavated until the 1960s was partial and much of the material (e.g. botanical remains, bones, charred …
The Inhabitants of Philistia’
Iron I sites in the northwestern Negev were identified as Philistine on the basis of the references to Philistines in this region in the book of Genesis, its proximity to Gaza, and the occurrence of Philistine pottery. Triggered by emerging discrepancies between the finds at these sites and the presumed Philistine attributes (e.g. the rarity of pork, hearths), this article aims to reevaluate the finds in the periphery of Philistia, mainly in the …
Israelite Temples
Most scholars in the late 20th and early 21st century believed that cultic activity in the kingdoms of Israel and Judah was practiced in various temples that were scattered throughout the kingdoms. Still, a detailed study of the archaeological evidence on Israelite cult reveals that Israelite cultic buildings were extremely rare, both in absolute terms and when compared to other ancient Near Eastern societies, suggesting that cultic activity in t…
An All-Israelite Identity
Forts or agricultural estates? Persian period settlement in the territories of the former kingdom of Judah
The territories of the former kingdom of Judah were only sparsely settled during the Persian period, as exemplified by the extreme rarity of domestic structures unearthed in excavations. Viewed against this background, the large number of excavated forts and isolated administrative buildings from this period is remarkable, and they apparently outnumber the period's excavated dwellings. Not only is this an extremely unlikely situation, but various…
The “Governor’s Residency” at Tel ‘Eton, The United Monarchy, and the Impact of the Old-House Effect on Large-Scale Archaeological Reconstructions
The “governor’s residency” at Tel ‘Eton was destroyed in the late 8th century BCE in an Assyrian military campaign. While the numerous finds enable a detailed reconstruction of life on the eve of the destruction, this elite house was cleaned continuously, and since no floor raisings were identified, little was known of the building’s period of use. Radiocarbon ( 14 C) samples taken from within a foundation deposit and from the floor make-up, howe…
Mud-brick composition, archeological phasing and pre-planning in Iron Age structures
Pigs in Space (and Time)
Pork consumption and avoidance became a major issue in the study of ancient Israel in the 1980s. Initial works associated massive consumption of pork with the Philistines and its avoidance with the Israelites, and despite the doubts cast by some later studies, the topic is still closely associated with the study of Iron Age ethnic identities. The extensive data that has accumulated over the years, however, show that the distribution of pork-consu…
The birth, life and death of an Iron Age house at Tel ‘Eton, Israel
Using a biographic-like approach, this article presents the initial results of the study of an elite Iron Age house at Tel ‘Eton, from its conception, through its birth and life, to its death and decomposition. Massive preparations preceded the construction of the house, and the latter incorporated continuous foundations, and quality building materials, including ashlar stones. The building was pre-planned, and some of the original rooms had two …
The Wide Lens in Archaeology
This book honors the memory of Brian Hesse, a scholar of Near Eastern archaeology, a writer of alliterative and punned publication titles, and an accomplished amateur photographer. Hesse specialized in zooarchaeology, but he influenced a wider range of excavators and ancient historians with his broad interpretive reach. He spent much of his career analyzing faunal materials from different countries in the Middle East-including Iran, Yemen, and Is…
Flair of the Dog The Philistine Consumption of Canines
This book honors the memory of Brian Hesse, a scholar of Near Eastern archaeology, a writer of alliterative and punned publication titles, and an accomplished amateur photographer. Hesse specialized in zooarchaeology, but he influenced a wider range of excavators and ancient historians with his broad interpretive reach. He spent much of his career analyzing faunal materials from different countries in the Middle East-including Iran, Yemen, and Is…
Bounded Landscape
While massive defensive walls were characteristic of many central sites in antiquity, small rural settlements were typically unfortified. In the Iron Age kingdoms of Israel and Judah, however, all types of settlements were usually surrounded by walls, separating the nucleated settlements from their surroundings. These Iron Age villages differed from most Bronze Age villages in the region, and from contemporaneous villages in neighboring cultures.…
Settlement and Demography in Seventh-Century Judah and the Extent and Intensity of Sennacherib's Campaign
A detailed examination of data from dozens of excavated sites, urban and rural alike, reveals that most parts of Judah prospered in the seventh century BCE, and that this, and not the eighth century, represents the settlement peak in most parts of the kingdom. Systematic investigation of the data conducted both on the site level and on a regional basis allows us to identify patterns of continuity, prosperity and decline during the transition from…
The Excavations at Tel 'Eton (2006–2009)
Tel 'Eton, commonly identified with biblical 'Eglon, is a large site in the trough valley in the southeastern Shephelah. Since the summer of 2006, Bar-Ilan University has been carrying out a large-scale exploration project at the site and its surroundings. The excavations were preceded by a detailed mapping of the site, which was subsequently divided into 39 sub-units. This was followed by survey and shovel tests in each of those units, and by fu…
The Four Room House
The four-room house was the typical dwelling in the southern Levant during the Iron Age. Its widespread use both in time and space raises many questions about its origins, its function, and mostly intriguingly, about who lived in it. Did the four-room house form the quintessential Israelite home? The authors believe the answer to this question is yes
Burnished Pottery and Gender Hierarchy in Iron Age Israelite Society
One of the typical characteristics of Iron Age II pottery in ancient Israel is slip and burnish, which was applied to many vessels, especially bowls, jugs and juglets. No functional explanation can account for the phenomenon, and the reason for the (re)appearance of this treatment at the turn of the first millennium BC should be sought in the social realm. Vessels that received this treatment were used for food consumption, while vessels used for…
The Constitution of Philistine Identity
The process and date of the Philistine settlement in Canaan have received a great deal of scholarly attention. As well, scholars have also devoted much attention to the expansion of Philistine interaction with Levantine societies prior to the Philistines' assimilation in the late Iron Age. While most studies view Philistine integration and acculturation as a gradual process, a close examination of the detailed faunal and ceramic evidence suggests…
The Shephelah in the Iron Age
The Shephelah was densely settled in the Late Bronze Age, but most of the settlements were gradually abandoned during the transition to the Iron I period. Only a few Iron I settlements existed in the eastern part of the region (excluding the Philistine sites at the northwestern edge of the Shephelah), forming a small Canaanite enclave. During the Iron II period the region was gradually resettled, and it became part of Judah. This process lasted u…
Mud-brick composition, archeological phasing and pre-planning in Iron Age structures
Salvage Excavations as a Source for Reconstructing Settlement History in Ancient Israel
Most parts of Israel were excavated intensively, and most of the country was also covered by surveys. Our knowledge of settlement patterns and distribution during the various periods is very comprehensive — probably more so than in any other region in the world. Using data from the numerous excavations and from the detailed surveys, many studies have made use of various and sundry methods, in order to learn about the settlements and the populatio…
Ethnic Complexity in Northern Israel During Iron Age II
Much discussion has focused on the ability archaeology (and archaeologists) to identify ethnic groups on the basis of material culture. According to Colin Renfrew the most problematic of all the concepts which we have tended to use is that of a people (1993, 20). Much of the discussion of this subject in Syro-Palestinian archaeology has concentrated around the identification of the Israelites' (for example, Congress 1992, 5-17; Dever 1993, 1995a;…
The Archaeology of Purity and Impurity
The distinction between clean and unclean, often associated with bodily functions, is a common feature of human societies. Consequently, diverse groups developed different ways of maintaining separation between the realms. Despite its prominence in many ethnographies and in anthropology at large, and although the spatial expression of this separation is susceptible to archaeological enquiry, the concept of purity had received less attention by ar…
Survey, Shovel Tests and Excavations at Tel 'Eton
The article discusses the results of surveys, shovel testing and excavations conducted at Tel 'Eton, a central site in the southeastern Judean Shephelah. Prior to excavations at the site, the mound was mapped and divided into 39 topographical subunits. Each subunit was subsequently surveyed, and this was followed by shovel testing. A comparison of the results of the survey and shovel tests not only to each other, but also to the results of the ex…
A Community in Transition
The urbanization process of the Early Bronze Age (EB) has usually been discussed at the general/regional level. This paper utilizes the detailed information from Qiryat Ata—an EB IB–II (late 4th-early 3rd millennium BCE) settlement located on Israel's northern Coastal Plain—to conduct a more detailed analysis, at the site level, in order to examine the transformations experienced by a single community over time. The excavations revealed social an…
Utilizing Mole-Rat Activity for Archaeological Survey
Identifying previously unknown sites is a fundamental goal of the archaeological inquiry. In this article, after reporting the results of our work at Tel ‘Eton (Israel), we propose a new method that can increase the effectiveness of surveys. As part of a study of site formation processes, molehills (mole-rat back-dirt hills) were systematically sifted at Tel ‘Eton and its surroundings. It was apparent that the number and size of sherds in molehil…
The Interests of the Assyrian Empire in the West
The 7th century BCE in Philistia and Judah is characterized by economic prosperity, which is usually regarded as resulting from the “Assyrian Peace”, and from a policy of the Assyrian empire that aimed at maximizing production. The large center for the production of olive oil that was unearthed at Ekron in southern Israel is regarded as the best example of this policy. The present paper questions this scholarly consensus regarding the role of Ass…
A Canaanite Town, a Judahite Center, and a Persian Period Fort
Tel ‘Eton is a large site in the southeastern Shephelah, Israel, that has been excavated since 2006 by Bar-Ilan University. The site, which is surrounded by large burial fields, is located at the edge of the trough valley that separates the Shephelah (lowlands) from the highlands, and carries great potential for understanding the interaction between the well-known Shephelah and the lesser-known highlands. This article summarizes the history of th…
The "Philistine Tomb" at Tel 'Eton
Tomb C1 at Tel ‘Eton (Israel) is a unique Iron Age I elite burial cave (excavated in 1968 by Gershon Edelstein). The finds include many metal artifacts, seals, beads, and dozens of ceramic vessels, including Philistine bichrome pottery. Although some have interpreted the finds as reflecting Philistine occupation at Tel ‘Eton, the ethnic composition of the region and the cultural significance of various objects suggest that the interred were membe…
The Inhabitants of Philistia’
Iron I sites in the northwestern Negev were identified as Philistine on the basis of the references to Philistines in this region in the book of Genesis, its proximity to Gaza, and the occurrence of Philistine pottery. Triggered by emerging discrepancies between the finds at these sites and the presumed Philistine attributes (e.g. the rarity of pork, hearths), this article aims to reevaluate the finds in the periphery of Philistia, mainly in the …
Israelite Temples
Most scholars in the late 20th and early 21st century believed that cultic activity in the kingdoms of Israel and Judah was practiced in various temples that were scattered throughout the kingdoms. Still, a detailed study of the archaeological evidence on Israelite cult reveals that Israelite cultic buildings were extremely rare, both in absolute terms and when compared to other ancient Near Eastern societies, suggesting that cultic activity in t…
The “Governor’s Residency” at Tel ‘Eton, The United Monarchy, and the Impact of the Old-House Effect on Large-Scale Archaeological Reconstructions
The “governor’s residency” at Tel ‘Eton was destroyed in the late 8th century BCE in an Assyrian military campaign. While the numerous finds enable a detailed reconstruction of life on the eve of the destruction, this elite house was cleaned continuously, and since no floor raisings were identified, little was known of the building’s period of use. Radiocarbon ( 14 C) samples taken from within a foundation deposit and from the floor make-up, howe…
Pigs in Space (and Time)
Pork consumption and avoidance became a major issue in the study of ancient Israel in the 1980s. Initial works associated massive consumption of pork with the Philistines and its avoidance with the Israelites, and despite the doubts cast by some later studies, the topic is still closely associated with the study of Iron Age ethnic identities. The extensive data that has accumulated over the years, however, show that the distribution of pork-consu…
Bounded Landscape
While massive defensive walls were characteristic of many central sites in antiquity, small rural settlements were typically unfortified. In the Iron Age kingdoms of Israel and Judah, however, all types of settlements were usually surrounded by walls, separating the nucleated settlements from their surroundings. These Iron Age villages differed from most Bronze Age villages in the region, and from contemporaneous villages in neighboring cultures.…
Late Persian-Early Hellenistic Remains at Tel Eton
The paper deals with the finds from the Late Persian-Early Hellenistic period settlement unearthed at Tel ͑Eton. The settlement, which existed during the 4th and early 3rd centuries BCE, was comprised of a fort at the top of the mound and a large village that surrounded it. The article presents the architectural, ceramic and additional finds and discusses the possible circumstances involved in the establishment of the site in the 4th century BCE,…
Abandonment, Urbanization, Resettlement and the Formation of the Israelite State
State formation. Urbanization. The transition from Iron I to Iron II. The tenth century question. The historicity of the Davidic monarchy. Is there anything fresh to add to our well-rehearsed debates on these topics that does not merely repackage previously held opinions? Yes, says Avi Faust, who looks to the data from excavated rural sites, often neglected by "tell-minded" archaeologists
Doorway Orientation, Settlement Planning and Cosmology in Ancient Israel During Iron Age II
An examination of Iron Age buildings and settlements in ancient Israel indicates that a large number of them were oriented toward the east, while the west was extremely under‐represented. An examination of various climatic and functional considerations does not seem to explain the phenomenon. Many ethnographic studies, however, have demonstrated the strong influence that cosmological principles can have on the planning of buildings and settlement…
Differences in Family Structure Between Cities and Villages in Iron Age II
(1999). Differences in Family Structure Between Cities and Villages in Iron Age II. Tel Aviv: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 233-252
Socioeconomic Stratification in an Israelite City
This article attempts to determine the degree of socioeconomic stratification in Stratum VI of Hazor, based mainly on an analysis of the dwellings uncovered at the site. The analysis of the structures consists of four elements which are examined in relation to each of the architectural units: 1) the area of each of the houses; 2) the quality of construction; 3) the use of common walls; 4) the location of each dwelling within the site. The combina…
Differences in Family Structure Between Cities and Villages in Iron Age II
Differences in Family Structure Between Cities and Villages in Iron Age II
(1999). Differences in Family Structure Between Cities and Villages in Iron Age II. Tel Aviv: Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 233-252
The Rural Community in Ancient Israel during Iron Age II
This article focuses on the social organization of Iron Age II villages in ancient Israel. Based on an analysis of house size, size and distribution of agricultural-industrial installations, the presence of terrace systems, storage facilities, and other elements such as a boundary wall, several conclusions are presented. The basic social units were large extended families that dwelled together. These families were organized in larger kinship grou…
Ethnic Complexity in Northern Israel During Iron Age II
Much discussion has focused on the ability archaeology (and archaeologists) to identify ethnic groups on the basis of material culture. According to Colin Renfrew the most problematic of all the concepts which we have tended to use is that of a people (1993, 20). Much of the discussion of this subject in Syro-Palestinian archaeology has concentrated around the identification of the Israelites' (for example, Congress 1992, 5-17; Dever 1993, 1995a;…
Chronological Separation, Geographical Segregation, or Ethnic Demarcation? Ethnography and the Iron Age Low Chronology
The traditional Iron Age chronology has recently been challenged by I. Finkelstein who proposed a wholesale lowering of its dates. The cornerstone of the new chronology is the seeming absence of Philistine Monochrome pottery in 20th Dynasty Egyptian strongholds in southern Canaan and the absence of Egyptian(ized) pottery in Philistine sites. According to Finkelstein, the only viable explanation for this phenomenon is chronological. Adherents of t…
Doorway Orientation, Settlement Planning and Cosmology in Ancient Israel During Iron Age II
An examination of Iron Age buildings and settlements in ancient Israel indicates that a large number of them were oriented toward the east, while the west was extremely under‐represented. An examination of various climatic and functional considerations does not seem to explain the phenomenon. Many ethnographic studies, however, have demonstrated the strong influence that cosmological principles can have on the planning of buildings and settlement…
Accessibility, Defence and Town Planning in Iron Age Israel
Accessibility, Defence and Town Planning in Iron Age Israel
(2002). Accessibility, Defence and Town Planning in Iron Age Israel. Tel Aviv: Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 297-317
Burnished Pottery and Gender Hierarchy in Iron Age Israelite Society
One of the typical characteristics of Iron Age II pottery in ancient Israel is slip and burnish, which was applied to many vessels, especially bowls, jugs and juglets. No functional explanation can account for the phenomenon, and the reason for the (re)appearance of this treatment at the turn of the first millennium BC should be sought in the social realm. Vessels that received this treatment were used for food consumption, while vessels used for…
Residential Patterns in the Ancient Israelite City
It is the aim of the present paper to examine residential and land use patterns in the ancient Israelite city. These patterns are examined in various Iron Age II cities in the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah in relation to Sjoberg's influential model of 'the pre-industrial city'. The analysis reveals that while some towns conform with this famous model, many others do not. The paper, by observing the changes that took place in residential and land-u…
Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past
Symbiosis, Symbolism, and the Power of the Past
Judah in the Sixth Century B. C. E
Not much is known about the material culture of the 'Babylonian Period'. The lack of data has been explained in two contrasting ways: (1) the region was only sparsely inhabited, and the meagre settlement left only scant remains; (2) this is a very short period, whose material culture should be viewed as a continuation of that of the late Iron Age and as a predecessor of that of the Persian Period, and therefore difficult to identify. These school…
The Four Room House
The four-room house was the typical dwelling in the southern Levant during the Iron Age. Its widespread use both in time and space raises many questions about its origins, its function, and mostly intriguingly, about who lived in it. Did the four-room house form the quintessential Israelite home? The authors believe the answer to this question is yes
Abandonment, Urbanization, Resettlement and the Formation of the Israelite State
State formation. Urbanization. The transition from Iron I to Iron II. The tenth century question. The historicity of the Davidic monarchy. Is there anything fresh to add to our well-rehearsed debates on these topics that does not merely repackage previously held opinions? Yes, says Avi Faust, who looks to the data from excavated rural sites, often neglected by "tell-minded" archaeologists
The Israelite Village
The dynamics of innovation and change have been the focus of much interest over the years, with many studies examining the causes, mechanisms and consequences of cultural change. Using the Israelite Iron Age village as a test-case, the present paper analyzes these dynamics in a traditional society and examines the apparent tension between conservatism and innovation within the context of Iron Age Israel.
The Canaanite Village
The rural sites of the Middle Bronze Age have not received much scholarly attention. A number of sites have been excavated over the years, however, and the accumulating data permits a discussion of the social structure of Middle Bronze Age rural communities. An in-depth examination of the archaeological data, in the light of ethnographic and historical data, suggests that the villages should be interpreted as belonging to the following types: a f…
Judah, Philistia, and the Mediterranean World
The seventh century B.C.E. was a period of economic prosperity, for which several lines of evidence for trade and settlement expansion have been found along the coastal plain, in the Judaean desert and the Negev. The discovery of Judahite wheat in Ashkelon, together with other available archaeological evidence of trade and data on the local geographical conditions, enables us to reconstruct the well-integrated economy of the seventh century. Ashk…
Salvage Excavations as a Source for Reconstructing Settlement History in Ancient Israel
Most parts of Israel were excavated intensively, and most of the country was also covered by surveys. Our knowledge of settlement patterns and distribution during the various periods is very comprehensive — probably more so than in any other region in the world. Using data from the numerous excavations and from the detailed surveys, many studies have made use of various and sundry methods, in order to learn about the settlements and the populatio…
The Israelite Village
The dynamics of innovation and change have been the focus of much interest over the years, with many studies examining the causes, mechanisms and consequences of cultural change. Using the Israelite Iron Age village as a test-case, the present paper analyzes these dynamics in a traditional society and examines the apparent tension between conservatism and innovation within the context of Iron Age Israel
Excess in precipitation as a cause for settlement decline along the Israeli coastal plain during the third millennium BC
Although the relations between climate and settlement are not straightforward, there is a general agreement that arid conditions are less favorable for human settlement in the semiarid Near East than humid conditions. Here we show that humid conditions resulted in the abandonment of settlements along the Israeli coastal plain. We first present archaeological evidence for a drastic decline in settlement along the Israeli coast during most of the t…
A Rejoinder
"Rural Settlements, State Formation, and "Bible and Archaeology
A Community in Transition
The urbanization process of the Early Bronze Age (EB) has usually been discussed at the general/regional level. This paper utilizes the detailed information from Qiryat Ata—an EB IB–II (late 4th-early 3rd millennium BCE) settlement located on Israel's northern Coastal Plain—to conduct a more detailed analysis, at the site level, in order to examine the transformations experienced by a single community over time. The excavations revealed social an…
Archaeology (55 obras) · Archaeology and Historical Studies (55 obras) · History (53 obras) · Geography (45 obras) · Ancient history (40 obras) · Biblical Studies and Interpretation (35 obras) · Ancient Egypt and Archaeology (27 obras) · Ancient Near East History (27 obras) · History (25 obras) · Political science (25 obras)