J Iceland
Biographic Data
| ID | 118769 |
|---|---|
| NAME | J Iceland |
| GIVEN NAMES | J |
| FAMILY NAME | Iceland |
| SIGNATURE | ICELAND J |
| AFFILIATIONS | Pennsylvania State University |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1475-5327 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 77 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 1242 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 77 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1997 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 18 |
Beyond Black and White: Racial stereotyping and support for racial redress policies
Moral Intuitions and Support for Immigration
Introduction Attitudes toward immigration are often shaped by whether immigrants are perceived as a threat to one's racial, ethnic, or nativity group status. Yet recent research shows that such perceptions vary not only between different groups but also within them. Drawing on Moral Foundations Theory, our study investigates the moral intuitions that lead some individuals to view immigrants as threats and others to see them as deserving of care a…
Material Hardship Among Affluent and Poor Households in the United States
We examined the correlates of hardship among affluent households and the characteristics of affluent households make them less likely to report hardships than poor ones. Is it income alone that explains differences in the likelihood of hardship, or do other characteristics-such as wealth and education-play important roles? Using 2021 data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, we examined the prevalence of four types of hardship (bi…
Beyond conflict: Recovering the sociology of social progress
The dominance of conflict theory in contemporary sociology has contributed to critical blind spots, including the discipline’s limited attention to social progress and the conditions that foster it. This paper traces the rise and fall of functionalism, examines current blind spots in sociology such as rising living standards and declines in racial and gender inequality, and identifies the theoretical and ideological factors that contribute to the…
Household living arrangements and disparities in hardship
BACKGROUND: Experiences of hardship, such as trouble paying bills and food insecurity, vary considerably across different household living arrangements, with relatively low levels among married-couple households. OBJECTIVE: We examine the extent to which disparities across household types can be explained by differences in income, non-income resources such as wealth, demographic characteristics, and socioeconomic characteristics such as education…
Racial Identity and Endorsements of Anti-Black and Anti-White Stereotypes
Using data from a 2023 YouGov survey of U.S. adults, we examine whether the strength of Black and White respondents' racial identities are associated with their endorsements of anti-Black stereotypes that blame Blacks for their unequal position in society and anti-White stereotypes that blame Whites for their indifference to racial inequality and protection of their privilege. We find that, among Black respondents, a stronger racial identity-and …
Race differences in support for anti‐racism policies: Endorsements of anti‐black and anti‐white stereotypes
Introduction Support for anti‐racism policies such as mandatory diversity training and affirmative action varies by race. Research in the racial resentment and symbolic racism traditions focuses on whites’ endorsements of stereotypes that blame blacks for their unequal position in society, causing whites to be less supportive of anti‐racism policies. Systemic racism theory suggests an additional hypothesis: People who believe whites are not doing…
Beyond racial resentment: Systemic racism beliefs and public attitudes toward criminal justice institutions and reforms
Introduction Systemic racism theory has become a central part of academic and public discussions about criminal justice institutions and reforms. Little, however, is known about the association between people's belief in the ubiquity of systemic racism and their attitudes toward criminal justice institutions and reforms. Methods To fill this gap, we examine the association between systemic racism beliefs and support for police, police reform, and…
The Moral Foundations of Christian Nationalism
Why does Christian Nationalism (CN) resonate with some Americans but not others? We employ Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) to fill this gap. MFT posits that individuals possess a moral matrix made up of concerns for group cohesion (authority, loyalty, and sanctity), egalitarian ideals (care and fairness), and individual autonomy (liberty). Using a nationally representative survey (N = 1,125), we find that support for CN is largely motivated by con…
When all you have is a hammer: How Social Justice Distorts What We Know About Racial Disparities
Moral intuitions and vaccine hesitancy during the Covid‐19 pandemic
Background While the COVID‐19 pandemic has resulted in millions of deaths worldwide, the rapid development and distribution of novel vaccines reduced the scale of severe illness and death. Even so, many people remain unvaccinated. Objective We investigate the extent to which various moral intuitions are associated with COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy. Methods We use data from a 2021 national YouGov sample of U.S. adults and logistic regression to exam…
Social Justice and Social Order: Moral Intuitions and Endorsements of Antiblack and Antiwhite Stereotypes
Few topics are as heavily studied as Americans' beliefs about racial disparities. Most of this research examines white people's endorsements of stereotypes that blame black people for their unequal position in society. Research in the racial resentment and symbolic racism traditions is perhaps the best-known example of this approach. This research, however, is incomplete and is becoming more so as contemporary U.S. discourse expands to incorporat…
Moral intuitions and attitudes towards affirmative action in college admissions
For whom is patriotism blind? Examining the roles of moral intuitions and system justification
The Prevalence of Hardship by Race and Ethnicity in the USA, 1992–2019
The Socioeconomic Attainments of Second-Generation Southeast Asian Americans in the 21st Century: Evidence from the American Community Survey, 2012–2016
Social order and social justice: Moral intuitions, systemic racism beliefs, and Americans’ divergent attitudes toward Black Lives Matter and police
We examine the influence of moral intuitions on Americans’ divergent attitudes toward Black Lives Matter (BLM) and police. Drawing on Moral Foundations Theory, we hypothesize that individualizing moral intuitions that put care and protection of the vulnerable at the center of moral concern (a social justice orientation) lead people to express positive feelings toward BLM and negative feelings toward police, whereas binding moral intuitions that p…
The Resonance of Repression: Moral Intuitions, Skepticism toward Racial Injustice, and Public Support for Trump’s “Law and Order” Response to the 2020 Racial Justice Protests
The limited research on support for state repression of protests points to protest violence, ideological opposition, and racial/ethnic resentment, but few have examined how moral intuitions influence support for repression and racialized opposition to protest claims. The authors use a national survey of 1,030 respondents, fielded in June 2020 at the height of the post-Floyd Black Lives Matter protests, to investigate the moral motivations for sup…
Poverty
While poverty generally refers to material deprivation, it is a multifaceted experience for those who are struggling to get by. It can certainly involve economic hardship, such as difficulty in paying food bills or living in housing in severe disrepair. For some, poverty means lacking some of the basic consumer items that their neighbors have, such as a car. The term “poverty” can be used to describe a lack of other types of goods, such as educat…
One Quarter of the Nation: Immigration and the Transformation of America by Nancy Foner
Immigration is transforming America in a way that it had not for a century. The Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 put a ceiling on the overall number of immigrants allowed entry into the United States. The even tougher Immigration Act of 1924 followed, further diminishing the number of “undesirable” immigrants from Eastern and Southern Europe. By that time, immigration from China and Japan had also been severely limited by laws passed in 1882 a…
Hardship Among Immigrants and the Native-born in the United States
This study examines the prevalence of several types of hardship (e.g., bill paying and housing hardships) among immigrants by race and ethnicity in the United States using data from the 2008 and 2014 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation and logistic regressions. I find that Blacks, and to some extent Hispanics, are more likely to report hardships than Whites and Asians, who are about equally likely to report hardships. Explori…
Poverty and the Incidence of Material Hardship, Revisited
Objective: We examine trends in seven types of material hardship, such as food and housing hardships, and how their incidence by poverty status changed over the 1992 to 2011 period. Method: We use data from multiple panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation and logistic regressions to examine these relationships. Results: We find declines in four of the seven hardships, with little change or moderate increases for the others. Decli…
US disparities in affluence by household structure, 1959 to 2017
This study examines trends in affluence â as indicated by high household income â by household structure over the 1959 to 2017 period. I contrast the experiences of married-couple households, whose share of all households declined substantially over time
The declining earnings gap between young women and men in the United States, 1979-2018
A Portrait of America: The Demographic Perspective
Portrait of America describes our nation’s changing population and examines through a demographic lens some of our most pressing contemporary challenges, ranging from poverty and economic inequality to racial tensions and health disparities. Celebrated author John Iceland covers various topics, including America's historical demographic growth; the American family today; gender inequality; economic well-being; immigration and diversity; racial an…
Does Socioeconomic Status Matter? Race, Class, and Residential Segregation
Spatial assimilation theory predicts that racial and ethnic residential segregation results at least in part from socioeconomic differences across groups. In contrast, the place stratification perspective emphasizes the role of prejudice and discrimination in shaping residential patterns. This article evaluates these perspectives by examining the role of race and class in explaining the residential segregation of African Americans, Hispanics, and…
Social Capital in Rural and Urban Communities1
Conventional wisdom says that social capital is more common among families in rural communities than urban communities. Using data from the 1988 wave of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we compare the prevalence, type, and extent of social exchanges in these places. Results indicate that families living in rural areas are more likely to exchange exclusively with kin than are families living in urban areas. In particular, families living in rur…
Immigrant residential segregation in U.S. metropolitan areas, 1990–2000
This paper examines the extent of spatial assimilation among immigrants of different racial and ethnic origins. We use restricted data from the 1990 and 2000 censuses to calculate the levels of dissimilarity by race and Hispanic origin, nativity, and year of entry, and then run multivariate models to examine these relationships. The findings provide broad support for spatial assimilation theory. Foreign-born Hispanics, Asians, and blacks are more…
Beyond Black and White
Hypersegregation in the twenty-first century
We used metropolitan-level data from the 2000 U.S. census to analyze the hypersegregation of four groups from whites: blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and Native Americans. While blacks were hypersegregated in 29 metropolitan areas and Hispanics were hypersegregated in 2, Asians and Native Americans were not hypersegregated in any. There were declines in the number of metropolitan areas with black hypersegregation, although levels of segregation experi…
Hispanic Segregation in Metropolitan America: Exploring the Multiple Forms of Spatial Assimilation
This article investigates patterns of spatial assimilation of Hispanics in U.S. metropolitan areas. Using restricted-use data from the 2000 Census, we calculate Hispanics' levels of residential segregation by race and nativity and then estimate multivariate models to examine the association of group characteristics with these patterns. To obtain a more nuanced view of spatial assimilation, we use alternative reference groups in the segregation ca…
Change in Racial and Ethnic Residential Inequality in American Cities, 1970–2000
We complement and extend research on change in racial and ethnic residential segregation by estimating determinants of change from 1970 to 2000 in four measures of residential inequality—dissimilarity, entropy, isolation, and net difference—between American Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Latinos. Because we use a longer time horizon and multiple measures, our findings clearly demonstrate some convergence in residential location patterns across group…
Class differences in African American residential patterns in US metropolitan areas: 1990-2000
Poverty, Material Hardship, and Depression
Objective. Mental health disorders are of great social, economic, and policy concern. A higher incidence of major depressive disorder has been reported among women living in or near poverty. Our study examines the extent to which the relationship between income and depression is mediated by measures of material hardship. Methods. We use measures of depression at two points in time from the longitudinal Fragile Families Survey to better discern th…
Sun Belt Rising: Regional Population Change and the Decline in Black Residential Segregation, 1970–2009
The goal of this study is to examine the extent to which population shifts over the post–Great Migration period and divergent trends in segregation across regions contributed to the overall decline in black segregation in the United States in recent decades. Using data from the 1970 to 2000 decennial censuses and the 2005–2009 American Community Survey (ACS), our analysis indicates that black dissimilarity and isolation declined more in the South…
Residential segregation in metropolitan established immigrant gateways and new destinations, 1990-2000
White Residential Segregation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas: Conceptual Issues, Patterns, and Trends from the U.S. Census, 1980 to 2010
Why poverty remains high: The role of income growth, economic inequality, and changes in family structure, 1949–1999
After dramatic declines in poverty from 1950 to the early 1970s in the United States, progress stalled. This article examines the association between trends in poverty and income growth, economic inequality, and changes in family structure using three measures of poverty: an absolute measure, a relative measure, and a quasi-relative one. I found that income growth explains most of the trend in absolute poverty, while inequality generally plays th…
Moving for the Kids: Examining the Influence of Children on White Residential Segregation
White households with children are the least likely of all household types to live in integrated neighborhoods, yet few researchers have questioned whether children themselves influence residential decision–making. Children may affect both residential preferences and constraints and in turn, household mobility decisions that shape patterns of segregation and integration. Following a cohort of household heads in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics,…
The residential segregation of detailed Hispanic and Asian groups in the United States: 1980-2010
BACKGROUND: Racial and ethnic diversity continues to grow in communities across the United States, raising questions about the extent to which different ethnic groups will become residentially integrated. OBJECTIVE: While a number of studies have examined the residential patterns of pan-ethnic groups, our goal is to examine the segregation of several Asian and Hispanic ethnic groups - Cubans, Dominicans, Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Salvadorans, Asia…
Racial and Ethnic Inequality in Poverty and Affluence, 1959–2015
Racial and ethnic residential segregation and household structure: A research note
Understanding trends in concentrated poverty: 1980-2014
Social order and social justice: Moral intuitions, systemic racism beliefs, and Americans’ divergent attitudes toward Black Lives Matter and police
We examine the influence of moral intuitions on Americans’ divergent attitudes toward Black Lives Matter (BLM) and police. Drawing on Moral Foundations Theory, we hypothesize that individualizing moral intuitions that put care and protection of the vulnerable at the center of moral concern (a social justice orientation) lead people to express positive feelings toward BLM and negative feelings toward police, whereas binding moral intuitions that p…
Black-white metropolitan segregation and self-rated health: Investigating the role of neighborhood poverty
The residential segregation of mixed-nativity married couples
This article examines the ways in which mixed-nativity marriage is related to spatial assimilation in metropolitan areas of the United States. Specifically, we examine the residential patterns of households with a mixed-nativity—and, in some cases, interracial—marriage to determine whether they are less segregated from the native-born than entirely foreign-born households. Using restricted-use data from the 2000 census, we find that compared with…
Racial Separation at Home and Work: Segregation in Residential and Workplace Settings
Urban labor markets and individual transitions out of poverty
Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the U.S. census, I examine the effect of four structural characteristics on individual poverty exits: (1) economic restructuring, (2) skills mismatches, (3) racial residential segregation, and (4) welfare benefit levels. Results show that these factors play a role in explaining African Americans’ economic disadvantages, but they have a weaker and often contrary impact on whites’ poverty exits…
Ethnic Residential Segregation by Nativity in Great Britain and the United States
This study examines patterns of ethnic residential integration in Great Britain and the United States. Using data from 2000/2001 censuses from these two countries, we compute segregation indexes for comparably-defined ethnic groups by nativity and for specific foreign-born groups. We find that blacks are much less segregated in Great Britain than in the U.S, and black segregation patterns by nativity tend to be consistent with spatial assimilatio…
When all you have is a hammer: How Social Justice Distorts What We Know About Racial Disparities
Urban labor markets and individual transitions out of poverty
Using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and the U.S. census, I examine the effect of four structural characteristics on individual poverty exits: (1) economic restructuring, (2) skills mismatches, (3) racial residential segregation, and (4) welfare benefit levels. Results show that these factors play a role in explaining African Americans’ economic disadvantages, but they have a weaker and often contrary impact on whites’ poverty exits…
Social Capital in Rural and Urban Communities1
Conventional wisdom says that social capital is more common among families in rural communities than urban communities. Using data from the 1988 wave of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we compare the prevalence, type, and extent of social exchanges in these places. Results indicate that families living in rural areas are more likely to exchange exclusively with kin than are families living in urban areas. In particular, families living in rur…
Poverty among Working Families: New Insights from an Improved Poverty Measure
Objective . This article examines poverty among working families with children using a refined experimental poverty measure based on recommendations by the National Academy of Sciences Panel on Poverty and Family Assistance. Methods . Using data from the 1998 Current Population Survey, this research constructs an experimental poverty measure that takes into account noncash government benefits as well as job‐related expenses, elements not included…
Why poverty remains high: The role of income growth, economic inequality, and changes in family structure, 1949–1999
After dramatic declines in poverty from 1950 to the early 1970s in the United States, progress stalled. This article examines the association between trends in poverty and income growth, economic inequality, and changes in family structure using three measures of poverty: an absolute measure, a relative measure, and a quasi-relative one. I found that income growth explains most of the trend in absolute poverty, while inequality generally plays th…
Why Poverty Remains High: The Role of Income Growth, Economic Inequality, and Changes in Family Structure, 1949-1999
After dramatic declines in poverty from 1950 to the early 1970s in the United States, progress stalled. This article examines the association between trends in poverty and income growth, economic inequality, and changes in family structure using three measures of poverty: an absolute measure, a relative measure, and a quasi-relative one. I found that income growth explains most of the trend in absolute poverty, while inequality generally plays th…
Hypersegregation in the twenty-first century
We used metropolitan-level data from the 2000 U.S. census to analyze the hypersegregation of four groups from whites: blacks, Hispanics, Asians, and Native Americans. While blacks were hypersegregated in 29 metropolitan areas and Hispanics were hypersegregated in 2, Asians and Native Americans were not hypersegregated in any. There were declines in the number of metropolitan areas with black hypersegregation, although levels of segregation experi…
Beyond Black and White
Special Reviewers
Class differences in African American residential patterns in US metropolitan areas: 1990-2000
Poverty in America: A Handbook
Does Socioeconomic Status Matter? Race, Class, and Residential Segregation
Spatial assimilation theory predicts that racial and ethnic residential segregation results at least in part from socioeconomic differences across groups. In contrast, the place stratification perspective emphasizes the role of prejudice and discrimination in shaping residential patterns. This article evaluates these perspectives by examining the role of race and class in explaining the residential segregation of African Americans, Hispanics, and…
Income poverty and material hardship: How strong is the association?
Change in Racial and Ethnic Residential Inequality in American Cities, 1970–2000
We complement and extend research on change in racial and ethnic residential segregation by estimating determinants of change from 1970 to 2000 in four measures of residential inequality—dissimilarity, entropy, isolation, and net difference—between American Whites, Blacks, Asians, and Latinos. Because we use a longer time horizon and multiple measures, our findings clearly demonstrate some convergence in residential location patterns across group…
Working and Poor: How Economic and Policy Changes Are Affecting Low‐Wage Workers ‐ Edited by Rebecca M. Blank, Sheldon H. Danziger, and Robert F. Schoeni
Poverty
While poverty generally refers to material deprivation, it is a multifaceted experience for those who are struggling to get by. It can certainly involve economic hardship, such as difficulty in paying food bills or living in housing in severe disrepair. For some, poverty means lacking some of the basic consumer items that their neighbors have, such as telephones and cars. The term poverty can be used to describe a lack of other types of goods, su…
Residential Segregation
Residential segregation refers to the differential distribution of groups across space, and is usually thought of in terms of the degree to which various groups reside in different neighborhoods. People are residentially segregated across a number of dimensions, including age, socioeconomic status, and (the focus here) race and ethnicity. It is commonly thought that differences in residential patterns across racial and ethnic groups reflect socia…
Differences That Matter: Social Policy and the Working Poor in the United States and Canada
Immigrant residential segregation in U.S. metropolitan areas, 1990–2000
This paper examines the extent of spatial assimilation among immigrants of different racial and ethnic origins. We use restricted data from the 1990 and 2000 censuses to calculate the levels of dissimilarity by race and Hispanic origin, nativity, and year of entry, and then run multivariate models to examine these relationships. The findings provide broad support for spatial assimilation theory. Foreign-born Hispanics, Asians, and blacks are more…
Residential Patterns of Black Immigrants and Native‐Born Blacks in the United States
Objective. Although high levels of black‐white residential segregation have long been observed, relatively little is known about the residential patterns of black immigrants. This analysis examines the role of nativity and Hispanic ethnicity for the residential patterns of blacks in the United States. Methods. This article uses data from the 2000 Census to calculate dissimilarity indexes and conduct regression analyses. Results. We find differenc…
Blue‐Chip Black: Race, Class, and Status in the New Black Middle Class – By K.R. Lacy
Hispanic Segregation in Metropolitan America: Exploring the Multiple Forms of Spatial Assimilation
This article investigates patterns of spatial assimilation of Hispanics in U.S. metropolitan areas. Using restricted-use data from the 2000 Census, we calculate Hispanics' levels of residential segregation by race and nativity and then estimate multivariate models to examine the association of group characteristics with these patterns. To obtain a more nuanced view of spatial assimilation, we use alternative reference groups in the segregation ca…
The Black Metropolis in the Twenty-First Century: Race, Power, and Politics of Place
Poverty, Material Hardship, and Depression
Objective. Mental health disorders are of great social, economic, and policy concern. A higher incidence of major depressive disorder has been reported among women living in or near poverty. Our study examines the extent to which the relationship between income and depression is mediated by measures of material hardship. Methods. We use measures of depression at two points in time from the longitudinal Fragile Families Survey to better discern th…
Child Poverty and Inequality: Securing a Better Future for America's Children
The Racial Residential Segregation of Black Single Living Alone Households
While many studies have examined the intersection of race and class with residential segregation and residential preferences, very little is known about the role played by household composition in shaping residential patterns. This paper focuses on the residential patterns of a particular kind of household: those consisting of persons single and living alone (SALA). We compare the residential segregation of black SALA households-an important subs…
Sociology (48 works) · Economics (39 works) · Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies (37 works) · Geography (33 works) · Demographic economics (32 works) · Political science (32 works) · Demography (30 works) · Economic growth (28 works) · Poverty (27 works) · Population (25 works)