Ravi Pendakur
Biographic Data
| ID | 119390 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Ravi Pendakur |
| GIVEN NAMES | Ravi |
| FAMILY NAME | Pendakur |
| SIGNATURE | PENDAKUR R |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Ottawa |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-7124-7068 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 35 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 299 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 35 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1984 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 9 |
Indigenous Earnings Convergence: Canada 1995 to 2020
Les auteurs évaluent la disparité du marché du travail autochtone chez les travailleurs d'origine canadienne entre 1995 et 2020 et décrivent de nouvelles données sur les structures de rémunération. Ils constatent une remarquable convergence de rémunération chez les travailleurs autochtones, les disparités salariales se sont réduites de plus de 50 %, passant de 36 % à 16 % chez les hommes autochtones et de 16 % à 6 % chez les femmes autochtones. I…
Off-Colour: Canada's Ethnically Stratified Labour Market, 1995-2020
Mr Speaker: The changing nature of parliamentary debates on immigration in Canada
We use correspondence analysis to look at the changing nature of political debates in the Canadian House of Commons concerning immigration over a five-decade period. Using data drawn from the Linked Parliamentary Data (LiPaD) project we assess the way in which immigration policy and issues are discussed by different political parties from September of 1968 to June of 2019. We look at debates in five of the longest Prime Ministers' mandates. In do…
Polish immigrants and their children in Canada and Sweden, employment status and income patterns
Using a combination of logit, and OLS regressions we ask if the labour force outcomes for Polish immigrants differ across two immigration policy regimes (Canada and Sweden). Specifically, we compare the employment and earnings prospects of Polish immigrants and their children in Canada and Sweden using data that is similar in quality and timing. We find that in general, Polish immigrants, while facing substantial penalties compared to native-born…
The Impact of Self-Government, Comprehensive Land Claims, and Opt-In Arrangements on Income Inequality in Indigenous Communities in Canada
In Canada, self-government agreements, comprehensive land claims agreements, and opt-in arrangements allow Indigenous groups to govern their internal affairs and assume greater responsibility and control over the decision-making that affects their communities. We use difference-in-difference models to measure the impact of such agreements on average income and income inequality in Indigenous communities at the community level. In comparison with …
Settlement and labour force outcomes for Afghan immigrants and their children in Canada
Past research suggests that Afghan immigrants and their children face challenges in settlement stemming from the impact of displacement, language barriers, poor health, limited education, limited knowledge of or access to services, and discrimination. Using data from Canada's 2016 Census, this paper adds to these findings pointing to poor labour force outcomes for Afghan immigrants as compared to other immigrants. Sons of Afghan immigrants fare b…
Housing Policy and Employment Outcomes for Refugees
The Effects of Modern Treaties and Opt-In Legislation on Household Incomes in Aboriginal Communities
Settlement and labour force outcomes for Afghan immigrants and their children in Canada
Past research suggests that Afghan immigrants and their children face challenges in settlement, stemming from the impact of displacement, language barriers, poor health, limited education, limited knowledge of or access to services, and discrimination. Using data from Canada’s 2011 National Household Survey and 2009 Longitudinal Immigration Database, this paper adds to these findings, pointing to poor labour force outcomes for most Afghan immigra…
Of Intake and Outcomes: Wage Trajectories of Immigrant Classes in Canada
Which Child Immigrants Face Earnings Disparity? Age‐at‐immigration, Ethnic Minority Status and Labour Market Attainment in Canada
Using Canadian Census microdata from 1990 to 2005, we investigate the earnings attainment of immigrants to Canada in 6 age‐at‐arrival cohorts. In comparison to past work we extend our understanding regarding three dimensions of the age at immigration debate: we explore heterogeneity across fine grained age‐at‐arrival cohorts, over a fifteen‐year period and across different ethnic groups. We find that white immigrants and female immigrants arrivin…
Are Residential and Workplace Concentration Correlated for Immigrants? Evidence for Sweden
All in the Family: How Do Social Capital and Material Wellbeing Affect Relational Wellbeing
Citizenship, enclaves and earnings: Comparing Two Cool Countries
This paper uses the Canadian 2006 Census and the Swedish 2006 register data to analyse the citizenship effect on the relative earnings of immigrants, using instrumental variable regression to control for citizenship acquisition. We ask: ‘Is there a citizenship effect and if any, in which country is it that we find the largest effect and for which immigrant groups?’ We add one further dimension, asking if the size of the co-immigrant population in…
The labour market integration of refugee and family reunion immigrants: A comparison of outcomes in Canada and Sweden
This paper assesses the employment and earnings trajectories of refugee and family reunion category immigrants in Canada and Sweden using two national level sources of data.The Canadian Immigration Database (IMDB) is a file that links the intake record of post 1979 immigrants with annual taxation records.The 2007 Swedish Register Data includes information on all legal permanent residents.Using standard regression methods we compare labour force o…
Social Capital, Diversity and Giving or Receiving Help Among Neighbours
Putting on the moves: Individual, household, and community-level determinants of residential mobility in Canada
Internal residential mobility is an important contributor to economic vitality, helping to address gaps in the labour market, assisting regions to develop comparative advantages, and encouraging the circulation of skills, capital, and networks within a cou
Social Capital Formation and Diversity: Impacts of Individual and Place-Related Characteristics
Using structural equation modelling, we assess the degree to which the characteristics of both individuals and the cities in which they live may affect scores on three domains underlying social capital—trust, interaction and membership. We find that diversity, as it relates to both the individual and the city of residence, affects social capital formation. However, the impact of diversity is not necessarily negative. As the proportion of visible …
Aboriginal Income Disparity in Canada
Investigating the earnings and income disparity faced by Aboriginal people in Canada from 1995 to 2005, we find that Aboriginal people face substantial income and earnings gaps in comparison with Canadian-born majority-group workers with similar characteristics (such as age and education). The estimated gaps are large: about 10 to 20 percent for women and 20 to 50 percent for men. However, these gaps eroded somewhat over 1995 to 2005. Among Abori…
Citizenship, Co-ethnic Populations, and Employment Probabilities of Immigrants in Sweden
Introduction: Implications of Citizenship Acquisition
Color by Numbers: Minority Earnings in Canada 1995–2005
Voting and Social Inclusion in Sweden: Voting in Sweden
Three decades ago, Sweden extended municipal and provincial voting privileges to non-citizen residents arguing that it would increase political influence, interest and self-esteem among foreign citizens. The aim of this paper is to explore the act of voting as a measure of social inclusion by comparing voting propensities of immigrants (people born outside Sweden), their descendants (born in Sweden) and native Swedish citizens (those who have cit…
Social Capital, Labour Markets, and Job-Finding in Urban and Rural Regions: Comparing Paths to Employment in Prosperous Cities and Stressed Rural Communities in Canada
This paper compares paths to employment (job-finding) in prosperous cities and economically-stressed rural communities in Canada. Since the pioneering work of Mark Granovetter (1973; 1974) , sociologists have investigated the role of social capital in job-finding (specifically, the use of strong and weak social ties to find out about employment opportunities). To date, however, there have been few direct comparisons of job-finding in urban and ru…
Social capital and voting participation of immigrants and minorities in Canada
n Using the social capital literature as a base, we explore the issue of interaction with others on voter participation with particular emphasis on exploring the differences between Canadian-born majority, and minority residents. \nWe use the 2002 wave of the Equality Security Community Survey to explore the relationship between voting and personal characteristics, work characteristics, social capital attributes and ethnic characteristics. We fin…
The labour market integration of refugee and family reunion immigrants: A comparison of outcomes in Canada and Sweden
This paper assesses the employment and earnings trajectories of refugee and family reunion category immigrants in Canada and Sweden using two national level sources of data.The Canadian Immigration Database (IMDB) is a file that links the intake record of post 1979 immigrants with annual taxation records.The 2007 Swedish Register Data includes information on all legal permanent residents.Using standard regression methods we compare labour force o…
Colour My World: Have Earnings Gaps for Canadian-Born Ethnic Minorities Changed over Time
Krishna Pendakur, Ravi Pendakur, Colour My World: Have Earnings Gaps for Canadian-Born Ethnic Minorities Changed over Time?, Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Dec., 2002), pp. 489-512
Voting and Social Inclusion in Sweden: Voting in Sweden
Three decades ago, Sweden extended municipal and provincial voting privileges to non-citizen residents arguing that it would increase political influence, interest and self-esteem among foreign citizens. The aim of this paper is to explore the act of voting as a measure of social inclusion by comparing voting propensities of immigrants (people born outside Sweden), their descendants (born in Sweden) and native Swedish citizens (those who have cit…
Social capital and voting participation of immigrants and minorities in Canada
n Using the social capital literature as a base, we explore the issue of interaction with others on voter participation with particular emphasis on exploring the differences between Canadian-born majority, and minority residents. \nWe use the 2002 wave of the Equality Security Community Survey to explore the relationship between voting and personal characteristics, work characteristics, social capital attributes and ethnic characteristics. We fin…
Language as Both Human Capital and Ethnicity
In this study, we estimate earnings differentials for knowledge of thirteen minority languages in Canada's three largest urban areas. We find that conditional on knowledge of a majority language, knowledge of a minority language is associated with lower earnings. However, the negative differential diminishes for those languages with large local populations. This suggests a positive human capital effect which is for the most part swamped by a nega…
Aboriginal Income Disparity in Canada
Investigating the earnings and income disparity faced by Aboriginal people in Canada from 1995 to 2005, we find that Aboriginal people face substantial income and earnings gaps in comparison with Canadian-born majority-group workers with similar characteristics (such as age and education). The estimated gaps are large: about 10 to 20 percent for women and 20 to 50 percent for men. However, these gaps eroded somewhat over 1995 to 2005. Among Abori…
Social Capital, Labour Markets, and Job-Finding in Urban and Rural Regions: Comparing Paths to Employment in Prosperous Cities and Stressed Rural Communities in Canada
This paper compares paths to employment (job-finding) in prosperous cities and economically-stressed rural communities in Canada. Since the pioneering work of Mark Granovetter (1973; 1974) , sociologists have investigated the role of social capital in job-finding (specifically, the use of strong and weak social ties to find out about employment opportunities). To date, however, there have been few direct comparisons of job-finding in urban and ru…
Housing Policy and Employment Outcomes for Refugees
Social Capital, Diversity and Giving or Receiving Help Among Neighbours
The Effects of Modern Treaties and Opt-In Legislation on Household Incomes in Aboriginal Communities
Putting on the moves: Individual, household, and community-level determinants of residential mobility in Canada
Internal residential mobility is an important contributor to economic vitality, helping to address gaps in the labour market, assisting regions to develop comparative advantages, and encouraging the circulation of skills, capital, and networks within a cou
Immigrants and the Labour Force: Policy, Regulation and Impact
First, Canada's primary source for immigrants has shifted dramatically from the United Kingdom and Europe to countries outside Europe. Second there has been a remarkable transformation in the nature of work: Canada's economy has changed from relying on resource extraction to an emphasis on manufacturing, and presently is emerging as post-industrial and knowledge-based. Pendakur combines an analysis of parliamentary debates on immigration issues w…
Citizenship, Co-ethnic Populations, and Employment Probabilities of Immigrants in Sweden
Recreational Participation Among Ethnic Minorities and Immigrants in Canada and the Netherlands
In this paper, we compare the community engagement of minorities as measured by group recreational activity in Canada and the Netherlands—two countries with high immigration intake and high levels of ethnocultural diversity. Using logistic regression, we ask questions concerning the determinants of recreational participation, focussing on the degree to which differences are a product of minority status or of more general socioeconomic status. We …
Immigration, Labor Force Integration and the Pursuit of Self-Employment
The Impact of Self-Government, Comprehensive Land Claims, and Opt-In Arrangements on Income Inequality in Indigenous Communities in Canada
In Canada, self-government agreements, comprehensive land claims agreements, and opt-in arrangements allow Indigenous groups to govern their internal affairs and assume greater responsibility and control over the decision-making that affects their communities. We use difference-in-difference models to measure the impact of such agreements on average income and income inequality in Indigenous communities at the community level. In comparison with …
Settlement and labour force outcomes for Afghan immigrants and their children in Canada
Past research suggests that Afghan immigrants and their children face challenges in settlement stemming from the impact of displacement, language barriers, poor health, limited education, limited knowledge of or access to services, and discrimination. Using data from Canada's 2016 Census, this paper adds to these findings pointing to poor labour force outcomes for Afghan immigrants as compared to other immigrants. Sons of Afghan immigrants fare b…
Of Intake and Outcomes: Wage Trajectories of Immigrant Classes in Canada
Citizenship, enclaves and earnings: Comparing Two Cool Countries
This paper uses the Canadian 2006 Census and the Swedish 2006 register data to analyse the citizenship effect on the relative earnings of immigrants, using instrumental variable regression to control for citizenship acquisition. We ask: ‘Is there a citizenship effect and if any, in which country is it that we find the largest effect and for which immigrant groups?’ We add one further dimension, asking if the size of the co-immigrant population in…
Minority Earnings Disparity Across the Distribution
We use quantile regression methods on 2001 Census of Canada data to assess disparity at four points in the conditional distribution of earnings of native-born ethnic minorities (the 20th, 50th, 80th and 90th percentiles) as well as at the mean. In doing so, we examine and assess the degree to which minorities face earnings differentials at both the top and bottom of the conditional distribution as well as at the mean, thereby testing the degree t…
All in the Family: How Do Social Capital and Material Wellbeing Affect Relational Wellbeing
Social Capital Formation and Diversity: Impacts of Individual and Place-Related Characteristics
Using structural equation modelling, we assess the degree to which the characteristics of both individuals and the cities in which they live may affect scores on three domains underlying social capital—trust, interaction and membership. We find that diversity, as it relates to both the individual and the city of residence, affects social capital formation. However, the impact of diversity is not necessarily negative. As the proportion of visible …
Changing Patterns of Educational Inequality in Canada
Neil Guppy, Paulina D. Mikicich, Ravi Pendakur, Changing Patterns of Educational Inequality in Canada, The Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Summer, 1984), pp. 319-331
Which Child Immigrants Face Earnings Disparity? Age‐at‐immigration, Ethnic Minority Status and Labour Market Attainment in Canada
Using Canadian Census microdata from 1990 to 2005, we investigate the earnings attainment of immigrants to Canada in 6 age‐at‐arrival cohorts. In comparison to past work we extend our understanding regarding three dimensions of the age at immigration debate: we explore heterogeneity across fine grained age‐at‐arrival cohorts, over a fifteen‐year period and across different ethnic groups. We find that white immigrants and female immigrants arrivin…
Color by Numbers: Minority Earnings in Canada 1995–2005
Changing Patterns of Educational Inequality in Canada
Neil Guppy, Paulina D. Mikicich, Ravi Pendakur, Changing Patterns of Educational Inequality in Canada, The Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Summer, 1984), pp. 319-331
The Colour of Money: Earnings Differentials among Ethnic Groups in Canada
The literature on ethnically based earnings differentials in Canada has focused on differences either between whites and visible minorities or between particular ethnic groups. In this paper we examine both earnings differentials between whites and visible minorities, and earnings differentials within the white and visible-minority groupings. Among both men and women we nd substantial earnings differentials both between and within the white and v…
Immigration, Labor Force Integration and the Pursuit of Self-Employment
Immigration, Labor Force Integration and the Pursuit of Self-Employment
Using correspondence analysis, we look at age-education cohorts of male immigrants who arrived in Canada between 1945 and 1961 and compare them to similar age-education groups of Canadian-born males in order to examine shifts in employment patterns across four census periods. We find that immigrants with low levels of schooling consistently had higher rates of self-employment than similar groups of Canadian-born males, and the longer they stayed …
Colour My World: Have Earnings Gaps for Canadian-Born Ethnic Minorities Changed over Time
Krishna Pendakur, Ravi Pendakur, Colour My World: Have Earnings Gaps for Canadian-Born Ethnic Minorities Changed over Time?, Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Dec., 2002), pp. 489-512
Language as Both Human Capital and Ethnicity
In this study, we estimate earnings differentials for knowledge of thirteen minority languages in Canada's three largest urban areas. We find that conditional on knowledge of a majority language, knowledge of a minority language is associated with lower earnings. However, the negative differential diminishes for those languages with large local populations. This suggests a positive human capital effect which is for the most part swamped by a nega…
Immigrants and the Labour Force: Policy, Regulation, and Impact
Immigrants and the Labour Force: Policy, Regulation and Impact
First, Canada's primary source for immigrants has shifted dramatically from the United Kingdom and Europe to countries outside Europe. Second there has been a remarkable transformation in the nature of work: Canada's economy has changed from relying on resource extraction to an emphasis on manufacturing, and presently is emerging as post-industrial and knowledge-based. Pendakur combines an analysis of parliamentary debates on immigration issues w…
Recreational Participation Among Ethnic Minorities and Immigrants in Canada and the Netherlands
In this paper, we compare the community engagement of minorities as measured by group recreational activity in Canada and the Netherlands—two countries with high immigration intake and high levels of ethnocultural diversity. Using logistic regression, we ask questions concerning the determinants of recreational participation, focussing on the degree to which differences are a product of minority status or of more general socioeconomic status. We …
Minority Earnings Disparity Across the Distribution
We use quantile regression methods on 2001 Census of Canada data to assess disparity at four points in the conditional distribution of earnings of native-born ethnic minorities (the 20th, 50th, 80th and 90th percentiles) as well as at the mean. In doing so, we examine and assess the degree to which minorities face earnings differentials at both the top and bottom of the conditional distribution as well as at the mean, thereby testing the degree t…
Social Capital, Labour Markets, and Job-Finding in Urban and Rural Regions: Comparing Paths to Employment in Prosperous Cities and Stressed Rural Communities in Canada
This paper compares paths to employment (job-finding) in prosperous cities and economically-stressed rural communities in Canada. Since the pioneering work of Mark Granovetter (1973; 1974) , sociologists have investigated the role of social capital in job-finding (specifically, the use of strong and weak social ties to find out about employment opportunities). To date, however, there have been few direct comparisons of job-finding in urban and ru…
Social capital and voting participation of immigrants and minorities in Canada
n Using the social capital literature as a base, we explore the issue of interaction with others on voter participation with particular emphasis on exploring the differences between Canadian-born majority, and minority residents. \nWe use the 2002 wave of the Equality Security Community Survey to explore the relationship between voting and personal characteristics, work characteristics, social capital attributes and ethnic characteristics. We fin…
Color by Numbers: Minority Earnings in Canada 1995–2005
Voting and Social Inclusion in Sweden: Voting in Sweden
Three decades ago, Sweden extended municipal and provincial voting privileges to non-citizen residents arguing that it would increase political influence, interest and self-esteem among foreign citizens. The aim of this paper is to explore the act of voting as a measure of social inclusion by comparing voting propensities of immigrants (people born outside Sweden), their descendants (born in Sweden) and native Swedish citizens (those who have cit…
Aboriginal Income Disparity in Canada
Investigating the earnings and income disparity faced by Aboriginal people in Canada from 1995 to 2005, we find that Aboriginal people face substantial income and earnings gaps in comparison with Canadian-born majority-group workers with similar characteristics (such as age and education). The estimated gaps are large: about 10 to 20 percent for women and 20 to 50 percent for men. However, these gaps eroded somewhat over 1995 to 2005. Among Abori…
Citizenship, Co-ethnic Populations, and Employment Probabilities of Immigrants in Sweden
Introduction: Implications of Citizenship Acquisition
Social Capital Formation and Diversity: Impacts of Individual and Place-Related Characteristics
Using structural equation modelling, we assess the degree to which the characteristics of both individuals and the cities in which they live may affect scores on three domains underlying social capital—trust, interaction and membership. We find that diversity, as it relates to both the individual and the city of residence, affects social capital formation. However, the impact of diversity is not necessarily negative. As the proportion of visible …
Putting on the moves: Individual, household, and community-level determinants of residential mobility in Canada
Internal residential mobility is an important contributor to economic vitality, helping to address gaps in the labour market, assisting regions to develop comparative advantages, and encouraging the circulation of skills, capital, and networks within a cou
Citizenship, enclaves and earnings: Comparing Two Cool Countries
This paper uses the Canadian 2006 Census and the Swedish 2006 register data to analyse the citizenship effect on the relative earnings of immigrants, using instrumental variable regression to control for citizenship acquisition. We ask: ‘Is there a citizenship effect and if any, in which country is it that we find the largest effect and for which immigrant groups?’ We add one further dimension, asking if the size of the co-immigrant population in…
The labour market integration of refugee and family reunion immigrants: A comparison of outcomes in Canada and Sweden
This paper assesses the employment and earnings trajectories of refugee and family reunion category immigrants in Canada and Sweden using two national level sources of data.The Canadian Immigration Database (IMDB) is a file that links the intake record of post 1979 immigrants with annual taxation records.The 2007 Swedish Register Data includes information on all legal permanent residents.Using standard regression methods we compare labour force o…
Social Capital, Diversity and Giving or Receiving Help Among Neighbours
All in the Family: How Do Social Capital and Material Wellbeing Affect Relational Wellbeing
Which Child Immigrants Face Earnings Disparity? Age‐at‐immigration, Ethnic Minority Status and Labour Market Attainment in Canada
Using Canadian Census microdata from 1990 to 2005, we investigate the earnings attainment of immigrants to Canada in 6 age‐at‐arrival cohorts. In comparison to past work we extend our understanding regarding three dimensions of the age at immigration debate: we explore heterogeneity across fine grained age‐at‐arrival cohorts, over a fifteen‐year period and across different ethnic groups. We find that white immigrants and female immigrants arrivin…
Are Residential and Workplace Concentration Correlated for Immigrants? Evidence for Sweden
Economics (31 works) · Demographic economics (28 works) · Political science (25 works) · Sociology (21 works) · Migration and Labor Dynamics (18 works) · Geography (17 works) · Immigration (17 works) · Law (17 works) · Earnings (13 works) · Ethnic group (12 works)