Henry Small
Biographic Data
| ID | 1195466 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Henry Small |
| GIVEN NAMES | Henry |
| FAMILY NAME | Small |
| SIGNATURE | SMALL H |
| AFFILIATIONS | SciTech Strategies (United States) |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-3479-6740 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 12 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 59 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 12 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1973 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 2 |
Testing Experimental Theories
In the early 20th century a controversy arose between Robert Millikan and Felix Ehrenhaft regarding the fundamental electric charge. This controversy began among physicists in the 1910s and has continued among historians and sociologists of science, with doubts persisting that Millikan had confirmed his finding of a unitary charge. While some have argued that the matter was resolved by Millikan’s experiments, others maintain that the claim remain…
Information and scientific discovery
Laudan versus Bayes
Bayesian history of science
A naïve Bayes approach to theory confirmation is used to compute the posterior probabilities for a series of four models of DNA considered by James Watson and Francis Crick in the early 1950s using multiple forms of evidence considered relevant at the time. Conditional probabilities for the evidence given each model are estimated from historical sources and manually assigned using a scale of five probabilities ranging from strongly consistent to …
The confirmation of scientific theories using Bayesian causal networks and citation sentiments
The confirmation of scientific theories is approached by combining Bayesian probabilistic methods, in particular Bayesian causal networks, and the analysis of citing sentences for highly cited papers. It is assumed that causes and their effects can be identified by linguistic methods from the citing sentences and that the cause-and-effect pairs can be equated with theories and their evidence. Further, it is proposed that citation context sentimen…
Past as prologue
In the 1970s, quantitative science studies were being pursued by sociologists, historians, and information scientists. Philosophers were part of this discussion, but their role would diminish as sociology of science asserted itself. An antiscience bias within the sociology of science became evident in the late 1970s, which split the science studies community, notably causing the “citationists” to go their own way. The main point of contention was…
Identifying emerging topics in science and technology
A Bibliography of Quantitative Studies on Science and Its History. Roger Hahn
Cited Documents as Concept Symbols
An interpretation of citation practice in scientific literature is offered which regards citation of a document as an act of symbol usage. By examining the language of the text around the footnote number the particular idea the citing author is associating with the cited document may be determined. the document is viewed as symbolic of the idea expressed in the text. This analysis was done for a sample of very highly cited documents in chemistry.…
A Co-Citation Model of a Scientific Specialty
The phenomenon of specialization in science is receiving increasing attention as it becomes clear that the 'specialty' is the principal mode of social and cognitive organization in modern science. Recently, there have been some attempts to formulate theories of specialty growth and change.' Before sufficient evidence can accumulate to confirm or refute these theories, it seems likely that systematic and consistent methodological frameworks must b…
The Structure of Scientific Literatures I
In this paper we report a first experiment using a new computer-based technique to identify clusters of highly interactive documents in science. We contend that these clusters represent the scientific specialties which currently exhibit high levels of activity. This technique, we believe, opens the way to a systematic exploration of the entire specialty structure of science, including both the internal structure of specialties and their relations…
Co‐citation in the scientific literature
A new form of document coupling called co‐citation is defined as the frequency with which two documents are cited together. The co‐citation frequency of two scientific papers can be determined by comparing lists of citing documents in the Science Citation Index and counting identical entries. Networks of co‐cited papers can be generated for specific scientific specialties, and an example is drawn from the literature of particle physics. Co‐citati…
Cited Documents as Concept Symbols
An interpretation of citation practice in scientific literature is offered which regards citation of a document as an act of symbol usage. By examining the language of the text around the footnote number the particular idea the citing author is associating with the cited document may be determined. the document is viewed as symbolic of the idea expressed in the text. This analysis was done for a sample of very highly cited documents in chemistry.…
A Co-Citation Model of a Scientific Specialty
The phenomenon of specialization in science is receiving increasing attention as it becomes clear that the 'specialty' is the principal mode of social and cognitive organization in modern science. Recently, there have been some attempts to formulate theories of specialty growth and change.' Before sufficient evidence can accumulate to confirm or refute these theories, it seems likely that systematic and consistent methodological frameworks must b…
Co‐citation in the scientific literature
A new form of document coupling called co‐citation is defined as the frequency with which two documents are cited together. The co‐citation frequency of two scientific papers can be determined by comparing lists of citing documents in the Science Citation Index and counting identical entries. Networks of co‐cited papers can be generated for specific scientific specialties, and an example is drawn from the literature of particle physics. Co‐citati…
The Structure of Scientific Literatures I
In this paper we report a first experiment using a new computer-based technique to identify clusters of highly interactive documents in science. We contend that these clusters represent the scientific specialties which currently exhibit high levels of activity. This technique, we believe, opens the way to a systematic exploration of the entire specialty structure of science, including both the internal structure of specialties and their relations…
A Co-Citation Model of a Scientific Specialty
The phenomenon of specialization in science is receiving increasing attention as it becomes clear that the 'specialty' is the principal mode of social and cognitive organization in modern science. Recently, there have been some attempts to formulate theories of specialty growth and change.' Before sufficient evidence can accumulate to confirm or refute these theories, it seems likely that systematic and consistent methodological frameworks must b…
Cited Documents as Concept Symbols
An interpretation of citation practice in scientific literature is offered which regards citation of a document as an act of symbol usage. By examining the language of the text around the footnote number the particular idea the citing author is associating with the cited document may be determined. the document is viewed as symbolic of the idea expressed in the text. This analysis was done for a sample of very highly cited documents in chemistry.…
A Bibliography of Quantitative Studies on Science and Its History. Roger Hahn
Identifying emerging topics in science and technology
Past as prologue
In the 1970s, quantitative science studies were being pursued by sociologists, historians, and information scientists. Philosophers were part of this discussion, but their role would diminish as sociology of science asserted itself. An antiscience bias within the sociology of science became evident in the late 1970s, which split the science studies community, notably causing the “citationists” to go their own way. The main point of contention was…
The confirmation of scientific theories using Bayesian causal networks and citation sentiments
The confirmation of scientific theories is approached by combining Bayesian probabilistic methods, in particular Bayesian causal networks, and the analysis of citing sentences for highly cited papers. It is assumed that causes and their effects can be identified by linguistic methods from the citing sentences and that the cause-and-effect pairs can be equated with theories and their evidence. Further, it is proposed that citation context sentimen…
Bayesian history of science
A naïve Bayes approach to theory confirmation is used to compute the posterior probabilities for a series of four models of DNA considered by James Watson and Francis Crick in the early 1950s using multiple forms of evidence considered relevant at the time. Conditional probabilities for the evidence given each model are estimated from historical sources and manually assigned using a scale of five probabilities ranging from strongly consistent to …
Laudan versus Bayes
Information and scientific discovery
Testing Experimental Theories
In the early 20th century a controversy arose between Robert Millikan and Felix Ehrenhaft regarding the fundamental electric charge. This controversy began among physicists in the 1910s and has continued among historians and sociologists of science, with doubts persisting that Millikan had confirmed his finding of a unitary charge. While some have argued that the matter was resolved by Millikan’s experiments, others maintain that the claim remain…
Computer Science (9 works) · Library science (6 works) · Philosophy and History of Science (6 works) · Bayesian probability (5 works) · Citation (5 works) · Psychology (5 works) · scientometrics and bibliometrics research (5 works) · Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies (4 works) · Epistemology (4 works) · Philosophy (4 works)