Tom Clare
Biographic Data
| ID | 1220258 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Tom Clare |
| GIVEN NAMES | Tom |
| FAMILY NAME | Clare |
| SIGNATURE | CLARE T |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Cumbria |
| VERIFIED | No |
| TOTAL WORKS | 14 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 47 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 14 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1986 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2021 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
A re-interpretation of the Levens Park ring cairn, Cumbria, based on the original excavation archives
The site of a Beaker burial excavated in Levens Park, Cumbria was published by David Sturdy in 1972 as that of a farmstead or place for the living altered into a ring cairn or place for the dead. However, the recent discovery of the excavation archive and contemporary correspondence reveals a far more complex monument than previously understood. We draw attention to a series of important omissions from the excavation report, provide a detailed ac…
Megalith Size and the Implications for Our Understanding of Contemporary Society, With Particular Reference to Cumbria, North-West England
The possibility that a comparison of the size of all stones in megalithic monuments might contribute to an understanding of the societies which built them is explored. Although a number of interpretational problems are recognized, the results appear meaningful. They show that there is no simple relationship between the diameter of a stone circle and the numbers of people involved in its construction, and that larger numbers contributed to the ere…
An Asymmetrical Trade
This article explores the idea that the movement of axes away from their source of procurement, such as those of Group VI, reflects in part an invisible trade in perishable goods. In particular, it hypothesises that the pattern of movement was stimulated in the early Neolithic by the dispersal of those exotic goods required to establish farming. The evidence for and the implications of this are explored, and it is suggested that in order to facil…
Putative Ritual Deposition of Neolithic Stone Axes in a Wetland Context in Cumbria
Analysis of beetle remains from sediments thought to be contemporary to a Neolithic axe cache in the English Lake District has provided information allowing a more detailed interpretation of the depositional environment than was previously available at the time of the original excavation. The results suggest that the axes were deposited in a waterside location, possibly in shallow open water on the edge of a wooded 'island' surrounded by wetland …
Where are the Non-Human Bog Bodies
We draw attention to the rarity of non-human bog bodies, reviewing the small number from Britain and Ireland of which we are aware. We use this absence to argue that there is more to becoming a bog body than merely dying on a bog (or falling into a bog pool). Given the potential importance of non-human bog bodies to the interpretation of the human remains we stress the importance of the publication of any examples
The Context of the Stone Axes Found at Portinscale and in the Vicinity of the Castlerigg Stone Circle. Neolithic Settlement Sites or a Case of Votive Offerings
Neolithic settlements are rare on the British mainland, and England in particular (Cooney 1997; Thomas 1999. 8–9 for somewhat differing comments}. One claimed site occurs at Portinscale 4 km west of the Castlerigg stone circle in the English Lake District where a number of stone axes and other artefacts were found in 1901. The finds were reported to consist of four unpolished stone axes, a number of ‘chippings of similar stone’ and of a ‘log...in…
The Mesolithic and Neolithic landscapes of Barfield Tarn and Eskmeals in the English Lake District
(2001). The Mesolithic and Neolithic landscapes of Barfield Tarn and Eskmeals in the English Lake District: some new evidence from two different wetland contexts. Journal of Wetland Archaeology: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 83-105
An Assessment of the Potential of the TWINSPAN Program of Multi-variate Analysis to Contribute to the Classification and Management of Village Landscapes, with Reference to Historical Features
(2000). An Assessment of the Potential of the TWINSPAN Program of Multi-variate Analysis to Contribute to the Classification and Management of Village Landscapes, with Reference to Historical Features. Landscape Research: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 117-139
Archaeology, conservation and the late twentieth-century village landscape
(1996). Archaeology, conservation and the late twentieth-century village landscape: With particular reference to Westmorland and North Lancashire in northwest England. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 169-188
New evidence of ritual monuments at Long Meg and her Daughters, Cumbria
A note on Long Meg and her Daughters, the monolith and stone circle in Cumberland,provides excuse to quote both Stukeiey on the whole: 'A great Celtic temple'; and Wordsworth on Long Meg herself: Speak Thou, whose massy strength and stature scorn The power of years - pre-eminent, and placed Apart, to overlook the circle vast Speak, Giant-Mother!More to the point, these new findings from air photography report new field monuments to with the stand…
Towards a reappraisal of henge monuments
A simple derivation of henges from causewayed camps is rejected. Attention is also drawn to a range of neolithic structures, some covered by a mound, some not. Though interpreted as mortuary structures, they have affinities to henges. Henges may thus best be derived from a broad tradition of neolithic structures; this may in turn have been part of a more widely distributed north-west European tradition of both ritual and domestic structures. With…
Excavation of a Bronze Age Funerary Cairn at Manor Farm, near Borwick, North Lancashire
The excavation of a large circular dished earthwork near Carnforth, North Lancashire, in 1982, has revealed a substantial Bronze Age funerary monument. The earliest structure was a sub-rectangular enclosure of limestone boulders dated to c. 1740–1640 BC cal. and associated with parts of two poorly preserved inhumation burials lying on the previously cleared ground surface. Both burials were accompanied by typologically early metalwork. The centra…
The lithic industry
The area known as Dock Acres, almost immediately due west of Manor Farm, Borwick, was variously reputed to have been the site of a Roman dock, Medieval castle and/or Medieval dock. Initial field survey when the area was still permanent pasture was carried out in advance of gravel extraction by Mr B.J.N.Edwards. Subsequent observation of the first stages of quarrying was undertaken by the author (as a student) and led to the recovery of some lithi…
Towards a Reappraisal of Henge Monuments
The definition and classification of ‘henges’ and ‘hengiform’ sites are reconsidered. A new classification is proposed based on the nature of the perimeter, the number of entrances, and a range of features within or concentric to the perimeter. It is suggested that there is no valid distinction between sites termed ‘henge’ or ‘hengiform’. The site, distribution and chronology of these sites are also considered. Some of the associated features hav…
Towards a Reappraisal of Henge Monuments
The definition and classification of ‘henges’ and ‘hengiform’ sites are reconsidered. A new classification is proposed based on the nature of the perimeter, the number of entrances, and a range of features within or concentric to the perimeter. It is suggested that there is no valid distinction between sites termed ‘henge’ or ‘hengiform’. The site, distribution and chronology of these sites are also considered. Some of the associated features hav…
Towards a reappraisal of henge monuments
A simple derivation of henges from causewayed camps is rejected. Attention is also drawn to a range of neolithic structures, some covered by a mound, some not. Though interpreted as mortuary structures, they have affinities to henges. Henges may thus best be derived from a broad tradition of neolithic structures; this may in turn have been part of a more widely distributed north-west European tradition of both ritual and domestic structures. With…
Excavation of a Bronze Age Funerary Cairn at Manor Farm, near Borwick, North Lancashire
The excavation of a large circular dished earthwork near Carnforth, North Lancashire, in 1982, has revealed a substantial Bronze Age funerary monument. The earliest structure was a sub-rectangular enclosure of limestone boulders dated to c. 1740–1640 BC cal. and associated with parts of two poorly preserved inhumation burials lying on the previously cleared ground surface. Both burials were accompanied by typologically early metalwork. The centra…
New evidence of ritual monuments at Long Meg and her Daughters, Cumbria
A note on Long Meg and her Daughters, the monolith and stone circle in Cumberland,provides excuse to quote both Stukeiey on the whole: 'A great Celtic temple'; and Wordsworth on Long Meg herself: Speak Thou, whose massy strength and stature scorn The power of years - pre-eminent, and placed Apart, to overlook the circle vast Speak, Giant-Mother!More to the point, these new findings from air photography report new field monuments to with the stand…
Megalith Size and the Implications for Our Understanding of Contemporary Society, With Particular Reference to Cumbria, North-West England
The possibility that a comparison of the size of all stones in megalithic monuments might contribute to an understanding of the societies which built them is explored. Although a number of interpretational problems are recognized, the results appear meaningful. They show that there is no simple relationship between the diameter of a stone circle and the numbers of people involved in its construction, and that larger numbers contributed to the ere…
Where are the Non-Human Bog Bodies
We draw attention to the rarity of non-human bog bodies, reviewing the small number from Britain and Ireland of which we are aware. We use this absence to argue that there is more to becoming a bog body than merely dying on a bog (or falling into a bog pool). Given the potential importance of non-human bog bodies to the interpretation of the human remains we stress the importance of the publication of any examples
The Context of the Stone Axes Found at Portinscale and in the Vicinity of the Castlerigg Stone Circle. Neolithic Settlement Sites or a Case of Votive Offerings
Neolithic settlements are rare on the British mainland, and England in particular (Cooney 1997; Thomas 1999. 8–9 for somewhat differing comments}. One claimed site occurs at Portinscale 4 km west of the Castlerigg stone circle in the English Lake District where a number of stone axes and other artefacts were found in 1901. The finds were reported to consist of four unpolished stone axes, a number of ‘chippings of similar stone’ and of a ‘log...in…
Towards a Reappraisal of Henge Monuments
The definition and classification of ‘henges’ and ‘hengiform’ sites are reconsidered. A new classification is proposed based on the nature of the perimeter, the number of entrances, and a range of features within or concentric to the perimeter. It is suggested that there is no valid distinction between sites termed ‘henge’ or ‘hengiform’. The site, distribution and chronology of these sites are also considered. Some of the associated features hav…
Towards a reappraisal of henge monuments
A simple derivation of henges from causewayed camps is rejected. Attention is also drawn to a range of neolithic structures, some covered by a mound, some not. Though interpreted as mortuary structures, they have affinities to henges. Henges may thus best be derived from a broad tradition of neolithic structures; this may in turn have been part of a more widely distributed north-west European tradition of both ritual and domestic structures. With…
Excavation of a Bronze Age Funerary Cairn at Manor Farm, near Borwick, North Lancashire
The excavation of a large circular dished earthwork near Carnforth, North Lancashire, in 1982, has revealed a substantial Bronze Age funerary monument. The earliest structure was a sub-rectangular enclosure of limestone boulders dated to c. 1740–1640 BC cal. and associated with parts of two poorly preserved inhumation burials lying on the previously cleared ground surface. Both burials were accompanied by typologically early metalwork. The centra…
The lithic industry
The area known as Dock Acres, almost immediately due west of Manor Farm, Borwick, was variously reputed to have been the site of a Roman dock, Medieval castle and/or Medieval dock. Initial field survey when the area was still permanent pasture was carried out in advance of gravel extraction by Mr B.J.N.Edwards. Subsequent observation of the first stages of quarrying was undertaken by the author (as a student) and led to the recovery of some lithi…
New evidence of ritual monuments at Long Meg and her Daughters, Cumbria
A note on Long Meg and her Daughters, the monolith and stone circle in Cumberland,provides excuse to quote both Stukeiey on the whole: 'A great Celtic temple'; and Wordsworth on Long Meg herself: Speak Thou, whose massy strength and stature scorn The power of years - pre-eminent, and placed Apart, to overlook the circle vast Speak, Giant-Mother!More to the point, these new findings from air photography report new field monuments to with the stand…
Archaeology, conservation and the late twentieth-century village landscape
(1996). Archaeology, conservation and the late twentieth-century village landscape: With particular reference to Westmorland and North Lancashire in northwest England. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 169-188
An Assessment of the Potential of the TWINSPAN Program of Multi-variate Analysis to Contribute to the Classification and Management of Village Landscapes, with Reference to Historical Features
(2000). An Assessment of the Potential of the TWINSPAN Program of Multi-variate Analysis to Contribute to the Classification and Management of Village Landscapes, with Reference to Historical Features. Landscape Research: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 117-139
The Mesolithic and Neolithic landscapes of Barfield Tarn and Eskmeals in the English Lake District
(2001). The Mesolithic and Neolithic landscapes of Barfield Tarn and Eskmeals in the English Lake District: some new evidence from two different wetland contexts. Journal of Wetland Archaeology: Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 83-105
The Context of the Stone Axes Found at Portinscale and in the Vicinity of the Castlerigg Stone Circle. Neolithic Settlement Sites or a Case of Votive Offerings
Neolithic settlements are rare on the British mainland, and England in particular (Cooney 1997; Thomas 1999. 8–9 for somewhat differing comments}. One claimed site occurs at Portinscale 4 km west of the Castlerigg stone circle in the English Lake District where a number of stone axes and other artefacts were found in 1901. The finds were reported to consist of four unpolished stone axes, a number of ‘chippings of similar stone’ and of a ‘log...in…
Where are the Non-Human Bog Bodies
We draw attention to the rarity of non-human bog bodies, reviewing the small number from Britain and Ireland of which we are aware. We use this absence to argue that there is more to becoming a bog body than merely dying on a bog (or falling into a bog pool). Given the potential importance of non-human bog bodies to the interpretation of the human remains we stress the importance of the publication of any examples
Putative Ritual Deposition of Neolithic Stone Axes in a Wetland Context in Cumbria
Analysis of beetle remains from sediments thought to be contemporary to a Neolithic axe cache in the English Lake District has provided information allowing a more detailed interpretation of the depositional environment than was previously available at the time of the original excavation. The results suggest that the axes were deposited in a waterside location, possibly in shallow open water on the edge of a wooded 'island' surrounded by wetland …
An Asymmetrical Trade
This article explores the idea that the movement of axes away from their source of procurement, such as those of Group VI, reflects in part an invisible trade in perishable goods. In particular, it hypothesises that the pattern of movement was stimulated in the early Neolithic by the dispersal of those exotic goods required to establish farming. The evidence for and the implications of this are explored, and it is suggested that in order to facil…
Megalith Size and the Implications for Our Understanding of Contemporary Society, With Particular Reference to Cumbria, North-West England
The possibility that a comparison of the size of all stones in megalithic monuments might contribute to an understanding of the societies which built them is explored. Although a number of interpretational problems are recognized, the results appear meaningful. They show that there is no simple relationship between the diameter of a stone circle and the numbers of people involved in its construction, and that larger numbers contributed to the ere…
A re-interpretation of the Levens Park ring cairn, Cumbria, based on the original excavation archives
The site of a Beaker burial excavated in Levens Park, Cumbria was published by David Sturdy in 1972 as that of a farmstead or place for the living altered into a ring cairn or place for the dead. However, the recent discovery of the excavation archive and contemporary correspondence reveals a far more complex monument than previously understood. We draw attention to a series of important omissions from the excavation report, provide a detailed ac…
Archaeology (13 works) · Geography (13 works) · Archaeology and ancient environmental studies (11 works) · History (9 works) · Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology (8 works) · History (7 works) · Archaeology and Rock Art Studies (4 works) · Art (4 works) · Engineering (4 works) · Excavation (4 works)