Klaus Krippendorff
Biographic Data
| ID | 124891 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Klaus Krippendorff |
| GIVEN NAMES | Klaus |
| FAMILY NAME | Krippendorff |
| SIGNATURE | KRIPPENDORFF K |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Pennsylvania |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-8043-608X |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 36 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 718 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 35 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 1 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1970 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2024 |
| H-INDEX | 8 |
Revisiting Metaphor as an Analytical Tool for Design Research
Metaphor has long been a topic of investigation in scholarly design research. Studies across various design contexts have demonstrated the value of deliberately exploring and using metaphors to facilitate different phases of the design process. However, the analytical potential of metaphors has often been overshadowed by their generative use, leaving their significance in the research phase of the design process relatively unexplored. This articl…
Ethnographies of Unimagined Possibilities: Toward a Conversational Paradigm for Human-Centered Design Research
Relying on Krippendorff's description of “authentic conversation” we describe the ethnography of unimagined possibilities in the intersection of ethnography and human-centered design research. Possibilities are what inspire human-centered designers to create products, practices, and services that could satisfy currently unimagined yet real needs and desires. Although possibilities are not observable as such, they can be constructed in conversatio…
A Quadrilogy for (Big) Data Reliabilities
This paper responds to the challenge of testing the reliabilities of really big data and proposes a quadrilogy of four measures of the reliability of data, applicable quite generally. These measures grew out of the recognition that crowd coded data contest big data scientists’ conviction that the social contexts and meanings of data become irrelevant in the face of their sheer volumes. Bigness has also challenged available inter–coder agreement c…
Communication, Conversation, Discourse and Design
In the following, designs are conceived as proposals for innovations. As such, they occur in language. Their reality is unlike the reality that a design proposes. As communications, they need to inspire the stakeholders of designs, and enter networks of coordination in which they become realized to be used, consumed or serve as replacements of existing artifacts. Professional designers operate in language as well, in a specialized design discours…
Discourses in Action: What Language Enables Us to Do
Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology
"The Second Edition of Content Analysis is a sourcebook of the history and core principles of content analysis as well as an essential resource for present and future studies. The book introduces readers to ways of analyzing meaningful matter such as texts, images, voices - that is, data whose physical manifestations are secondary to the meanings that a particular population of people brings to them." "The author has completely revised and update…
Information, Information Society, and Some Marxian Propositions
This chapter attempts to place information theory into the larger context of society, particularly into the context of society that has been called postcapitalist and postindustrial and is now increasingly referred to by the term information society. It begins with a notion of information that has the dynamic qualities required for understanding structural changes, defines it, places it into alternative paradigms, and elaborates some of its prope…
Three concepts to retire
The history of scientific discourse is full of concepts that surged in popularity, came to be taken for granted, but faded awaynot necessarily totally: Alchemical, astrological, spiritual, and animistic explanations still populate the discourses of small communities.I agree with Elihu Katz that it might serve communication scholarship not to wait for centuries until worthless concepts reveal themselves as such and instead actively reflect on what…
Data
In empirical research, data are taken to be facts on the lowest possible level of abstraction. They are the ground for accepting or rejecting hypotheses, establishing theories, and justifying practical decisions. Researchers readily talk about good or bad data, but rarely explore what it takes for some phenomena to be considered data and others not. This entry questions the common conception of data as facts. It elaborates on five constitutive pr…
Design
Designing is fundamental to being human. This entry focuses on the professional design of artifacts for the benefit of diverse stakeholder communities. It sketches the emergence of the design profession from its original preoccupation with crafts and industrial products, through its embrace of larger, more complex and abstract challenges, to efforts of designing and redesigning its own design discourses. In the course of this development, designe…
The Reliability of Multi-Valued Coding of Data
Coding is prevalent in generating analyzable data from all kinds of unstructured observations and meaningful textual or visual phenomena. Coding is essential to content analysis and social research, including computational linguistics, which concern interpretations of meaningful matter. The usual protocol calls for observers or readers to categorize, scale, or measure each of a given set of predefined units of analysis, in effect characterizing t…
Social Construction of Reality
Social construction is a paradigm for inquiries into how realities are created and lived rather than existing outside of human beings. The earliest mention of the idea that realities are human creations is found in Greek philosophy, but contemporary conceptions have originated with Berger and Luckmann's The Social Construction of Reality . This entry distinguishes cognitive from social constructions and accounts for the latter as constituted in t…
Commentary: A Dissenting View on So-Called Paradoxes of Reliability Coefficients
Agreement and Information in the Reliability of Coding
Coefficients that assess the reliability of data-making processes, that is, coding text, transcribing interviews, or categorizing observations into analyzable terms, are mostly conceptualized in terms of the agreement a set of coders, observers, judges, or measuring instruments exhibit. When variation is low, reliability coefficients reveal their dependency on an often neglected phenomenon, the amount of information that reliability data provide …
Systematic and Random Disagreement and the Reliability of Nominal Data
Reliability is an important bottleneck for content analysis and similar methods for generating analyzable data. This is because the analysis of complex qualitative phenomena such as texts, social interactions, and media images easily escape physical measurement and call for human coders to describe what they read or observe. Owing to the individuality of coders, the data they generate for subsequent analysis are prone to errors not typically foun…
Answering the Call for a Standard Reliability Measure for Coding Data
In content analysis and similar methods, data are typically generated by trained human observers who record or transcribe textual, pictorial, or audible matter in terms suitable for analysis. Conclusions from such data can be trusted only after demonstrating their reliability. Unfortunately, the content analysis literature is full of proposals for so-called reliability coefficients, leaving investigators easily confused, not knowing which to choo…
Measuring the Reliability of Qualitative Text Analysis Data
Reliability in Content Analysis: Some Common Misconceptions and Recommendations
In a recent article in this journal, Lombard, Snyder-Duch, and Bracken (2002) surveyed 200 content analyses for their reporting of reliability tests, compared the virtues and drawbacks of five popular reliability measures, and proposed guidelines and standards for their use. Their discussion revealed that numerous misconceptions circulate in the content analysis literature regarding how these measures behave and can aid or deceive content analyst…
Undoing power
This essay examines the possibility for critical scholarship to re‐articulate power so as to aid its undoing in social and, hence, dialogical practices. It starts with an experiment in perception designed to make readers aware of how language is implicated in bringing forth the reality we see and also aware of the possibility of its re‐articulations. It presents several well known articulations of power, largely from academic writing, that depict…
On the Reliability of Unitizing Continuous Data
We develop here a reliability coefficient applicable to a largely neglected component of data-generating processes: the identification of units for analysis within essentially continuous phenomena. Whether we count evidence found in texts, examine relevant sections of videotapes, or punctuate interaction sequences suitable for further analysis, unitizing underlies all quantifications. Measures of the reliability of this process provide researcher…
Der verschwundene Bote. Metaphern und Modelle der Kommunikation
An einem komplexen Wirtschaftssystem und einem Modell dieses Systems wird erkennbar, was Modelle für uns leisten können. Unsere Fähigkeit, mit dem Wirtschaftssystem experimentieren und von den Folgen dieser Experimente lernen zu können, ist stets auf das beschränkt, was seine Teilnehmer — Produzenten, Verbraucher, Geschäftsleute, Bankiers, Ökonomen, Politiker — zu dulden bereit wären. Mit einem Computer-Modell solch eines Systems wäre man nicht n…
Conversation or Intellectual Imperialism in Comparing Communication (Theories)
Journal Article Conversation or Intellectual Imperialism in Comparing Communication (Theories) Get access Klaus Krippendorff Klaus Krippendorff 1Klaus Krippendorff, an ICA Fellow and past president (1984-1 985), is a professor in the Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Walnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6220 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Communication Theory, Volume 3, Is…
The Past of Communication's Hoped-For Future
Journal Article The Past of Communication's Hoped-For Future Get access Klaus Krippendorff Klaus Krippendorff 1Klaus Krippendorff is a professor at the Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Communication, Volume 43, Issue 3, September 1993, Pages 34–44, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01274.x Published: 07 February 2006
Books
Journal Article Books Get access Journal of Communication, Volume 38, Issue 3, September 1988, Pages 122–192, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1988.tb02064.x Published: 07 February 2006
Information Theory: Structural Models for Qualitative Data
Qualitative Data Selective Information Entropy, Diversity, Variety Shannon's Theory of Communication Comparisons of Qualitative Variates Structural Models Models With and Without Loops Information in Models and in Data Structural Zeros Degrees of Freedom The Significance of Information Quantities Maximum Entropy Computations Confirmation Exploration Comparisons with Alternative Approaches
Reliability in Content Analysis: Some Common Misconceptions and Recommendations
In a recent article in this journal, Lombard, Snyder-Duch, and Bracken (2002) surveyed 200 content analyses for their reporting of reliability tests, compared the virtues and drawbacks of five popular reliability measures, and proposed guidelines and standards for their use. Their discussion revealed that numerous misconceptions circulate in the content analysis literature regarding how these measures behave and can aid or deceive content analyst…
Answering the Call for a Standard Reliability Measure for Coding Data
In content analysis and similar methods, data are typically generated by trained human observers who record or transcribe textual, pictorial, or audible matter in terms suitable for analysis. Conclusions from such data can be trusted only after demonstrating their reliability. Unfortunately, the content analysis literature is full of proposals for so-called reliability coefficients, leaving investigators easily confused, not knowing which to choo…
Agreement and Information in the Reliability of Coding
Coefficients that assess the reliability of data-making processes, that is, coding text, transcribing interviews, or categorizing observations into analyzable terms, are mostly conceptualized in terms of the agreement a set of coders, observers, judges, or measuring instruments exhibit. When variation is low, reliability coefficients reveal their dependency on an often neglected phenomenon, the amount of information that reliability data provide …
The Past of Communication's Hoped-For Future
Journal Article The Past of Communication's Hoped-For Future Get access Klaus Krippendorff Klaus Krippendorff 1Klaus Krippendorff is a professor at the Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Communication, Volume 43, Issue 3, September 1993, Pages 34–44, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01274.x Published: 07 February 2006
The Analysis of Communication Content: Developments in Scientific Theories and Computer Techniques
On Generating Data in Communication Research1
Communication research requires data that are rich enough to contain explicit evidence about processes of communication. The paper formally distinguishes among and discusses three kinds of data: aggregational data (such as accumulated in much of psychological inquiries, small group experiments and survey research) and network data (representing observable patterns of interest to relational biology and sociology, for example) are found to be not r…
Social Construction of Reality
Social construction is a paradigm for inquiries into how realities are created and lived rather than existing outside of human beings. The earliest mention of the idea that realities are human creations is found in Greek philosophy, but contemporary conceptions have originated with Berger and Luckmann's The Social Construction of Reality . This entry distinguishes cognitive from social constructions and accounts for the latter as constituted in t…
Bivariate Agreement Coefficients for Reliability of Data
The quality of data in content analysis, in surveys with openended questions, in the observation of unstructured social events, and so on, critically depends on the reliability with which primary observations are assigned to categories, scaled, or measured. To help assure valid interpretations, agreement between two independent observers is measured. When agreement is due merely to chance, data may have little to do with the phenomena studied. In…
On the Reliability of Unitizing Continuous Data
We develop here a reliability coefficient applicable to a largely neglected component of data-generating processes: the identification of units for analysis within essentially continuous phenomena. Whether we count evidence found in texts, examine relevant sections of videotapes, or punctuate interaction sequences suitable for further analysis, unitizing underlies all quantifications. Measures of the reliability of this process provide researcher…
Systematic and Random Disagreement and the Reliability of Nominal Data
Reliability is an important bottleneck for content analysis and similar methods for generating analyzable data. This is because the analysis of complex qualitative phenomena such as texts, social interactions, and media images easily escape physical measurement and call for human coders to describe what they read or observe. Owing to the individuality of coders, the data they generate for subsequent analysis are prone to errors not typically foun…
Conversation or Intellectual Imperialism in Comparing Communication (Theories)
Journal Article Conversation or Intellectual Imperialism in Comparing Communication (Theories) Get access Klaus Krippendorff Klaus Krippendorff 1Klaus Krippendorff, an ICA Fellow and past president (1984-1 985), is a professor in the Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Walnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6220 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Communication Theory, Volume 3, Is…
The Reliability of Multi-Valued Coding of Data
Coding is prevalent in generating analyzable data from all kinds of unstructured observations and meaningful textual or visual phenomena. Coding is essential to content analysis and social research, including computational linguistics, which concern interpretations of meaningful matter. The usual protocol calls for observers or readers to categorize, scale, or measure each of a given set of predefined units of analysis, in effect characterizing t…
Information Systems Theory and Research: An Overview
(1977). Information Systems Theory and Research: An Overview. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 1, Communication Yearbook 1, pp. 149-171
A Quadrilogy for (Big) Data Reliabilities
This paper responds to the challenge of testing the reliabilities of really big data and proposes a quadrilogy of four measures of the reliability of data, applicable quite generally. These measures grew out of the recognition that crowd coded data contest big data scientists’ conviction that the social contexts and meanings of data become irrelevant in the face of their sheer volumes. Bigness has also challenged available inter–coder agreement c…
Three concepts to retire
The history of scientific discourse is full of concepts that surged in popularity, came to be taken for granted, but faded awaynot necessarily totally: Alchemical, astrological, spiritual, and animistic explanations still populate the discourses of small communities.I agree with Elihu Katz that it might serve communication scholarship not to wait for centuries until worthless concepts reveal themselves as such and instead actively reflect on what…
Commentary: A Dissenting View on So-Called Paradoxes of Reliability Coefficients
Estimating the Reliability, Systematic Error and Random Error of Interval Data
IN content analysis as in all situations in which unstructured observations play an important role, the reliability with which data are generated is of crucial importance. Low data reliability limits the confidence in the validity of subsequent inferences and the reliability of a population of data must be estimated from the agreement among many observers regarding a sample. The way reliability of data is assessed is not different in principle fr…
Bivariate Agreement Coefficients for Reliability of Data
The quality of data in content analysis, in surveys with openended questions, in the observation of unstructured social events, and so on, critically depends on the reliability with which primary observations are assigned to categories, scaled, or measured. To help assure valid interpretations, agreement between two independent observers is measured. When agreement is due merely to chance, data may have little to do with the phenomena studied. In…
On Generating Data in Communication Research1
Communication research requires data that are rich enough to contain explicit evidence about processes of communication. The paper formally distinguishes among and discusses three kinds of data: aggregational data (such as accumulated in much of psychological inquiries, small group experiments and survey research) and network data (representing observable patterns of interest to relational biology and sociology, for example) are found to be not r…
The Analysis of Communication Content: Developments in Scientific Theories and Computer Techniques
System and Structure: Essays in Communication and Exchange
Adler Current Trends in Analytical Psychology (1961) Hb: 0-415-26478-2 Balint Focal Psychotherapy (1972) Hb: 0-415-26479-0 Balint Primary Love and Psychoanalytic Technique (1965) Hb: 0-415-26480-4 Bion Attention and Interpretation (1970) Hb: 0-415-26481-2 Jordan Themes in Speculative Psychology (1968) Hb: 0-415-26482-0 Klein Envy and Gratitude (1957) Hb: 0-415-26483-9 Klein, Heimann and Money-Kyrle New Directions in Psychoanalysis (1955) Hb: 0-41…
Information Systems Theory and Research: An Overview
(1977). Information Systems Theory and Research: An Overview. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 1, Communication Yearbook 1, pp. 149-171
Content analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology
An Epistemological Foundation for Communication
Contrasting the ontological view of scientific inquiry with an epistemological view drawn from cybernetics yields a dynamic conception of communication that joins observers with what they observe
Books
Books Journal of Communication, Volume 36, Issue 3, September 1986, Pages 155–190, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1986.tb01444.x Published: 07 February 2006
Paradigms for Communication and Development with Emphasis on Autopoiesis
Books
Journal Article Books Get access Journal of Communication, Volume 37, Issue 2, June 1987, Pages 142–191, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1987.tb00987.x Published: 07 February 2006
Books
Journal Article Books Get access Journal of Communication, Volume 38, Issue 3, September 1988, Pages 122–192, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1988.tb02064.x Published: 07 February 2006
Information Theory: Structural Models for Qualitative Data
Qualitative Data Selective Information Entropy, Diversity, Variety Shannon's Theory of Communication Comparisons of Qualitative Variates Structural Models Models With and Without Loops Information in Models and in Data Structural Zeros Degrees of Freedom The Significance of Information Quantities Maximum Entropy Computations Confirmation Exploration Comparisons with Alternative Approaches
Conversation or Intellectual Imperialism in Comparing Communication (Theories)
Journal Article Conversation or Intellectual Imperialism in Comparing Communication (Theories) Get access Klaus Krippendorff Klaus Krippendorff 1Klaus Krippendorff, an ICA Fellow and past president (1984-1 985), is a professor in the Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Walnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-6220 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Communication Theory, Volume 3, Is…
The Past of Communication's Hoped-For Future
Journal Article The Past of Communication's Hoped-For Future Get access Klaus Krippendorff Klaus Krippendorff 1Klaus Krippendorff is a professor at the Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Communication, Volume 43, Issue 3, September 1993, Pages 34–44, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01274.x Published: 07 February 2006
Der verschwundene Bote. Metaphern und Modelle der Kommunikation
An einem komplexen Wirtschaftssystem und einem Modell dieses Systems wird erkennbar, was Modelle für uns leisten können. Unsere Fähigkeit, mit dem Wirtschaftssystem experimentieren und von den Folgen dieser Experimente lernen zu können, ist stets auf das beschränkt, was seine Teilnehmer — Produzenten, Verbraucher, Geschäftsleute, Bankiers, Ökonomen, Politiker — zu dulden bereit wären. Mit einem Computer-Modell solch eines Systems wäre man nicht n…
Undoing power
This essay examines the possibility for critical scholarship to re‐articulate power so as to aid its undoing in social and, hence, dialogical practices. It starts with an experiment in perception designed to make readers aware of how language is implicated in bringing forth the reality we see and also aware of the possibility of its re‐articulations. It presents several well known articulations of power, largely from academic writing, that depict…
On the Reliability of Unitizing Continuous Data
We develop here a reliability coefficient applicable to a largely neglected component of data-generating processes: the identification of units for analysis within essentially continuous phenomena. Whether we count evidence found in texts, examine relevant sections of videotapes, or punctuate interaction sequences suitable for further analysis, unitizing underlies all quantifications. Measures of the reliability of this process provide researcher…
Measuring the Reliability of Qualitative Text Analysis Data
Reliability in Content Analysis: Some Common Misconceptions and Recommendations
In a recent article in this journal, Lombard, Snyder-Duch, and Bracken (2002) surveyed 200 content analyses for their reporting of reliability tests, compared the virtues and drawbacks of five popular reliability measures, and proposed guidelines and standards for their use. Their discussion revealed that numerous misconceptions circulate in the content analysis literature regarding how these measures behave and can aid or deceive content analyst…
Answering the Call for a Standard Reliability Measure for Coding Data
In content analysis and similar methods, data are typically generated by trained human observers who record or transcribe textual, pictorial, or audible matter in terms suitable for analysis. Conclusions from such data can be trusted only after demonstrating their reliability. Unfortunately, the content analysis literature is full of proposals for so-called reliability coefficients, leaving investigators easily confused, not knowing which to choo…
Systematic and Random Disagreement and the Reliability of Nominal Data
Reliability is an important bottleneck for content analysis and similar methods for generating analyzable data. This is because the analysis of complex qualitative phenomena such as texts, social interactions, and media images easily escape physical measurement and call for human coders to describe what they read or observe. Owing to the individuality of coders, the data they generate for subsequent analysis are prone to errors not typically foun…
Agreement and Information in the Reliability of Coding
Coefficients that assess the reliability of data-making processes, that is, coding text, transcribing interviews, or categorizing observations into analyzable terms, are mostly conceptualized in terms of the agreement a set of coders, observers, judges, or measuring instruments exhibit. When variation is low, reliability coefficients reveal their dependency on an often neglected phenomenon, the amount of information that reliability data provide …
Commentary: A Dissenting View on So-Called Paradoxes of Reliability Coefficients
Data
In empirical research, data are taken to be facts on the lowest possible level of abstraction. They are the ground for accepting or rejecting hypotheses, establishing theories, and justifying practical decisions. Researchers readily talk about good or bad data, but rarely explore what it takes for some phenomena to be considered data and others not. This entry questions the common conception of data as facts. It elaborates on five constitutive pr…
Computer Science (24 works) · Sociology (22 works) · Psychology (13 works) · Mathematics (11 works) · Political science (11 works) · Philosophy (10 works) · Reliability and Agreement in Measurement (10 works) · Epistemology (9 works) · Reliability (semiconductor (9 works) · Engineering (7 works)