Patricia Scarborough
Biographic Data
| ID | 1254989 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Patricia Scarborough |
| GIVEN NAMES | Patricia |
| FAMILY NAME | Scarborough |
| SIGNATURE | SCARBOROUGH P |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Oxford |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-2378-2944 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 46 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 39 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 46 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1974 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 4 |
Characterising public opinion for food-based fiscal policies in the UK
Various fiscal policies have been proposed to incentivise healthy and sustainable diets, with differing proposed attributes and levels. Public support can influence the ability for such policies to be implemented but is currently poorly understood, so two discrete choice experiments (DCEs) were used to measure such preferences among 2,020 adults in the UK. The attributes and levels for 192 policy options were identified using a scoping review tha…
Identifying areas for action to create healthier diets in the London Borough of Newham
Online Group Model Building activities represent a comprehensive yet low cost and low burden method for engaging communities in identifying areas for action to improve diets. The systems maps created in this project with Newham residents have been used to co-develop context-specific food interventions with Newham Council that focus on improving the food environment
Public support for food subsidy and tax scenarios to promote healthy and sustainable diets
A profile of children’s physical activity data from the 2012 and 2015 health survey for England
We recommend a specific focus on establishing and maintaining girl's participation in formal sport thorough their teenage years, and a recognition and consolidation of the important role played by active travel and school-based physical activity for the least active children
Are food and drink available in online and physical supermarkets the same? A comparison of product availability, price, price promotions and nutritional information
Objective: Online supermarkets are increasingly used both by consumers and as a source of data on the food environment. We compared product availability, nutritional information, front-of-pack (FOP) labelling, price and price promotions for food and drink products between physical and online supermarkets. Design: For physical stores, we collected data on price, price promotions, FOP nutrition labels and nutrition information from a random sample …
Income, consumer preferences, and the future of livestock-derived food demand
In recent decades there has been a sustained and substantial shift in human diets across the globe towards including more livestock-derived foods. Continuing debates scrutinize how these dietary shifts affect human health, the natural environment, and livelihoods. However, amidst these debates there remain unanswered questions about how demand for livestock-derived foods may evolve over the upcoming decades for a range of scenarios for key driver…
In search of an appropriate mix of taxes and subsidies on nutrients and food
A systematic review, and meta-analysis, examining the prevalence of price promotions on foods and whether they are more likely to be found on less-healthy foods
Objective: There are concerns that price promotions encourage unhealthy dietary choices. This review aims to answer the following research questions (RQ1) what is the prevalence of price promotions on foods in high-income settings, and (RQ2) are price promotions more likely to be found on unhealthy foods? Design: Systematic review of articles published in English, in peer-review journals, after 1 January 2000. Setting: Included studies measured t…
Global benchmarking of children's exposure to television advertising of unhealthy foods and beverages across 22 countries
Restricting children's exposures to marketing of unhealthy foods and beverages is a global obesity prevention priority. Monitoring marketing exposures supports informed policymaking. This study presents a global overview of children's television advertising exposure to healthy and unhealthy products. Twenty‐two countries contributed data, captured between 2008 and 2017. Advertisements were coded for the nature of foods and beverages, using the 20…
Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer Mortality by Achieving Healthy Dietary Goals for the Swedish Population
The objective is to estimate the number of deaths attributable to cardiovascular diseases and diet-related cancers that could be prevented or delayed in Sweden if adults adhere to the official dietary recommendations. We used an age-group and sex-specific epidemiological macro-simulation model to estimate preventable deaths due to the discrepancies between actual intake and recommended intake of changes in food components. Data included in the mo…
Options for keeping the food system within environmental limits
Meat consumption, health, and the environment
The future of meat Meat consumption is rising annually as human populations grow and affluence increases. Godfray et al. review this trend, which has major negative consequences for land and water use and environmental change. Although meat is a concentrated source of nutrients for low-income families, it also enhances the risks of chronic ill health, such as from colorectal cancer and cardiovascular disease. Changing meat consumption habits is a…
Health and nutritional aspects of sustainable diet strategies and their association with environmental impacts
BACKGROUND: Sustainable diets are intended to address the increasing health and environmental concerns related to food production and consumption. Although many candidates for sustainable diets have emerged, a consistent and joint environmental and health analysis of these diets has not been done at a regional level. Using an integrated health and environmental modelling framework for more than 150 countries, we examined three different approache…
Analysis and valuation of the health and climate change cobenefits of dietary change
Significance The food system is responsible for more than a quarter of all greenhouse gas emissions while unhealthy diets and high body weight are among the greatest contributors to premature mortality. Our study provides a comparative analysis of the health and climate change benefits of global dietary changes for all major world regions. We project that health and climate change benefits will both be greater the lower the fraction of animal-sou…
Quantifying the Association Between Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes
Background The relationships between physical activity ( PA ) and both cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2 DM ) have predominantly been estimated using categorical measures of PA , masking the shape of the dose‐response relationship. In this systematic review and meta‐analysis, for the very first time we are able to derive a single continuous PA metric to compare the association between PA and CVD /T2 DM , both before …
Assessing the external validity of model-based estimates of the incidence of heart attack in England
By comparison with AMI incidence rates in England, DisMod II did not achieve external validity for age-specific incidence rates, but did provide global estimates of incidence that are of similar magnitude to measured estimates. The model should be used with caution when estimating age-specific incidence rates
How many foods in the UK carry health and nutrition claims, and are they healthier than those that do not
Objective The present study aimed to measure the prevalence of different types of health and nutrition claims on foods and non-alcoholic beverages in a UK sample and to assess the nutritional quality of such products carrying health or nutrition claims. Design A survey of health and nutrition claims on food packaging using a newly defined taxonomy of claims and internationally agreed definitions of claim types. Setting A national UK food retailer…
Do low-carbon-emission diets lead to higher nutritional quality and positive health outcomes? A systematic review of the literature
Objective To evaluate what is known about the relative health impacts, in terms of nutrient intake and health outcomes, of diets with reduced greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE). Design We systematically reviewed the results of published studies that link GHGE of dietary patterns to nutritional content or associated consequences for health. Setting We included studies published in English in peer-reviewed journals that included data on actual and mod…
Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990–2013
Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (Dalys) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (Hale) for 188 countries, 1990–2013
Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 301 acute and chronic diseases and injuries in 188 countries, 1990–2013
Simulating the impact on health of internalising the cost of carbon in food prices combined with a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages
Incorporating the social cost of carbon into the price of food has the potential to improve health, reduce GHGEs, and raise revenue. The simple addition of a tax on SSBs can mitigate negative health consequences arising from sugar being low in GHGEs. Further conflicts remain, including increased consumption of unhealthy foods such as cakes and nutrients such as salt
Systematic review and meta-analysis of reduction in all-cause mortality from walking and cycling and shape of dose response relationship
Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK
The production of animal-based foods is associated with higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than plant-based foods. The objective of this study was to estimate the difference in dietary GHG emissions between self-selected meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK. Subjects were participants in the EPIC-Oxford cohort study. The diets of 2,041 vegans, 15,751 vegetarians, 8,123 fish-eaters and 29,589 meat-eaters aged 20–79 were as…
When nutrient profiling can (and cannot) be useful
In a fascinating article by Nicklas and colleagues In particular, they are concerned with the term 'nutrient density', used in the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) 'Nutrient dense' foods are described in the 2010 DGA as 'those foods that provide substantial amounts of vitamins and minerals and relatively few calories' and, more rigorously (but possibly contradictorily), as 'all vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fat-free or low-fat milk…
Modelling the impact of a healthy diet on cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality
BACKGROUND: Quantifying the potential health benefits of improvements in the nutritional quality of the average diet of a population would provide evidence for resource allocation between population-level interventions aimed at reducing chronic disease. METHODS: A model was built linking consumption of food components with biological risk factors (blood pressure, serum cholesterol and obesity) and subsequent mortality from coronary heart disease,…
The burden of physical activity-related ill health in the UK
Background: Despite evidence that physical inactivity is a risk factor for a number of diseases, only a third of men and a quarter of women are meeting government targets for physical activity. This paper provides an estimate of the economic and health burden of disease related to physical inactivity in the UK. These estimates are examined in relation to current UK government policy on physical activity. Methods: Information from the World Health…
Income, consumer preferences, and the future of livestock-derived food demand
In recent decades there has been a sustained and substantial shift in human diets across the globe towards including more livestock-derived foods. Continuing debates scrutinize how these dietary shifts affect human health, the natural environment, and livelihoods. However, amidst these debates there remain unanswered questions about how demand for livestock-derived foods may evolve over the upcoming decades for a range of scenarios for key driver…
The burden of food related ill health in the UK
Study objective: To quantify the burden of ill health in the UK that can be attributed to food (the burden of food related ill health). Design: Review and further analysis of the results of work concerned with estimates of the burden of disease measured as morbidity, mortality, and in financial terms and with the proportion of that burden that can be attributed to food. Main results: Food related ill health is responsible for about 10% of morbidi…
Validation of model-based estimates (synthetic estimates) of the prevalence of risk factors for coronary heart disease for wards in England
Nutrient profiling and the regulation of marketing to children. Possibilities and pitfalls
Relative deprivation between neighbouring wards is predictive of coronary heart disease mortality after adjustment for absolute deprivation of wards
BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to assess whether deprivation inequality at small area level in England is associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality rates and to assess whether this provides evidence of an association between area-level and individual-level risk. METHODS: Mortality rates for all wards in England were calculated using all CHD deaths between 2001 and 2006. Ward-level deprivation was measured using the Carstairs…
An index of unhealthy lifestyle is associated with coronary heart disease mortality rates for small areas in England after adjustment for deprivation
Indices of socio-economic deprivation are often used as a proxy for differences in the health behaviours of populations within small areas, but these indices are a measure of the economic environment rather than the health environment. Sets of synthetic estimates of the ward-level prevalence of low fruit and vegetable consumption, obesity, raised blood pressure, raised cholesterol and smoking were combined to develop an index of unhealthy lifesty…
Migrant settlement patterns in an Australian suburban area
The origin of Guideline Daily Amounts and the Food Standards Agency's guidance on what counts as ‘a lot’ and ‘a little’
Objective: This paper provides the rationale for the Guideline Daily Amounts (GDAs) for fat, saturated fat and other nutrients that appear on food labels in the UK. These GDAs are provided voluntarily by manufacturers and retailers and were developed to help people make better use of nutrition labelling – the format of which is prescribed by the European Union's nutrition labelling directive. The paper also describes the basis to some Rules of Th…
The burden of food related ill health in the UK
Study objective: To quantify the burden of ill health in the UK that can be attributed to food (the burden of food related ill health). Design: Review and further analysis of the results of work concerned with estimates of the burden of disease measured as morbidity, mortality, and in financial terms and with the proportion of that burden that can be attributed to food. Main results: Food related ill health is responsible for about 10% of morbidi…
Testing nutrient profile models using data from a survey of nutrition professionals
Objective To compare nutrient profile models with a standard ranking of 120 foods. Design Over 700 nutrition professionals were asked to categorise 120 foods into one of six positions on the basis of their healthiness. These categorisations were used to produce a standard ranking of the 120 foods. The standard ranking was compared with the results of applying eight different nutrient profile models to the 120 foods: Models SSCg3d and WXYfm develo…
Nutrition professionals' perception of the ‘healthiness’ of individual foods
Objectives This paper describes the development of an online questionnaire for testing nutrition professionals' perceptions of the ‘healthiness’ of individual foods and the results of administering that questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed to produce a standard ranking of foods that can be used as a tool for testing nutrient profile models. Design The questionnaire asked respondents to categorise 40 foods (from a master list of 120) in o…
Developing nutrient profile models
Objective Nutrient profiling can be defined as the ‘the science of categorising foods according to their nutritional composition’. The purpose of the present paper is to describe a systematic and logical approach to nutrient profiling. Design A seven-stage decision-making process is proposed and, as an illustration of how the approach might operate in practice, the development of a nutrient profiling model for the purpose of highlighting breakfas…
The burden of physical activity-related ill health in the UK
Background: Despite evidence that physical inactivity is a risk factor for a number of diseases, only a third of men and a quarter of women are meeting government targets for physical activity. This paper provides an estimate of the economic and health burden of disease related to physical inactivity in the UK. These estimates are examined in relation to current UK government policy on physical activity. Methods: Information from the World Health…
Patterns of coronary heart disease mortality over the 20th century in England and Wales
Although CHD mortality rates continue to drop in older age groups the actual burden of coronary heart disease is increasing due to the ageing of the population. The rate of improvement in CHD mortality appears to be beginning to decline and may even be reversing among younger women
Validating a nutrient profile model
Objective To assess the validity of nutrient profiling Model WXYfm – developed for the purpose of regulating the promotion of ‘less healthy’ foods to children. The model ranks foods according to their healthiness and categorises foods into ‘healthier’ and ‘less healthy’ foods. Design Convergent and discriminant validity was tested by comparing the way Model WXYfm categorises foods with the way the UK’s national food guide – the Balance of Good He…
Validation of model-based estimates (synthetic estimates) of the prevalence of risk factors for coronary heart disease for wards in England
Defining ‘low in fat’ and ‘high in fat’ when applied to a food
Objectives To describe four different methods of identifying indicator foods that are high, medium or low in fat with reference to dietary patterns and to use these indicator foods to test three sets of definitions of ‘high’, ‘medium’ and ‘low’ in fat from ‘banding schemes’ developed by the Coronary Prevention Group (CPG), the Food Standards Agency (FSA) and Sainsbury’s. Methods Indicator foods were developed using food intake data from the UK Na…
An index of unhealthy lifestyle is associated with coronary heart disease mortality rates for small areas in England after adjustment for deprivation
Indices of socio-economic deprivation are often used as a proxy for differences in the health behaviours of populations within small areas, but these indices are a measure of the economic environment rather than the health environment. Sets of synthetic estimates of the ward-level prevalence of low fruit and vegetable consumption, obesity, raised blood pressure, raised cholesterol and smoking were combined to develop an index of unhealthy lifesty…
The economic burden of ill health due to diet, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol and obesity in the UK
BACKGROUND: Estimates of the economic cost of risk factors for chronic disease to the NHS provide evidence for prioritization of resources for prevention and public health. Previous comparable estimates of the economic costs of poor diet, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol and overweight/obesity were based on economic data from 1992-93. METHODS: Diseases associated with poor diet, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol and overweight/obesity we…
P1-93 Trends in the burden of cardiovascular diseases in the UK, 1961 to 2011
Introduction Mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) has dramatically reduced over the past 50 years in the UK. While this trend should be celebrated, it is important to consider mortality alongside trends in morbidity to gain a full understanding of how healthcare resources and prevention schemes should be directed. This paper reported trends in mortality, incidence and prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, heart attack, angina…
P2-325 Trends in cardiovascular disease treatment in the UK, 1961–2011
Introduction Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading non communicable disease contributing to more than 17 million deaths annually in the world and in the UK for almost 191 000. The knowledge base related to the aetiology and treatment of CVD has expanded over last few decades informing effective prevention and treatment efforts. The aim of this study was to report trends in hospital episodes, surgeries and prescriptions for CVD in the UK ove…
SP3-56 Trends in cardiovascular risk factors in the UK, 1961–2011
Introduction Cardiovascular disease rates in the UK have been steadily declining over the past 50 years, mainly due to improvements in risk factors. This paper focuses on the behavioural risk factors and aims to document trends from 1961 to the present. Methods We searched the peer-reviewed and grey literature from comparable estimates of prevalence of smoking, poor diet, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity and overweight and obesity, within…
The development and validation of an urbanicity scale in a multi-country study
This study demonstrates and validates a robust multidimensional, multi-country urbanicity scale. It is an important step on the path to creating a tool to assess complex processes like urbanization. This scale provides the means to understand which elements of urbanization have the greatest impact on health
Relative deprivation between neighbouring wards is predictive of coronary heart disease mortality after adjustment for absolute deprivation of wards
BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to assess whether deprivation inequality at small area level in England is associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality rates and to assess whether this provides evidence of an association between area-level and individual-level risk. METHODS: Mortality rates for all wards in England were calculated using all CHD deaths between 2001 and 2006. Ward-level deprivation was measured using the Carstairs…
Modelling the impact of a healthy diet on cardiovascular disease and cancer mortality
BACKGROUND: Quantifying the potential health benefits of improvements in the nutritional quality of the average diet of a population would provide evidence for resource allocation between population-level interventions aimed at reducing chronic disease. METHODS: A model was built linking consumption of food components with biological risk factors (blood pressure, serum cholesterol and obesity) and subsequent mortality from coronary heart disease,…
The potential impact on obesity of a 10% tax on sugar-sweetened beverages in Ireland, an effect assessment modelling study
This study suggests that a tax on SSBs in Ireland would have a small but meaningful effect on obesity. While such a tax would be perceived as affecting the whole population, from a health prospective the tax will predominantly affect younger adults who are the main consumers of SSBs
Nutrient profiling and the regulation of marketing to children. Possibilities and pitfalls
Systematic review and meta-analysis of reduction in all-cause mortality from walking and cycling and shape of dose response relationship
Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK
The production of animal-based foods is associated with higher greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions than plant-based foods. The objective of this study was to estimate the difference in dietary GHG emissions between self-selected meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK. Subjects were participants in the EPIC-Oxford cohort study. The diets of 2,041 vegans, 15,751 vegetarians, 8,123 fish-eaters and 29,589 meat-eaters aged 20–79 were as…
When nutrient profiling can (and cannot) be useful
In a fascinating article by Nicklas and colleagues In particular, they are concerned with the term 'nutrient density', used in the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) 'Nutrient dense' foods are described in the 2010 DGA as 'those foods that provide substantial amounts of vitamins and minerals and relatively few calories' and, more rigorously (but possibly contradictorily), as 'all vegetables, fruits, whole grains, fat-free or low-fat milk…
Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks in 188 countries, 1990–2013
Medicine (32 works) · Environmental health (30 works) · Nutritional Studies and Diet (15 works) · Population (15 works) · Biology (14 works) · Demography (13 works) · Public health (11 works) · Business (10 works) · Internal Medicine (10 works) · Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact (9 works)