T J Wilkinson
Dados Biográficos
| ID | 126317 |
|---|---|
| NOME | T J Wilkinson |
| PRENOMES | T J |
| SOBRENOME | Wilkinson |
| ASSINATURA | WILKINSON T J |
| AFILIAÇÕES | Durham University |
| VERIFICADO | Não |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 59 |
| TOTAL DE CITAÇÕES | 486 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 59 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMEIRO ANO DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 1974 |
| ANO MAIS RECENTE DE PUBLICAÇÃO | 2020 |
| ÍNDICE H | 11 |
Hydraulic Engineering
Regional power and local ecologies
Demographic Trends from Archaeological Survey
Hydraulic landscapes in Mesopotamia
Hubs and upstarts
Contextualizing Early Urbanization
This paper employs data from selected sample survey areas in the northern Fertile Crescent to demonstrate how initial urbanization developed along several pathways. The first, during the Late Chalcolithic period, was within a dense pattern of rural settlement. There followed a profound shift in settlement pattern that resulted in the formation of large walled or ramparted sites (‘citadel cities’) associated with a more dynamic phase of urbanizati…
Comparative Landscape Analysis
The Maya Lowlands and the Middle East occupy two contrasting latitudinal zones of ancient settlement, the former comprising part of the semi-tropical belt of low-density urbanism whereas in the Middle East dense nucleated settlement has predominated. Building upon the foundation lain down by Robert McC. Adams and published in 1966, but primarily drawing upon new evidence from archaeological landscape surveys, this paper explores the commonalities…
From human niche construction to imperial power
Weather and climate proxy records
Although it is easy to agree with Toby Pillatt that the role of weather in the archaeological record has been understated, it is more difficult to provide a clear method for incorporating the weather into archaeological interpretation. His concerns about the dominance of climate in interpretations are also acknowledged. Whereas climate and weather are indeed important to the interpretation of past ways of life, when we do try to recognize a direc…
Where has the water come from
past water management and social relations to water use have become increasingly relevant to our understanding of future scenarios of water use. Second, recently many research findings demonstrating high-quality scholarship on water history have been published in diverse journals. While the recent publication of some of these articles focused on water history suggests that the field is expanding in both size and scope, it also shows that the fiel…
Sasanian Walls, Hinterland Fortresses and Abandoned Ancient Irrigated Landscapes
The 2007 season yielded significant new insights into settlement expansion into the land north of the line of the Gorgan Wall and the later abandonment of these sites in the steppe, prior to the construction of the Wall. It also provided us with a better understanding of Sasanian hydraulic engineering and the date and strategic role of large square fortifications south of this linear barrier. Via underwater archaeology, we explored installations …
Archaeology in the Land of Carchemish
The first season of survey around the site of Tell Jerablus Tahtani, conducted in March and April 2006, demonstrated the existence of occupations from the Neolithic to the Early Islamic period. Tell Jerablus Tahtani was fringed to the west by a lower settlement of Late Uruk and early third millennium BC date, at which time settlement was also evident at Tell Sha'ir to the west and at Duluk near the junction with the Sajour. Tells formed the main …
An Imperial Frontier of the Sasanian Empire
The 2006 season has yielded significant new insights into the Great Wall of Gorgan's relation to landscape features and settlement, notably the division of the associated complex water supply system into sectors. The westernmost part of the wall is buried deeply beneath sediments from a past transgression of the Caspian Sea. An unexpectedly high number of brick kilns, of standardised design, shed light on the manner of the wall's construction. Ge…
Urbanization within a Dynamic Environment
Here agent-based models are employed to explore the behavior of small communities and their associated economic systems within an area of climatically marginal environment in northern Syria and Iraq. The examples, drawn from late prehistoric and Bronze Age societies that developed at the onset of urbanization, show how small communities might respond to various resource stresses and environmental fluctuations. The computer simulations demonstrate…
Linear Barriers of Northern Iran
Le grand mur de Gorgan, appele aussi mur d’Alexandre ou mur de Feroz, est une vaste structure defensive de pres de 200 km de long, entre la Mer caspienne et la chaine de l’Elbrouz. La date de sa construction est controversee, et elle varie selon les auteurs sur une plage chronologique allant de la conquete macedonienne a la conquete islamique. Le projet porte par l’universite d’Edimbourg, l’Iranian Cultural Heritage et l’organisation du tourisme …
Using Shuttle Radar Topography to map ancient water channels in Mesopotamia
The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) is currently producing a digital elevation model of most of the world's surface. Here the authors assess its value in mapping and sequencing the network of water channels that provided the arterial system for Mesopotamia before the petrol engine
Landscape and Settlement in the Neo-Assyrian Empire
Archaeological surveys and satellite images are used to provide insights into the structure and scale of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. When this empire attained its peak during the eighth and seventh centuries B.C., it resulted in a distinct imprint on the landscape which differs significantly from that of the Bronze Age. In the Neo-Assyrian period, capital cities attained unprecedented size, rural settlement patterns were predominantly dispersed, the…
Soil erosion and valley fills in the Yemen highlands and southern Turkey
Geoarchaeological studies of valley‐fill sequences frequently do not employ the full range of human activities to explain the causes of deposition. This paper shows how records of environmental change from ocean cores and relict lakes can be integrated with geoarchaeological sequences from land and the record of long‐term settlement and land use to provide a composite record of human–environmental interactions. On the high plains of Yemen, lakes …
Response to Christiansen and Altaweel
This response contextualizes Christiansen and Altaweel's paper within broader currents of human-climate interactions. It then examines some of the implications of the use of wide ranging data sources for the construction of complex models as well as some of the broader implications of the simulations.These models demonstrate the richness of human responses to environmental and social stresses as well as the tendencies for human social groups to e…
Archaeological Landscapes of the Near East
Many fundamental studies of the origins of states have built upon landscape data, but an overall study of the Near Eastern landscape itself has never been attempted. Spanning thousands of years of history, the ancient Near East presents a bewildering range of landscapes, the understanding of which can greatly enhance our ability to infer past political and social systems. \nTony Wilkinson now shows that throughout the Holocene humans altered the …
First Season of Syrian-American Investigations at Hamoukar, Hasekeh Province
In 1999, the joint expedition of the Syrian Directorate General of Antiquities and the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago initiated excavations and surface reconnaissance at the site of Tell Hamoukar in the northeastern corner of Hassekeh Province (Figs. 1–2). We need to acknowledge, with gratitude, the help and encouragement rendered by Dr Sultan Muhesen, then Director General of Antiquities, and by Sayyid Abdul Messieh Bagdo, of th…
Ethnoarchaeology of Anatolia
Excavations at a Neolithic Cursus, Springfield, Essex, 1979–85
A long cropmark enclosure at Springfield, Essex, interpreted as a Neolithic cursus, was investigated betwee 1979–85 to confirm its date and establish a site sequence. The enclosure was c. 690 m long and 37–49 m wide the ditch being uninterrupted in all areas examined, features within the interior at the eastern end included a incomplete ring of substantial post-pits which it is suggested originally formed a complete circle. Peterborou pottery, pr…
A Survey of the Islamic Sites near Aden and in the Abyan District of Yemen
This volume provides a brief historical and geographical background to the district of Abyan in the Yemen, followed by a description of the sites identified during the 1994 excavations of sites from the Islamic period carried out by a team from the School of Oriental and African Studies. The final section of the book details the archaeological finds (mainly pottery and ceramics) made during this research and, with the aid of maps, photographs and…
Regional Approaches to Mesopotamian Archaeology
The Structure and Dynamics of Dry-Farming States in Upper Mesopotamia [and Comments and Reply]
Contextualizing Early Urbanization
This paper employs data from selected sample survey areas in the northern Fertile Crescent to demonstrate how initial urbanization developed along several pathways. The first, during the Late Chalcolithic period, was within a dense pattern of rural settlement. There followed a profound shift in settlement pattern that resulted in the formation of large walled or ramparted sites (‘citadel cities’) associated with a more dynamic phase of urbanizati…
Regional Approaches to Mesopotamian Archaeology
Urbanization within a Dynamic Environment
Here agent-based models are employed to explore the behavior of small communities and their associated economic systems within an area of climatically marginal environment in northern Syria and Iraq. The examples, drawn from late prehistoric and Bronze Age societies that developed at the onset of urbanization, show how small communities might respond to various resource stresses and environmental fluctuations. The computer simulations demonstrate…
The Definition of Ancient Manured Zones by Means of Extensive Sherd-Sampling Techniques
Thin carpets of worn and abraded sherds frequently occur over many square kilometers of ground around archaeological sites in the Middle East. Sherd scatters around three sites in Iran, Oman, and Syria are described. It is suggested that the artifacts arrive as a result of transport of compost or manure incorporating urban refuse from the city to the nearby fields. The sherd scatters occupy a zone of between 3 and 6 km. radius around the sites, a…
Southwest Arabia During the Holocene
An Imperial Frontier of the Sasanian Empire
The 2006 season has yielded significant new insights into the Great Wall of Gorgan's relation to landscape features and settlement, notably the division of the associated complex water supply system into sectors. The westernmost part of the wall is buried deeply beneath sediments from a past transgression of the Caspian Sea. An unexpectedly high number of brick kilns, of standardised design, shed light on the manner of the wall's construction. Ge…
Hubs and upstarts
Hydraulic landscapes in Mesopotamia
Sasanian Walls, Hinterland Fortresses and Abandoned Ancient Irrigated Landscapes
The 2007 season yielded significant new insights into settlement expansion into the land north of the line of the Gorgan Wall and the later abandonment of these sites in the steppe, prior to the construction of the Wall. It also provided us with a better understanding of Sasanian hydraulic engineering and the date and strategic role of large square fortifications south of this linear barrier. Via underwater archaeology, we explored installations …
Soil erosion and valley fills in the Yemen highlands and southern Turkey
Geoarchaeological studies of valley‐fill sequences frequently do not employ the full range of human activities to explain the causes of deposition. This paper shows how records of environmental change from ocean cores and relict lakes can be integrated with geoarchaeological sequences from land and the record of long‐term settlement and land use to provide a composite record of human–environmental interactions. On the high plains of Yemen, lakes …
From human niche construction to imperial power
Linear hollows in the Jazira, Upper Mesopotamia
O.G.S. Crawford, founder of ANTIQUITY, flew in the 1920s over an English landscape where the grooves and lines cut into unploughed downlands showed the courses of roads and tracks since earliest times. Similar patterns of crop- and soil-marks in the rain-fed agricultural zone of the Middle East, when studied in the same spirit, also reveal the local and the long-distance routes of a proven great age
Soil development and early land use in the Jazira region, Upper Mesopotamia
The Jazira forms an extensive semi‐arid area within the fertile crescent between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. It has been settled and cultivated for over 8,000 years and the typical soil, the Calcic Xerosol, can produce cereal crops in most years. Crops are mainly watered by rainfall alone. Mature soil profiles can develop within 5–6,000 years. Analysis of soil phosphates, and extensive sherd sampling techniques, have shown that the ploughsoi…
Using Shuttle Radar Topography to map ancient water channels in Mesopotamia
The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) is currently producing a digital elevation model of most of the world's surface. Here the authors assess its value in mapping and sequencing the network of water channels that provided the arterial system for Mesopotamia before the petrol engine
Linear Barriers of Northern Iran
Le grand mur de Gorgan, appele aussi mur d’Alexandre ou mur de Feroz, est une vaste structure defensive de pres de 200 km de long, entre la Mer caspienne et la chaine de l’Elbrouz. La date de sa construction est controversee, et elle varie selon les auteurs sur une plage chronologique allant de la conquete macedonienne a la conquete islamique. Le projet porte par l’universite d’Edimbourg, l’Iranian Cultural Heritage et l’organisation du tourisme …
Excavations at a Neolithic Cursus, Springfield, Essex, 1979–85
A long cropmark enclosure at Springfield, Essex, interpreted as a Neolithic cursus, was investigated betwee 1979–85 to confirm its date and establish a site sequence. The enclosure was c. 690 m long and 37–49 m wide the ditch being uninterrupted in all areas examined, features within the interior at the eastern end included a incomplete ring of substantial post-pits which it is suggested originally formed a complete circle. Peterborou pottery, pr…
Extensive Sherd Scatters and Land Use Intensity
Offsite artifact scatters are described in relation to sites in SE Turkey and northern Iraq. Examples of similar scatters are cited from Western Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, and are interpreted as being the result of the distribution of urban-derived refuse, manure, and compost to surrounding fields as fertilizer. Finally, the scatters are discussed in relation to trends in population, settlement, and environmental conditions
Survey and Excavations at Sāmarrā' 1989
The third season of fieldwork at Sāmarrā’ took place between 27th February and 24th April 1989. The 1989 season at Sāmarrā’ had three broad aims:(1) to initiate excavations at the Glassworks (ma‘mal al-zujāj) at Qādisiyya, the site of the small town of Qādisiyya of Sāmarrā’, which was occupied from the Sasanian to Middle Islamic periods (site N1). The surface features of this site were described in our previous report.(2) to initiate a surface su…
Water and Human Settlement in the Balikh Valley, Syria
This landscape survey of the Balikh Valley in Syria straddles the limit of rain-fed cultivation. Features such as canals, low density “field scatters,” smaller sites, ancient roads, and relict river channels enable the boundary between ancient rain-fed cultivation and irrigation to be approximated. By coupling the evidence from such features with archaeological site survey, I suggest that water supply in the Balikh River constrained total settlem…
Extensive Sherd Scatters and Land-Use Intensity
The Shaugh Moor Project
The third phase of the Shaugh Moor Project comprised survey and excavation work on the Saddlesborough Main reave and Wotter Common (fig. 1). Following the decision of the china clay companies not to develop the area immediately around Saddlesborough (Area Y), Watts, Blake and Bearne & Co Ltd and English China Clays Ltd embarked upon a joint tipping programme which will eventually destroy the terminal reave east of Saddlesborough and most of the m…
Where has the water come from
past water management and social relations to water use have become increasingly relevant to our understanding of future scenarios of water use. Second, recently many research findings demonstrating high-quality scholarship on water history have been published in diverse journals. While the recent publication of some of these articles focused on water history suggests that the field is expanding in both size and scope, it also shows that the fiel…
Water and Human Settlement in the Balikh Valley, Syria
Hammat al-Qa and the roots of urbanism in southwest Arabia
Prehistoric (Bronze Age) settlement has been little explored in the Yemen. Here, we report on new research at the small, semi-urban site of Hammat al-Qa in the Dhamar region of Yemen
Uganda Asians in Leicester
A Prehistoric Site Near Dibsi Faraj in Syria
A Prehistoric Site Near Dibsi Faraj in Syria
The Shaugh Moor Project
The third phase of the Shaugh Moor Project comprised survey and excavation work on the Saddlesborough Main reave and Wotter Common (fig. 1). Following the decision of the china clay companies not to develop the area immediately around Saddlesborough (Area Y), Watts, Blake and Bearne & Co Ltd and English China Clays Ltd embarked upon a joint tipping programme which will eventually destroy the terminal reave east of Saddlesborough and most of the m…
The Definition of Ancient Manured Zones by Means of Extensive Sherd-Sampling Techniques
Thin carpets of worn and abraded sherds frequently occur over many square kilometers of ground around archaeological sites in the Middle East. Sherd scatters around three sites in Iran, Oman, and Syria are described. It is suggested that the artifacts arrive as a result of transport of compost or manure incorporating urban refuse from the city to the nearby fields. The sherd scatters occupy a zone of between 3 and 6 km. radius around the sites, a…
Archaeological Survey of an Intertidal Zone
The intertidal zone provides a wealth of well-preserved information—economic, cultural, and environmental—to supplement the often eroded and weathered record from adjacent dry-land sites. The wide tidal range of estuaries in SE England enables archaeological survey to be conducted below present sea level when the tide is low. Almost constant waterlogging preserves wooden structures and artifacts of wood, organic soil horizons, submerged forests a…
Early Settlement at Lincoln
Evidence for prehistoric activity and settlement in the area covered by the modern city of Lincoln has accumulated gradually. Published accounts of the material from Lincoln have treated it as part of a wider study of the county as a whole, while excavations on various sites in the city prior to 1972 had produced a number of prehistoric artefacts, all occurring in secondary contexts. Since these were residual, a distribution map would not necessa…
The Tell al-Hawa Project
Members of the British Archaeological Expedition to Iraq first visited Tell al-Hawa in January 1986 from the Saddam Dam. The site appears as a massive, solitary giant, dominating the landscape and dwarfing all other sites in the region (Plate Ia). From the summit, 30 m high, there is an impressive view over a vast plain covered with mounds in all directions. A walk over the main mound revealed a particularly wide range of pottery types representi…
Extensive Sherd Scatters and Land-Use Intensity
Extensive Sherd Scatters and Land Use Intensity
Offsite artifact scatters are described in relation to sites in SE Turkey and northern Iraq. Examples of similar scatters are cited from Western Europe, the Middle East, and Asia, and are interpreted as being the result of the distribution of urban-derived refuse, manure, and compost to surrounding fields as fertilizer. Finally, the scatters are discussed in relation to trends in population, settlement, and environmental conditions
Early Channels and Landscape Development around Abu Salabikh, a Preliminary Report
Although topographically simple, the landscape of the lower Mesopotamian plain masks a complex of sedimentary environments: old river channels, levees, flood basins, artificial channels, aeolian dunes, ancient irrigated soils and archaeological sites (both buried and at ground level). Many of these features owe their origin, either directly or indirectly, to the hand of man. In order to study early channel systems, the prime objective of the fiel…
The Development of Settlement in the North Jazira between the 7th and 1st Millennia BC
This, the second report on the activities of a team from the British Archaeological Expedition to Iraq in the north Jazira, will present an overview of the results of the first four seasons of fieldwork. A review of settlement change since the first millennium BC will be reserved for a future publication. The first two seasons of survey (autumn 1986 and 1987), which concentrated on the region around Tell al-Hawa, were followed, in autumn 1988, by…
Survey and Excavations at Sāmarrā' 1989
The third season of fieldwork at Sāmarrā’ took place between 27th February and 24th April 1989. The 1989 season at Sāmarrā’ had three broad aims:(1) to initiate excavations at the Glassworks (ma‘mal al-zujāj) at Qādisiyya, the site of the small town of Qādisiyya of Sāmarrā’, which was occupied from the Sasanian to Middle Islamic periods (site N1). The surface features of this site were described in our previous report.(2) to initiate a surface su…
Soil development and early land use in the Jazira region, Upper Mesopotamia
The Jazira forms an extensive semi‐arid area within the fertile crescent between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. It has been settled and cultivated for over 8,000 years and the typical soil, the Calcic Xerosol, can produce cereal crops in most years. Crops are mainly watered by rainfall alone. Mature soil profiles can develop within 5–6,000 years. Analysis of soil phosphates, and extensive sherd sampling techniques, have shown that the ploughsoi…
Town and Country in Southeastern Anatolia. Vol. I
Linear hollows in the Jazira, Upper Mesopotamia
O.G.S. Crawford, founder of ANTIQUITY, flew in the 1920s over an English landscape where the grooves and lines cut into unploughed downlands showed the courses of roads and tracks since earliest times. Similar patterns of crop- and soil-marks in the rain-fed agricultural zone of the Middle East, when studied in the same spirit, also reveal the local and the long-distance routes of a proven great age
Past and Present Soil Erosion. Archaeological and Geographical Perspectives
The Structure and Dynamics of Dry-Farming States in Upper Mesopotamia [and Comments and Reply]
Town and Country in Southeastern Anatolia
Pavel Dolukhanov. Environment and ethnicity in the Middle East. (Worldwide Archaeology Series 7.) x + 406 pages, 123 figures. 1994. Aldershot
Pavel Dolukhanov. Environment and ethnicity in the Middle East. (Worldwide Archaeology Series 7.) x + 406 pages, 123 figures. 1994. Aldershot: Avebury; ISBN 1-85628-706-8 hardback £45. - Volume 69 Issue 262
Khanijdal East
A recent review of the state of Ubaid archaeology has urged that more Ubaid sites be excavated and published, and that patterns of Ubaid settlement should be analyzed at a regional scale (Henrickson and Thuesen 1989: pp. 457-8). The primary objective of this paper is therefore rather straightforward: to provide some basic data on artifacts in context from a small excavated Ubaid 3-4 site located within the zone of rain-fed cultivation, and to pla…
Late Quaternary Chronology and Palaeoclimates of the Eastern Mediterranean
Archaeological Views from the Countryside
Holocene environments of the high plateau, Yemen. Recent geoarchaeological investigations
The late Pleistocene and Holocene sedimentary stratigraphy is described for part of the high plateau of Yemen (altitude 2000–3000 m A.S.L.), to the south of Sana'a. The presence of angular slope debris and dune sand in pre-Holocene contexts suggest cold and arid late Pleistocene conditions, followed, after a phase of indeterminate semiarid fluvial activity, by the development of humic palaeosol A horizons at a wide range of altitudes. Dated to be…
The Archaeology of the Yemen High Plains
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