Linda A W Brakel
Biographic Data
| ID | 1272143 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Linda A W Brakel |
| GIVEN NAMES | Linda A W |
| FAMILY NAME | Brakel |
| SIGNATURE | BRAKEL L A W |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Michigan |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-4655-3332 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 21 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 29 |
| WORKS AS AUTHOR | 21 |
| WORKS AS EDITOR | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1986 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2022 |
| H-INDEX | 3 |
Vaccine Refusal
Many people who generally receive standard recommended inoculations refuse to partake of COVID-19 vaccines, preventatives that are effective, safe, and life-saving amidst the current pandemic. Our quest is to understand this puzzling and dangerous phenomenon, as it exists among US and UK citizens, whom in other respects would be regarded as quite regular. We will discuss Vaccine Refusal compared with two better understood phenomena: addiction, an…
Self-constitution and “Infrastructural” Change
Just another article on Moore’s paradox, but we don’t believe that
Commentary On Brown
Empirical evidence for Freud's theory of primary process mentation in acute psychosis
Freud (1895/1966; 1900/1953; 1915/1957) has proposed that primary process functioning is typical for acute psychosis. A non-verbal method, the ‘Geocat’ (Brakel, Kleinsorge, Snodgrass and Shevrin, 2000), measures primary processes operationalised as attributional categorisation, which considers exemplars as similar if particular features match, even if these components are arranged in a quite different configuration. With the use of GeoCat we expl…
Construct validation and internal consistency of the geometric categorization task (Geocat) for measuring primary and secondary processes
International audience
Knowledge and Belief
Psychoanalytic data are used to support a radical view in philosophy—that knowledge, not belief, is the central epistemologic entity, with knowledge prior to and necessary for belief, not vice versa. The psychoanalytic data come from two very different sources: clinical material and experimental research on unconscious (subliminal) processes, both demonstrating evidence for unconscious knowledge without belief. The article, a thoroughly interdisc…
Music and Primary Process
Most psychoanalytic authors assume that the primary processes play a vital role in the listening, performance, and creation of music. Behind this agreement, however, lies an important if tacit disagreement regarding the nature of the primary processes, with some theorists linking them to the primitive, conflicted, and pathological and others regarding the primary processes as special, creative, even transcendent. Both groups have lacked empirical…
The Placebo Effect
The Placebo Effect:Can Psychoanalytic Theory Help Explain the Phenomenon? Linda A. W. Brakel Introduction In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Adolf Grünbaum's (1977; 1981; 1982) critique of psychoanalysis as a science was hotly contested (Edelson 1984). Although not claiming that psychoanalysis was ineffective, Grünbaum held that its successes were attributable to suggestion and the placebo effect—that is, to nonspecific treatment measures—rather …
Anxiety, attributional thinking, and the primary process
In earlier publications, experimental evidence was provided for the existence of the primary vs. secondary process mental organization posited by Freud. A well‐established cognitive categorization test based on attributional and relational similarity was found to map on to primary and secondary principles of mental organization respectively, thus offering the opportunity to test hypotheses drawn from psychoanalytic theory independent of the clini…
Anxiety, attributional thinking,and the primary process
In earlier publications, experimental evidence was provided for the existence of the primary vs. secondary process mental organization posited by Freud. A well-established cognitive categorization test based on attributional and relational similarity was found to map on to primary and secondary principles of mental organization respectively, thus offering the opportunity to test hypotheses drawn from psychoanalytic theory independent of the clini…
The Psychoanalytic Assumption of the Primary Process
No evidence for an assumption of a theory can be gained by data derived from methods dependent on that theory. Three experiments, using methods independent of psychoanalysis, test the psychoanalytic posit that primary process exists as a formal mental mode distinct from secondary process. The three experiments, using a nonpsychoanalytic index for primary process, test for a preponderance of primary process organization in three areas in which Fre…
The Priority of Primary Process Categorizing
Earlier work has provided experimental evidence for the existence of the primary and secondary process mental organization posited by Freud and has demonstrated that primary process effects are the more active unconsciously (Brakel et al. 2000). Primary and secondary processes were assessed by a categorization test in which qualitatively different principles could be used. In new experiments using the same stimuli, another significant implication…
The Primary Process and the Unconscious
The authors report on two experiments designed to test an important feature of the primary process: unconscious categorisation by attributes rather than by relations. These experiments were designed to provide support, independently of the clinical situation, for the presupposition of a psychological unconscious and for the presupposition that unconscious mentation is organised along primary-process lines. Their results were encouraging. They fou…
Commentaries
Peer Reviewed
Cognitive Science
Shall Drawing Become Part of Free Association
Three psychoanalytic case vignettes are presented where drawing is used beneficially as part of the free-associative process. The history of the psychoanalytic use of drawing is briefly reviewed, together with a new technical proposal regarding the role of drawing in free association, Justification for testing this modification leads to a consideration of methodological issues and the nature of free association. Possible advantages of this modifi…
Event-related potential indicators of the dynamic unconscious
Understanding Negative Hallucination
Negative hallucinations are explored from a psychodynamic viewpoint in four cases of neurosis. Next, shifting to the level of clinical theory, negative hallucinations are contrasted with five better-studied disturbances in reality awareness. It is noted that all six function as screen phenomena, and all occur in everyday contexts. These and other phenomenological issues lead to an assertion that negative hallucinations are regressive perceptual p…
A Modern “Solution” to the Oedipal Problem
“Nothing is Missing… Yet”
«Une jeune fille» (ecrivait Freud dans son article: «Quelques consequences psychiques de la distinction anatomique entre les sexes») «une jeune fille refuse parfois d'accepter ce qui lui semble resulter d'une castration, et peut s'enferrer dans la conviction qu'elle possede reellement un penis». Cas d'une jeune femme d'une trentaine d'annees dont le fantasme etait structure sur le mode du: «Rien ne manque... mais quand meme». Angoisse de castrati…
The Primary Process and the Unconscious
The authors report on two experiments designed to test an important feature of the primary process: unconscious categorisation by attributes rather than by relations. These experiments were designed to provide support, independently of the clinical situation, for the presupposition of a psychological unconscious and for the presupposition that unconscious mentation is organised along primary-process lines. Their results were encouraging. They fou…
The Psychoanalytic Assumption of the Primary Process
No evidence for an assumption of a theory can be gained by data derived from methods dependent on that theory. Three experiments, using methods independent of psychoanalysis, test the psychoanalytic posit that primary process exists as a formal mental mode distinct from secondary process. The three experiments, using a nonpsychoanalytic index for primary process, test for a preponderance of primary process organization in three areas in which Fre…
The Priority of Primary Process Categorizing
Earlier work has provided experimental evidence for the existence of the primary and secondary process mental organization posited by Freud and has demonstrated that primary process effects are the more active unconsciously (Brakel et al. 2000). Primary and secondary processes were assessed by a categorization test in which qualitatively different principles could be used. In new experiments using the same stimuli, another significant implication…
Shall Drawing Become Part of Free Association
Three psychoanalytic case vignettes are presented where drawing is used beneficially as part of the free-associative process. The history of the psychoanalytic use of drawing is briefly reviewed, together with a new technical proposal regarding the role of drawing in free association, Justification for testing this modification leads to a consideration of methodological issues and the nature of free association. Possible advantages of this modifi…
Understanding Negative Hallucination
Negative hallucinations are explored from a psychodynamic viewpoint in four cases of neurosis. Next, shifting to the level of clinical theory, negative hallucinations are contrasted with five better-studied disturbances in reality awareness. It is noted that all six function as screen phenomena, and all occur in everyday contexts. These and other phenomenological issues lead to an assertion that negative hallucinations are regressive perceptual p…
Just another article on Moore’s paradox, but we don’t believe that
Music and Primary Process
Most psychoanalytic authors assume that the primary processes play a vital role in the listening, performance, and creation of music. Behind this agreement, however, lies an important if tacit disagreement regarding the nature of the primary processes, with some theorists linking them to the primitive, conflicted, and pathological and others regarding the primary processes as special, creative, even transcendent. Both groups have lacked empirical…
Anxiety, attributional thinking,and the primary process
In earlier publications, experimental evidence was provided for the existence of the primary vs. secondary process mental organization posited by Freud. A well-established cognitive categorization test based on attributional and relational similarity was found to map on to primary and secondary principles of mental organization respectively, thus offering the opportunity to test hypotheses drawn from psychoanalytic theory independent of the clini…
“Nothing is Missing… Yet”
«Une jeune fille» (ecrivait Freud dans son article: «Quelques consequences psychiques de la distinction anatomique entre les sexes») «une jeune fille refuse parfois d'accepter ce qui lui semble resulter d'une castration, et peut s'enferrer dans la conviction qu'elle possede reellement un penis». Cas d'une jeune femme d'une trentaine d'annees dont le fantasme etait structure sur le mode du: «Rien ne manque... mais quand meme». Angoisse de castrati…
A Modern “Solution” to the Oedipal Problem
Understanding Negative Hallucination
Negative hallucinations are explored from a psychodynamic viewpoint in four cases of neurosis. Next, shifting to the level of clinical theory, negative hallucinations are contrasted with five better-studied disturbances in reality awareness. It is noted that all six function as screen phenomena, and all occur in everyday contexts. These and other phenomenological issues lead to an assertion that negative hallucinations are regressive perceptual p…
Event-related potential indicators of the dynamic unconscious
Shall Drawing Become Part of Free Association
Three psychoanalytic case vignettes are presented where drawing is used beneficially as part of the free-associative process. The history of the psychoanalytic use of drawing is briefly reviewed, together with a new technical proposal regarding the role of drawing in free association, Justification for testing this modification leads to a consideration of methodological issues and the nature of free association. Possible advantages of this modifi…
Cognitive Science
Commentaries
Peer Reviewed
The Primary Process and the Unconscious
The authors report on two experiments designed to test an important feature of the primary process: unconscious categorisation by attributes rather than by relations. These experiments were designed to provide support, independently of the clinical situation, for the presupposition of a psychological unconscious and for the presupposition that unconscious mentation is organised along primary-process lines. Their results were encouraging. They fou…
The Priority of Primary Process Categorizing
Earlier work has provided experimental evidence for the existence of the primary and secondary process mental organization posited by Freud and has demonstrated that primary process effects are the more active unconsciously (Brakel et al. 2000). Primary and secondary processes were assessed by a categorization test in which qualitatively different principles could be used. In new experiments using the same stimuli, another significant implication…
The Psychoanalytic Assumption of the Primary Process
No evidence for an assumption of a theory can be gained by data derived from methods dependent on that theory. Three experiments, using methods independent of psychoanalysis, test the psychoanalytic posit that primary process exists as a formal mental mode distinct from secondary process. The three experiments, using a nonpsychoanalytic index for primary process, test for a preponderance of primary process organization in three areas in which Fre…
Anxiety, attributional thinking, and the primary process
In earlier publications, experimental evidence was provided for the existence of the primary vs. secondary process mental organization posited by Freud. A well‐established cognitive categorization test based on attributional and relational similarity was found to map on to primary and secondary principles of mental organization respectively, thus offering the opportunity to test hypotheses drawn from psychoanalytic theory independent of the clini…
Anxiety, attributional thinking,and the primary process
In earlier publications, experimental evidence was provided for the existence of the primary vs. secondary process mental organization posited by Freud. A well-established cognitive categorization test based on attributional and relational similarity was found to map on to primary and secondary principles of mental organization respectively, thus offering the opportunity to test hypotheses drawn from psychoanalytic theory independent of the clini…
Music and Primary Process
Most psychoanalytic authors assume that the primary processes play a vital role in the listening, performance, and creation of music. Behind this agreement, however, lies an important if tacit disagreement regarding the nature of the primary processes, with some theorists linking them to the primitive, conflicted, and pathological and others regarding the primary processes as special, creative, even transcendent. Both groups have lacked empirical…
The Placebo Effect
The Placebo Effect:Can Psychoanalytic Theory Help Explain the Phenomenon? Linda A. W. Brakel Introduction In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Adolf Grünbaum's (1977; 1981; 1982) critique of psychoanalysis as a science was hotly contested (Edelson 1984). Although not claiming that psychoanalysis was ineffective, Grünbaum held that its successes were attributable to suggestion and the placebo effect—that is, to nonspecific treatment measures—rather …
Knowledge and Belief
Psychoanalytic data are used to support a radical view in philosophy—that knowledge, not belief, is the central epistemologic entity, with knowledge prior to and necessary for belief, not vice versa. The psychoanalytic data come from two very different sources: clinical material and experimental research on unconscious (subliminal) processes, both demonstrating evidence for unconscious knowledge without belief. The article, a thoroughly interdisc…
Construct validation and internal consistency of the geometric categorization task (Geocat) for measuring primary and secondary processes
International audience
Empirical evidence for Freud's theory of primary process mentation in acute psychosis
Freud (1895/1966; 1900/1953; 1915/1957) has proposed that primary process functioning is typical for acute psychosis. A non-verbal method, the ‘Geocat’ (Brakel, Kleinsorge, Snodgrass and Shevrin, 2000), measures primary processes operationalised as attributional categorisation, which considers exemplars as similar if particular features match, even if these components are arranged in a quite different configuration. With the use of GeoCat we expl…
Commentary On Brown
Just another article on Moore’s paradox, but we don’t believe that
Vaccine Refusal
Many people who generally receive standard recommended inoculations refuse to partake of COVID-19 vaccines, preventatives that are effective, safe, and life-saving amidst the current pandemic. Our quest is to understand this puzzling and dangerous phenomenon, as it exists among US and UK citizens, whom in other respects would be regarded as quite regular. We will discuss Vaccine Refusal compared with two better understood phenomena: addiction, an…
Self-constitution and “Infrastructural” Change
Psychology (19 works) · Psychoanalysis (17 works) · Psychoanalytic theory (13 works) · Epistemology (10 works) · Cognitive psychology (9 works) · Philosophy (9 works) · Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications (8 works) · Computer Science (7 works) · Unconscious mind (7 works) · Psychotherapist (6 works)