Jean M Ispa
Biographic Data
| ID | 128282 |
|---|---|
| NAME | Jean M Ispa |
| GIVEN NAMES | Jean M |
| FAMILY NAME | Ispa |
| SIGNATURE | ISPA J M |
| AFFILIATIONS | University of Missouri |
| ORCID | 0000-0001-9049-8671 |
| VERIFIED | Yes |
| TOTAL WORKS | 46 |
| TOTAL CITATIONS | 246 |
| AUTHOR COUNT | 46 |
| EDITOR COUNT | 0 |
| FIRST PUBLICATION YEAR | 1977 |
| LATEST PUBLICATION YEAR | 2026 |
| H-INDEX | 7 |
Verbal response latency in turn-taking as a measure of language processing in mother-child dialogue
The latency of turn-taking responses in dialogue is quick and precisely coordinated across the interacting dyad. This is challenging because the processing time required to conceptualize, formulate, and generate a response can be longer than the typical response latency. Producing timely responses is likely a greater challenge for children, whose immature language abilities are still developing. This study examined how the millisecond latency of …
Conversational Length and Balance in Mother-Child Discussions about Sibling Conflicts: The Roles of Culture and Gender
The “what” and “when” of language input to children: Linguistic and temporal predictors of vocabulary in 3-year-olds
The quantity, quality, and complexity of language input are important for children's language development. This study examined how the detailed timing of this input relates to children's vocabulary at 3 years of age in 64 mother-child dyads (male = 28; female = 36; White = 69%, Black = 31%). Acoustical analysis of turn taking in mother-child dialogue found that more consistently timed maternal responses (lower response latency variability) were a…
Familism values embedded in U.S. Mexican mother-child conversations about sibling conflicts
The current study focused on familism-related content that emerged in a primarily qualitative analysis of U.S. Mexican mother-child conversations about sibling conflicts ( M age = 10.55; English = 43 (24 female); Spanish = 43 (19 female)). The study’s goals were to (1) describe how familism, a central Latinx value, is conveyed to children in late middle childhood, (2) uncover signs that children at this age actively or passively accept or reject …
African American mothers talk to their preadolescents about honesty and lying
Objectives: While existing work points to the ways parenting behaviors and specific value socialization approaches influence children's internalization of moral values (Baumrind, Child Development 43, 261-267, 1972; Hoffman, Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice, 2001; Grusec & Davidov, Child Development, 81, 687-709, 2010), little work has considered the experiences of African American and lower-income families. The …
Ethnic variations in mothers’ and children’s positive and negative emotional expressions toward each other
This study examined whether ethnicity moderated trajectories of mothers’ and children’s positive and negative emotional expressions, as well as within‐time and lagged associations between these variables. European American and Mexican American mothers’ and children’s emotional expressions toward each other were observed when children were aged 15, 25, and 37 months. Children’s positivity increased at identical rates and maternal positivity predic…
Parenting and children’s negative emotionality, self‐regulation, and academic skills: The moderating role of fathers’ residency
We examined whether fathers’ residency modified the associations among mothers’ supportiveness, father involvement, children’s negative emotionality during toddlerhood and children’s academic skills in pre‐kindergarten via children’s self‐regulation. Participants were 2,291 mothers ( M age = 23.24 years) and children ( M age = 14.99 months at Wave 1; 50.7% girls) in the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project. Results revealed distinctiv…
Direct and indirect relations between family conflict and youth's later behavioral outcomes
The present study examined the associations between family conflict during toddlerhood and children's prosocial and aggressive behaviors approximately 9 years later, as well as whether maternal supportiveness and children's self‐regulation mediate those associations. Family conflict has been identified as a risk factor for children's well‐being and behavioral problems. However, these studies often are confined to conflict during childhood, and fe…
Conversations between African American mothers and children about school and education
The findings underscore the sincerity of most mothers' communications to children about the importance of education and their children's receptivity to these messages. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
Parenting beliefs and practices in toddlerhood as precursors to self‐regulatory, psychosocial, and academic outcomes in early and middle childhood in ethnically diverse low‐income families
Ethnoracially diverse families living in poverty are vulnerable to stress, discrimination, and adversities that can be ‘toxic’ to parenting and to a wide range of psychosocial and academic outcomes in youth. Thus, there is high need to identify malleable protective and promotive factors that may lead to improved developmental trajectories and outcomes for at‐risk youth and families. In this study of 2,233 low‐income families with ethnoracially di…
Economic hardship during infancy and U.S. Latino preschoolers’ sociobehavioral health and academic readiness
We tested a culturally integrative model examining the associations among economic hardship during infancy and Latino children's later sociobehavioral problems and academic skills prior to kindergarten entry, whether mothers' mental health problems and positive parenting behaviors mediated those associations, and whether they varied by mothers' acculturation levels. Participants were 714 low-income Latino mothers (M age at enrollment = 24 years; …
Negative emotionality and discipline as long-term predictors of behavioral outcomes in African American and European American children
The present study examined the early parenting and temperament determinants of children's antisocial and positive behaviors in a low-income, diverse ethno-racial sample. Participants were from the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project, which included 960 European American (initial M age = 15.00 months; 51.2% female) and 880 African American mothers and their children (initial M age = 15.10 months; 49.2% female) followed from 15 months …
The interplay of maternal sensitivity and toddler engagement of mother in predicting self-regulation
Using data from the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project, a cross-lag mediation model was tested to examine longitudinal relations among low-income mothers' sensitivity; toddlers' engagement of their mothers; and toddler's self-regulation at ages 1, 2, and 3 years (N = 2,958). Age 1 maternal sensitivity predicted self-regulation at ages 2 and 3 years, and age 2 engagement of mother mediated the relation between age 1 maternal sensitiv…
Predicting self-regulation and vocabulary and academic skills at kindergarten entry: The roles of maternal parenting stress and mother-child closeness
Middle Childhood Feelings Toward Mothers: Predictions From Maternal Directiveness at the Age of Two and Respect for Autonomy Currently
The goals of this study were to examine (1) stability of maternal directiveness during interactions with their children from toddlerhood to late middle childhood, (2) direct and mediated relations between mothers' directiveness when children were two years old, mothers' respect for autonomy and children's positivity and negativity toward their mothers when children were in late middle childhood, and (3) differences in these paths by ethnoracial g…
B lack‐ W hite Biracial Children's Social Development from Kindergarten to Fifth Grade: Links with Racial Identification, Gender, and Socioeconomic Status
In this study, we investigated trajectories of B lack‐ W hite biracial children's social development during middle childhood, their associations with parents’ racial identification of children, and the moderating effects of child gender and family socioeconomic status (SES). The study utilized data from parent and teacher reports on 293 US B lack‐ W hite biracial children enrolled in the E arly C hildhood L ongitudinal S tudy‐ K indergarten C oho…
Mother–Infant Interactions in Early Head Start: A Person-Oriented Within-Ethnic Group Approach
SYNOPSIS Objective . This article identifies patterns of mothering in low-income families from three ethnic groups and explores whether those patterns yield similar associations with child outcomes. Design . A person-centered within-group approach was used to examine observed patterns of mothering among European American (n = 740), African American (n = 604), and Mexican American (n = 322) low-income mothers and their 1-year-olds who were partici…
Patterns of Maternal Directiveness by Ethnicity Among Early Head Start Research Participants
SYNOPSIS Objective . Using the Early Head Start dataset, this study examined change over time in European American, African American, and Mexican American mothers' directiveness during play with their young children and associations between these patterns and their children's engagement with and negativity toward them. The influences of maternal positive and negative regard were also investigated. Design . Mother–child dyads (938 European America…
Mexican Parenting Questionnaire (MPQ)
The present study was conducted in four phases and constructed a self-report parenting instrument for use with Mexican immigrant mothers of children aged 6 to 10. The 14-item measure was based on semistructured qualitative interviews with Mexican immigrant mothers ( N = 10), was refined by a focus group of Mexican immigrant mothers ( N = 5), and was then completed by a larger sample of Mexican immigrant mothers ( N = 168). Children’s socioemotion…
Correlates and Consequences of Spanking and Verbal Punishment for Low-Income White, African American, and Mexican American Toddlers
This study examined the prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of spanking and verbal punishment in 2,573 low-income White, African American, and Mexican American toddlers at ages 1, 2, and 3. Both spanking and verbal punishment varied by maternal race/ethnicity. Child fussiness at age 1 predicted spanking and verbal punishment at all 3 ages. Cross-lagged path analyses indicated that spanking (but not verbal punishment) at age 1 predicted child agg…
Inner-City Single Black Mothers’ Gender-Related Childrearing Expectations and Goals
Pregnancy Acceptance, Parenting Stress, and Toddler Attachment in Low-Income Black Families
Questionnaire items tapping feelings about pregnancy were administered to 173 young, low-income primiparous Black mothers who either were pregnant or had delivered within the past year. A factor analysis indicated that 11 items together measured mothers' acceptance of the pregnancies that resulted in the births of their first children. Links to mothers' later parenting stress, warmth, and their toddlers' attachment security were explored. Pregnan…
Parental Control in Latino Families: An Integrated Review of the Literature
Using social information processing and cultural change models as explanatory frameworks, this article reviews the literature on Latino parental control and its implications for child development. It is argued that the use of parental control in Latino families may have motivational roots in cultural childrearing goals such as familismo (familism), respeto (respect), and educación (moral education). Consideration of these underpinnings, in conjun…
Building successful home visitor–mother relationships and reaching program goals in two Early Head Start programs: A qualitative look at contributing factors
Relations Among Maternal Racial Identity, Maternal Parenting Behavior, and Child Outcomes in Low-Income, Urban, Black Families
This study examined maternal racial identity and its relations to maternal depression, maternal age, maternal parenting behavior, and 5-year-old children's social and cognitive outcomes. Participants included 62 African American mother-child dyads enrolled in the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project. Mothers completed measures on their own racial identity and depression and on their children's social competence. Children were assessed…
Maternal Intrusiveness, Maternal Warmth, and Mother–Toddler Relationship Outcomes: Variations Across Low‐Income Ethnic and Acculturation Groups
The present study investigated the extent to which maternal intrusiveness and warmth during play, observed in 579 European American, 412 African American, and 110 more and 131 less acculturated Mexican American low‐income families when children were approximately 15 months old, predicted 3 dimensions of the mother–toddler relationship 10 months later. Intrusiveness predicted increases in later child negativity in all 4 groups. Among African Ameri…
Building successful home visitor–mother relationships and reaching program goals in two Early Head Start programs: A qualitative look at contributing factors
Inner-City Single Black Mothers’ Gender-Related Childrearing Expectations and Goals
Talking about corporal punishment: Nine low-income African American mothers’ perspectives
Relations among mother and home visitor personality, relationship quality, and amount of time spent in home visits
Evaluations of a variety of home‐based early childhood intervention programs show that home visit rates fall short of the number prescribed. In an attempt to add to knowledge about reasons for this phenomenon, the current study explored associations among mother and home visitor personality, relationship quality, and time spent in home visits. Maternal negative emotionality was positively related to both time spent in home visits and relationship…
Patterns of Maternal Directiveness by Ethnicity Among Early Head Start Research Participants
SYNOPSIS Objective . Using the Early Head Start dataset, this study examined change over time in European American, African American, and Mexican American mothers' directiveness during play with their young children and associations between these patterns and their children's engagement with and negativity toward them. The influences of maternal positive and negative regard were also investigated. Design . Mother–child dyads (938 European America…
Ideas about infant and toddler care among Russian child care teachers, mothers, and university students
Negative emotionality and discipline as long-term predictors of behavioral outcomes in African American and European American children
The present study examined the early parenting and temperament determinants of children's antisocial and positive behaviors in a low-income, diverse ethno-racial sample. Participants were from the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project, which included 960 European American (initial M age = 15.00 months; 51.2% female) and 880 African American mothers and their children (initial M age = 15.10 months; 49.2% female) followed from 15 months …
The interplay of maternal sensitivity and toddler engagement of mother in predicting self-regulation
Using data from the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project, a cross-lag mediation model was tested to examine longitudinal relations among low-income mothers' sensitivity; toddlers' engagement of their mothers; and toddler's self-regulation at ages 1, 2, and 3 years (N = 2,958). Age 1 maternal sensitivity predicted self-regulation at ages 2 and 3 years, and age 2 engagement of mother mediated the relation between age 1 maternal sensitiv…
Child Care in Russia: In Transition
Introduction Some History Management and Staff Top Goals Space and Equipment The Daily Routine Indoor Play Lessons: General Features Lessons: Content Area Specifics Outside Time Meals and Naps Discipline Relationships with Parents What We Think of Each Other's Programs What Next? References Index
Pregnancy Acceptance, Parenting Stress, and Toddler Attachment in Low-Income Black Families
Questionnaire items tapping feelings about pregnancy were administered to 173 young, low-income primiparous Black mothers who either were pregnant or had delivered within the past year. A factor analysis indicated that 11 items together measured mothers' acceptance of the pregnancies that resulted in the births of their first children. Links to mothers' later parenting stress, warmth, and their toddlers' attachment security were explored. Pregnan…
Russian child care goals and values: From Perestroika to 2001
Familism values embedded in U.S. Mexican mother-child conversations about sibling conflicts
The current study focused on familism-related content that emerged in a primarily qualitative analysis of U.S. Mexican mother-child conversations about sibling conflicts ( M age = 10.55; English = 43 (24 female); Spanish = 43 (19 female)). The study’s goals were to (1) describe how familism, a central Latinx value, is conveyed to children in late middle childhood, (2) uncover signs that children at this age actively or passively accept or reject …
Parenting beliefs and practices in toddlerhood as precursors to self‐regulatory, psychosocial, and academic outcomes in early and middle childhood in ethnically diverse low‐income families
Ethnoracially diverse families living in poverty are vulnerable to stress, discrimination, and adversities that can be ‘toxic’ to parenting and to a wide range of psychosocial and academic outcomes in youth. Thus, there is high need to identify malleable protective and promotive factors that may lead to improved developmental trajectories and outcomes for at‐risk youth and families. In this study of 2,233 low‐income families with ethnoracially di…
Predicting self-regulation and vocabulary and academic skills at kindergarten entry: The roles of maternal parenting stress and mother-child closeness
Middle Childhood Feelings Toward Mothers: Predictions From Maternal Directiveness at the Age of Two and Respect for Autonomy Currently
The goals of this study were to examine (1) stability of maternal directiveness during interactions with their children from toddlerhood to late middle childhood, (2) direct and mediated relations between mothers' directiveness when children were two years old, mothers' respect for autonomy and children's positivity and negativity toward their mothers when children were in late middle childhood, and (3) differences in these paths by ethnoracial g…
Mother–Infant Interactions in Early Head Start: A Person-Oriented Within-Ethnic Group Approach
SYNOPSIS Objective . This article identifies patterns of mothering in low-income families from three ethnic groups and explores whether those patterns yield similar associations with child outcomes. Design . A person-centered within-group approach was used to examine observed patterns of mothering among European American (n = 740), African American (n = 604), and Mexican American (n = 322) low-income mothers and their 1-year-olds who were partici…
Relations Among Maternal Racial Identity, Maternal Parenting Behavior, and Child Outcomes in Low-Income, Urban, Black Families
This study examined maternal racial identity and its relations to maternal depression, maternal age, maternal parenting behavior, and 5-year-old children's social and cognitive outcomes. Participants included 62 African American mother-child dyads enrolled in the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project. Mothers completed measures on their own racial identity and depression and on their children's social competence. Children were assessed…
Economic hardship during infancy and U.S. Latino preschoolers’ sociobehavioral health and academic readiness
We tested a culturally integrative model examining the associations among economic hardship during infancy and Latino children's later sociobehavioral problems and academic skills prior to kindergarten entry, whether mothers' mental health problems and positive parenting behaviors mediated those associations, and whether they varied by mothers' acculturation levels. Participants were 714 low-income Latino mothers (M age at enrollment = 24 years; …
Maternal personality as a moderator of relations between difficult infant temperament and attachment security in low‐income families
The primary purpose of the current study was to determine whether maternal proneness‐to‐stress (stress reactivity and alienation) moderates the relation between infant difficult temperament and attachment security in a sample of 82 inner‐city, low‐income, primarily single and African American young mothers. The mothers completed adult personality and infant temperament questionnaires when their infants were approximately 10 months old. Attachment…
Childhood in Russia: Representation and Reality
Mexican Parenting Questionnaire (MPQ)
The present study was conducted in four phases and constructed a self-report parenting instrument for use with Mexican immigrant mothers of children aged 6 to 10. The 14-item measure was based on semistructured qualitative interviews with Mexican immigrant mothers ( N = 10), was refined by a focus group of Mexican immigrant mothers ( N = 5), and was then completed by a larger sample of Mexican immigrant mothers ( N = 168). Children’s socioemotion…
A Comparison of the Child-Rearing Goals of Russian and U.S. University Students
Russian and U.S. university students rated the importance of four child-rearing goals. Compared to U.S. students, Russian students placed lower value on rule conformity and higher value on peer orientation and neatness/cleanliness. Russian students rated inquisitiveness as most important, peer orientation as second, neatness/cleanliness as third, and rule conformity as least important. U.S. students also rated inquisitiveness as most important bu…
African American mothers talk to their preadolescents about honesty and lying
Objectives: While existing work points to the ways parenting behaviors and specific value socialization approaches influence children's internalization of moral values (Baumrind, Child Development 43, 261-267, 1972; Hoffman, Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice, 2001; Grusec & Davidov, Child Development, 81, 687-709, 2010), little work has considered the experiences of African American and lower-income families. The …
Parenting and children’s negative emotionality, self‐regulation, and academic skills: The moderating role of fathers’ residency
We examined whether fathers’ residency modified the associations among mothers’ supportiveness, father involvement, children’s negative emotionality during toddlerhood and children’s academic skills in pre‐kindergarten via children’s self‐regulation. Participants were 2,291 mothers ( M age = 23.24 years) and children ( M age = 14.99 months at Wave 1; 50.7% girls) in the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project. Results revealed distinctiv…
The reactions of Soviet nursery day-care and boarding-care children to a strange situation
Soviet and American Childbearing Experiences and Attitudes: A Comparison
In 1951, and again in 1955, Dr. Fernand Lamaze, a French obstetrician, traveled to the Soviet Union to study "psychoprophylaxis," a method designed by Soviet psychologists, obstetricians, and neurologists to help women overcome pain and fear during childbirth. The method, which was rooted in the medical use of hypnosis and suggestion to alleviate pain, involved training women to take their minds off uterine contractions by concentrating instead o…
A Comparison of Soviet and American Women's Perceptions of the Postpartum Period
Thirty-three American-born and 30 Soviet immigrant women completed questionnaires concerning their postpartum experiences and attitudes. Comparisons revealed that Soviet women viewed infant care and breast-feeding as more difficult. They also recalled less satisfaction with their husbands' contributions to domestic work. Their mothers, however, were reported to participate more than the American womens' mothers in household chores, and the Soviet…
Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory: A Factor Analysis
The 72-item Erikson Psychosocial Inventory (EPSI) was factor analyzed for a group of 534 university freshmen and sophomore students. Seven factors including 54 items emerged which the authors labeled Initiative, Industry, Identity, Friendship, Dating, Goal Clarity and Self-Confidence. Items representing Erikson's first two factors, Trust and Autonomy, were dispersed across the new set of factors; this factor pattern was discussed from the perspec…
Soviet Immigrant Mothers' Perceptions Regarding the First Childbearing Year: The 1950s and the 1970s
From the 1950s to the 1970s the views of sex roles in general and of childbearing in particular that were held by women in the United States changed considerably. Some evidence also indicates modest changes in ideas about sex roles occurred in the Soviet Union over these decades, but there is less reason to expect that similar changes took place in attitudes specifically towards childbearing. This article explores areas of stability and change be…
Parent as a Teacher Inventory: Factor Analyses for Fathers, Mothers, and Teachers
Strom (1974) developed the Parent as a Teacher Inventory (PAAT) to measure parents' feelings and beliefs regarding interaction with their young children. Parents indicate their level of agreement with 50 Likert-type statements. A factor analysis was performed on the responses of 615 parents of preschool children. In addition, items were slightly re-worded and given to 267 early childhood teachers. Results indicated that 33 of the 50 PAAT items ar…
Development of kindergarten children based on child care arrangements
Testing the Simplex Assumption Underlying the Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory
This study examined whether or not the Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory (EPSI) measured the hierarchical model of development proposed by Erikson. Over 1000 college students responded to the inventory. Using the simplex pattern, the EPSI did not measure Erikson's stages for this sample of students. An examination of the EPSI for subgroups by race and gender did not yield positive results. Possible explanations of the findings are included
Families Before and After Perestroika: Russian and U. S. Perspectives
African American College Students' Psychosocial Development as Related to Care Arrangements during Infancy
Associations were explored between the present emotional and social development of low-and middle-income African American male and female college students and the substitute care arrangements (none, part time, orfull time) they experienced as infants. The students who had experienced full-time substitute care scored signiflcantly higher on several subscales (Friendship, Identity, and Self-Confidence) of the Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory (E…
Ideas about infant and toddler care among Russian child care teachers, mothers, and university students
Child Care in Russia: In Transition
Child Care in Russia: In Transition
Introduction Some History Management and Staff Top Goals Space and Equipment The Daily Routine Indoor Play Lessons: General Features Lessons: Content Area Specifics Outside Time Meals and Naps Discipline Relationships with Parents What We Think of Each Other's Programs What Next? References Index
Childhood in Russia: Representation and Reality
A Comparison of the Child-Rearing Goals of Russian and U.S. University Students
Russian and U.S. university students rated the importance of four child-rearing goals. Compared to U.S. students, Russian students placed lower value on rule conformity and higher value on peer orientation and neatness/cleanliness. Russian students rated inquisitiveness as most important, peer orientation as second, neatness/cleanliness as third, and rule conformity as least important. U.S. students also rated inquisitiveness as most important bu…
Russian child care goals and values: From Perestroika to 2001
Maternal personality as a moderator of relations between difficult infant temperament and attachment security in low‐income families
Maternal personality as a moderator of relations between difficult infant temperament and attachment security in low‐income families
The primary purpose of the current study was to determine whether maternal proneness‐to‐stress (stress reactivity and alienation) moderates the relation between infant difficult temperament and attachment security in a sample of 82 inner‐city, low‐income, primarily single and African American young mothers. The mothers completed adult personality and infant temperament questionnaires when their infants were approximately 10 months old. Attachment…
Relations among mother and home visitor personality, relationship quality, and amount of time spent in home visits
Evaluations of a variety of home‐based early childhood intervention programs show that home visit rates fall short of the number prescribed. In an attempt to add to knowledge about reasons for this phenomenon, the current study explored associations among mother and home visitor personality, relationship quality, and time spent in home visits. Maternal negative emotionality was positively related to both time spent in home visits and relationship…
Talking about corporal punishment: Nine low-income African American mothers’ perspectives
Maternal Intrusiveness, Maternal Warmth, and Mother–Toddler Relationship Outcomes: Variations Across Low‐Income Ethnic and Acculturation Groups
The present study investigated the extent to which maternal intrusiveness and warmth during play, observed in 579 European American, 412 African American, and 110 more and 131 less acculturated Mexican American low‐income families when children were approximately 15 months old, predicted 3 dimensions of the mother–toddler relationship 10 months later. Intrusiveness predicted increases in later child negativity in all 4 groups. Among African Ameri…
Relations Among Maternal Racial Identity, Maternal Parenting Behavior, and Child Outcomes in Low-Income, Urban, Black Families
This study examined maternal racial identity and its relations to maternal depression, maternal age, maternal parenting behavior, and 5-year-old children's social and cognitive outcomes. Participants included 62 African American mother-child dyads enrolled in the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project. Mothers completed measures on their own racial identity and depression and on their children's social competence. Children were assessed…
Parental Control in Latino Families: An Integrated Review of the Literature
Using social information processing and cultural change models as explanatory frameworks, this article reviews the literature on Latino parental control and its implications for child development. It is argued that the use of parental control in Latino families may have motivational roots in cultural childrearing goals such as familismo (familism), respeto (respect), and educación (moral education). Consideration of these underpinnings, in conjun…
Building successful home visitor–mother relationships and reaching program goals in two Early Head Start programs: A qualitative look at contributing factors
Pregnancy Acceptance, Parenting Stress, and Toddler Attachment in Low-Income Black Families
Questionnaire items tapping feelings about pregnancy were administered to 173 young, low-income primiparous Black mothers who either were pregnant or had delivered within the past year. A factor analysis indicated that 11 items together measured mothers' acceptance of the pregnancies that resulted in the births of their first children. Links to mothers' later parenting stress, warmth, and their toddlers' attachment security were explored. Pregnan…
Psychology (43 works) · Developmental psychology (37 works) · Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development (21 works) · Early Childhood Education and Development (21 works) · Social Psychology (21 works) · Social Psychology (13 works) · Medicine (11 works) · Clinical Psychology (10 works) · Sociology (10 works) · Demography (9 works)