Paavo Monkkonen
Datos Biográficos
| ID | 128640 |
|---|---|
| NOMBRE | Paavo Monkkonen |
| NOMBRES | Paavo |
| APELLIDO | Monkkonen |
| FIRMA | MONKKONEN P |
| AFILIACIONES | University of California, Los Angeles |
| ORCID | 0000-0002-3513-0230 |
| VERIFICADO | Sí |
| TOTAL DE OBRAS | 39 |
| TOTAL DE CITAS | 247 |
| TOTAL COMO AUTOR | 39 |
| TOTAL COMO EDITOR | 0 |
| PRIMER AÑO DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2007 |
| AÑO MÁS RECIENTE DE PUBLICACIÓN | 2026 |
| ÍNDICE H | 10 |
What projects get built? The distinctive characteristics of Low-Income Housing Tax Credit projects in high-opportunity neighborhoods
Only 12% of the country’s Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) units are located in high-opportunity neighborhoods, despite explicit state policies encouraging their construction there. Affordable housing developers face numerous legislative, political, and physical challenges to building in high-opportunity neighborhoods, and this paper takes a new approach to studying these obstacles. We ask, how do LIHTC projects built in high-opportunity nei…
Meaningful Action
A 2018 California law requires local governments to affirmatively further fair housing (AFFH) in their General Plan's housing element. This paper examines how eight municipalities reacted to this requirement in three areas of their 2021 plans: the analysis of fair housing issues, proposed fair housing programs, and the location of sites identified for low-income housing development. We consider whether these cities' over 200 fair housing programs…
Do mixed-income neighborhoods erode or enhance social interactions? Survey evidence from Hong Kong
Challenges to Equitable and Effective Land Value Capture
Land value capture is an underutilized and sometimes misunderstood component of urban policy. In this article, we develop a conceptual framework to compare four approaches to land value capture—land and property taxes, real estate transfer taxes, betterment levies, and development charges. Given that urban land values arise from collective action, local governments should tax this wealth to fund public infrastructure. However, local governments c…
A Weak Link in Efforts to Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing? Evaluating Public Engagement Processes in Housing Plan Development in Southern California
Public participation is a core component of federal and state fair housing law implementation, but its effectiveness at Affirmatively Furthering Fair Housing (AFFH) remains understudied. In this paper, we analyze the public engagement processes of eight southern California municipalities as they developed a newly mandated AFFH component for their 2021–2029 housing element update. We evaluate the timeline of plan development, outreach efforts, web…
Bring Zoning Back Into the Planning Curricula
An Unpersuasive Argument for Selling Development Rights
Funding urban governments is important and in places with weak governance, it may be the case that selling development rights is the most viable option for raising local revenue. Murray and Gordon, however, do not make such a conditional argument in their essay “Land as Airspace”. They argue that governments should charge landowners for development rights and not upzone land “for free” to stimulate housing development, in opposition to recent zon…
Do Land Use Plans Affirmatively Further Fair Housing
Problem research strategy and findings: The 1968 Fair Housing Act required local government recipients of federal money to take meaningful actions to affirmatively further fair housing (AFFH). Current fair housing analysis requirements are copious but do not request an assessment of how land use policies affect the potential for neighborhood integration. A recent California law requires local governments to include AFFH analysis in existing plann…
Urban form in India 1975–2015
A global analysis of land use regulation, urban form, and greenhouse gas emissions
Cities feature prominently in debates over the existential threat of climate change. Research on urban sustainability, however, has too long been based on national studies from data-rich regions of the world. Fortunately, that is changing as globally harmonized datasets enable new comparative analysis of urban areas. This paper uses new data to address the question - how does urban land policy relate to urban form and greenhouse gas emissions? We…
The heterogeneous impacts of widespread upzoning
Zoning reform is increasingly recognised as an important strategy to increase housing affordability and environmental sustainability. Few cities have undertaken significant upzoning of low-density neighbourhoods, making the 2016 Auckland Unitary Plan (AUP) probably the most ambitious zoning reform in the world. Parcels zoned for single houses previously dominated Auckland, but three-quarters of them now allow multiple units. Existing studies have…
Renter Nonpayment and Landlord Response
How renters respond to economic hardship, and how landlords respond when tenants fail to make rent, are understudied questions, owing largely to limited data. We use experiences from the COVID-19 pandemic to begin answering these questions. Drawing on both new census data and two original surveys of renters in Los Angeles County, we test nine hypotheses about the sources of renter distress and landlord reactions to it. We find that lost work and …
Does Discretion Delay Development
Problem, research strategy, and findings Local governments sometimes approve multifamily housing through a discretionary process, meaning a public body must vote to entitle the proposal before it can seek a building permit. By-right entitlement, in contrast, allows developers to apply directly for a building permit. We tested the hypothesis that by-right approvals are faster. Faster approval can make multifamily development more feasible, which c…
Unwanted Housing
We examine pervasive opposition to building market-rate housing and relate it to localism: a perspective that grants moral authority to incumbent residents. We argue that localism has become prevalent in housing planning in the United States and that its seeming equality-allowing all communities the right to define themselves-conceals profound imbalances that favor the affluent. We use survey data from California to measure localism, using opposi…
It’s Time to End Single-Family Zoning
Local planning in the United States is unique in the amount of land it reserves for detached single-family homes. This privileging of single-family homes, normally called R1 zoning, exacerbates inequality and undermines efficiency. R1’s origins are unpleasant: Stained by explicitly classist and implicitly racist motivations, R1 today continues to promote exclusion. It makes it harder for people to access high-opportunity places, and in expensive …
Planning Knowledge and the Regulatory Hydra
"Planning Knowledge and the Regulatory Hydra." Journal of the American Planning Association, 86(2), pp. 268–269
Last Thoughts From Manville, Monkkonen, and Lens
This article responds to: The View From Minneapolis: Comments on “Death to Single-Family Zoning” and “It’s Time to End Single-Family Zoning”, Ending Single-Family Zoning: Is There a Plan B?, Not a Matter of Choice: Eliminating Single-Family Zoning, Calls to End All Single-Family Zoning Need More Scrutiny, Eliminating Existing Single-Family Zoning Is a Mistake, Though Rumors of Its Demise Might Be Exaggerated..., The Detached Single-Family Home Ge…
Zoning and affordability
Would increasing allowable housing densities in expensive cities generate more housing construction and make housing more affordable? In a provocative article, Andrés Rodríguez-Pose and Michael Storper survey the evidence and answer no. Restrictions on housing density, they contend, do not substantially influence housing production or price. They further argue that allowing more density in growing metropolitan areas would only improve housing out…
Marriage-induced homeownership as a driver of housing booms
Buying a home for marriage is customary in many societies. Traditionally, therefore, young couples getting married is a key driver of demand for homeownership. Yet the idea of marriage-induced demand for homeownership is a relatively underexplored component of housing price change. We examine the role of marriage-induced demand for homeownership in Hong Kong, a relatively self-contained housing market with fewer options for migration than most la…
Compact cities and economic productivity in Mexico
This paper examines the contingent nature of agglomeration economies. Existing empirical evidence that compact cities are more productive is mostly from countries and regions with highly productive service sectors, such as the USA or Europe. We hypothesise that this relationship will differ in countries where land-intensive manufacturing activities are more productive than services. In this paper, we test this hypothesis using data from the 100 l…
Opposition to development or opposition to developers? Experimental evidence on attitudes toward new housing
Opposition to new housing at higher densities is a pervasive and understudied problem, and an obstacle to both urban sustainability and housing affordability. Most existing research on housing opposition focuses on subsidized affordable housing, rather than new market-rate development. Scholars also tend to examine opponents' stated concerns, which often overlap and may obscure their underlying motivations. This article uses a survey-framing expe…
Does developers' ownership structure shape their market behavior? Evidence from state owned enterprises in Chengdu, Sichuan, 2004–2011
Empty houses across North America
In the wake of the housing market crash in the United States in the late 2000s, images of abandoned homes on the periphery of American cities dominated international media. Mexico continues to face a housing crisis that began at the same time, and the media similarly focus on the high rate of housing vacancy in the urban periphery. The vacancy rate is extreme in many newly built subdivisions in Mexico, yet it is also high in most central cities. …
Urban sprawl and the growing geographic scale of segregation in Mexico, 1990–2010
Do Strict Land Use Regulations Make Metropolitan Areas More Segregated by Income?
PROBLEM RESEARCH STRATEGY AND FINDINGS: Income segregation has risen in each of the last four decades in U.S. metropolitan areas, which can have lifelong impacts on the health, economic productivity, and behaviors of residents. Although it is widely assumed that local land use regulations-such as minimum lot sizes and growth controls-exclude low-income households from wealthier neighborhoods, the empirical research is surprisingly limited. We exa…
Land use regulations and the value of land and housing
The Housing Transition in Mexico
Dramatic reform of the housing finance system is transforming the way housing is produced and acquired in Mexican cities. More housing is now built on speculation by private companies and purchased with mortgages than through the incremental building process that traditionally housed most of the country. A majority of housing finance, however, is provided through government provident funds and, as such, only available to individuals with a formal…
Are civil-law notaries rent-seeking monopolists or essential market intermediaries? Endogenous development of a property rights institution in Mexico
As the fourth contribution in the 'Land' section, this paper forms a research 'diptych' with the next paper by Levy. Whereas she focuses on the notarial institution in mid-nineteenth century Mexico, this contribution examines it in a contemporary context. The notary is one of the chief components of property rights protection in civil-law systems, performing various public functions such as writing deeds for real estate property. Yet notaries are…
Do Mexican Cities Sprawl? Housing-Finance Reform and Changing Patterns of Urban Growth
This study documents a recent, dramatic change in urban growth patterns in Mexico. Using information from housing developers, satellite imagery, census archives, and administrative records on mortgage lending, it contrasts the growth patterns generated by new large-scale developments of tract housing built under an expanding housing-finance system with those of incrementally built, "self-help" housing. In a series of regression models, the growin…
The Demand for Land Regularisation
International organisations increasingly encourage land regularisation programmes as a component of urban policy in developing countries, yet research on the mechanisms of these programmes is limited. This paper examines the land regularisation system in Tijuana, Mexico, which has had limited success after several decades of operation. A theoretical model of the demand for land regularisation in urban areas is developed based on models of demand …
Zoning and affordability
Would increasing allowable housing densities in expensive cities generate more housing construction and make housing more affordable? In a provocative article, Andrés Rodríguez-Pose and Michael Storper survey the evidence and answer no. Restrictions on housing density, they contend, do not substantially influence housing production or price. They further argue that allowing more density in growing metropolitan areas would only improve housing out…
Housing Finance Reform and Increasing Socioeconomic Segregation in Mexico
Changing patterns of urban growth in Latin America have drawn scholars' attention to new forms of socioeconomic segregation. In Mexico, changes in urban development are different from, and perhaps more significant than, elsewhere in the region as they stem principally from the reform and expansion of the country's provident-fund-dominated housing finance system. This article examines the impact of the expansion of housing finance on socioeconomic…
Opposition to development or opposition to developers? Experimental evidence on attitudes toward new housing
Opposition to new housing at higher densities is a pervasive and understudied problem, and an obstacle to both urban sustainability and housing affordability. Most existing research on housing opposition focuses on subsidized affordable housing, rather than new market-rate development. Scholars also tend to examine opponents' stated concerns, which often overlap and may obscure their underlying motivations. This article uses a survey-framing expe…
Urban sprawl and the growing geographic scale of segregation in Mexico, 1990–2010
Urban land-use regulations and housing markets in developing countries
Marriage-induced homeownership as a driver of housing booms
Buying a home for marriage is customary in many societies. Traditionally, therefore, young couples getting married is a key driver of demand for homeownership. Yet the idea of marriage-induced demand for homeownership is a relatively underexplored component of housing price change. We examine the role of marriage-induced demand for homeownership in Hong Kong, a relatively self-contained housing market with fewer options for migration than most la…
Land Use Regulations, Compliance and Land Markets in Argentina
Empirical evidence on the impact of stringent land use regulations on the price of land and housing in urban areas is growing, yet most research has been carried out in countries where ordinances are enforced. If enforcement is lax, the ultimate impact of strict rules on land and housing prices is unclear. Lower levels of compliance with rules can result in negative externalities and thereby exert downward pressure on the price of formal land. Th…
Empty houses across North America
In the wake of the housing market crash in the United States in the late 2000s, images of abandoned homes on the periphery of American cities dominated international media. Mexico continues to face a housing crisis that began at the same time, and the media similarly focus on the high rate of housing vacancy in the urban periphery. The vacancy rate is extreme in many newly built subdivisions in Mexico, yet it is also high in most central cities. …
Where do Property Rights Matter More? Explaining the Variation in Demand for Property Titles across Cities in Mexico
Using Online Satellite Imagery as a Research Tool
Research on urbanization in developing-countries is often complicated by a lack of data. Recently available online interfaces with maps and satellite imagery provide a potential source of up-to-date, free, and easy-to-use geographic information. This article evaluates one of these interfaces, Google Earth, as a tool for collecting data, illustrating the evaluation with two methodologies developed to study urbanization in Mexico. The first, used t…
What's in a Name? A Critique of 'Colonias' in the United States
Colonias' in the United States are a relatively recent phenomenon for planning practitioners and scholars. Most of the focus of policy and literature has been on the unregulated, substandard settlements in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. Past studies of colonias in the three states have criticized policy efficacy and questioned whether colonias are appropriately or adequately defined. Our objective in this essay is complementary. We draw from the …
Unwanted Housing
We examine pervasive opposition to building market-rate housing and relate it to localism: a perspective that grants moral authority to incumbent residents. We argue that localism has become prevalent in housing planning in the United States and that its seeming equality-allowing all communities the right to define themselves-conceals profound imbalances that favor the affluent. We use survey data from California to measure localism, using opposi…
Compact cities and economic productivity in Mexico
This paper examines the contingent nature of agglomeration economies. Existing empirical evidence that compact cities are more productive is mostly from countries and regions with highly productive service sectors, such as the USA or Europe. We hypothesise that this relationship will differ in countries where land-intensive manufacturing activities are more productive than services. In this paper, we test this hypothesis using data from the 100 l…
Economic segregation in transition China
Economic segregation in urban areas is important to scholars and policymakers because it is thought to exacerbate inequality in social outcomes such as education, social capital formation, and employment. A growing body of comparative work examines factors associated with higher levels of urban segregation within different countries. Increasingly, this work examines differences between levels of segregation across the income distribution rather t…
Consequences of the Plano Piloto
Much has been written about what is perhaps the largest and most important city built entirely in the 20th century. By some, Brasília is seen as the epitome of modernism's failure and, by others, simply an example of an overregulated city unable to cope with rapid urbanisation and population growth. This paper argues that Brasília is not a typical case. The spatial structure of the metropolitan region of Brasília is completely different from comp…
The heterogeneous impacts of widespread upzoning
Zoning reform is increasingly recognised as an important strategy to increase housing affordability and environmental sustainability. Few cities have undertaken significant upzoning of low-density neighbourhoods, making the 2016 Auckland Unitary Plan (AUP) probably the most ambitious zoning reform in the world. Parcels zoned for single houses previously dominated Auckland, but three-quarters of them now allow multiple units. Existing studies have…
Does developers' ownership structure shape their market behavior? Evidence from state owned enterprises in Chengdu, Sichuan, 2004–2011
A global analysis of land use regulation, urban form, and greenhouse gas emissions
Cities feature prominently in debates over the existential threat of climate change. Research on urban sustainability, however, has too long been based on national studies from data-rich regions of the world. Fortunately, that is changing as globally harmonized datasets enable new comparative analysis of urban areas. This paper uses new data to address the question - how does urban land policy relate to urban form and greenhouse gas emissions? We…
Consequences of the Plano Piloto
Much has been written about what is perhaps the largest and most important city built entirely in the 20th century. By some, Brasília is seen as the epitome of modernism's failure and, by others, simply an example of an overregulated city unable to cope with rapid urbanisation and population growth. This paper argues that Brasília is not a typical case. The spatial structure of the metropolitan region of Brasília is completely different from comp…
What's in a Name? A Critique of 'Colonias' in the United States
Colonias' in the United States are a relatively recent phenomenon for planning practitioners and scholars. Most of the focus of policy and literature has been on the unregulated, substandard settlements in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. Past studies of colonias in the three states have criticized policy efficacy and questioned whether colonias are appropriately or adequately defined. Our objective in this essay is complementary. We draw from the …
Using Online Satellite Imagery as a Research Tool
Research on urbanization in developing-countries is often complicated by a lack of data. Recently available online interfaces with maps and satellite imagery provide a potential source of up-to-date, free, and easy-to-use geographic information. This article evaluates one of these interfaces, Google Earth, as a tool for collecting data, illustrating the evaluation with two methodologies developed to study urbanization in Mexico. The first, used t…
Do Mexican Cities Sprawl? Housing-Finance Reform and Changing Patterns of Urban Growth
This study documents a recent, dramatic change in urban growth patterns in Mexico. Using information from housing developers, satellite imagery, census archives, and administrative records on mortgage lending, it contrasts the growth patterns generated by new large-scale developments of tract housing built under an expanding housing-finance system with those of incrementally built, "self-help" housing. In a series of regression models, the growin…
The Housing Transition in Mexico
Dramatic reform of the housing finance system is transforming the way housing is produced and acquired in Mexican cities. More housing is now built on speculation by private companies and purchased with mortgages than through the incremental building process that traditionally housed most of the country. A majority of housing finance, however, is provided through government provident funds and, as such, only available to individuals with a formal…
La segregación residencial en el México urbano
Los cambiantes modelos de desarrollo urbano en Latinoamrica han atrado la atencin hacia la segregacin residencial. Con datos del censo mexicano del ao 2000, este artculo describe los patrones espaciales y niveles de segregacin por etnicidad y estatus socioeconmico en ms de cien ciudades, confirmando que muchos de los que son reconocidos se mantienen en muchas y variadas ciudades. Los hogares con ingresos bajos y empleos informales tienden a vivir…
The Demand for Land Regularisation
International organisations increasingly encourage land regularisation programmes as a component of urban policy in developing countries, yet research on the mechanisms of these programmes is limited. This paper examines the land regularisation system in Tijuana, Mexico, which has had limited success after several decades of operation. A theoretical model of the demand for land regularisation in urban areas is developed based on models of demand …
Housing Finance Reform and Increasing Socioeconomic Segregation in Mexico
Changing patterns of urban growth in Latin America have drawn scholars' attention to new forms of socioeconomic segregation. In Mexico, changes in urban development are different from, and perhaps more significant than, elsewhere in the region as they stem principally from the reform and expansion of the country's provident-fund-dominated housing finance system. This article examines the impact of the expansion of housing finance on socioeconomic…
Urban land-use regulations and housing markets in developing countries
Land Use Regulations, Compliance and Land Markets in Argentina
Empirical evidence on the impact of stringent land use regulations on the price of land and housing in urban areas is growing, yet most research has been carried out in countries where ordinances are enforced. If enforcement is lax, the ultimate impact of strict rules on land and housing prices is unclear. Lower levels of compliance with rules can result in negative externalities and thereby exert downward pressure on the price of formal land. Th…
Land use regulations and the value of land and housing
Do Strict Land Use Regulations Make Metropolitan Areas More Segregated by Income?
PROBLEM RESEARCH STRATEGY AND FINDINGS: Income segregation has risen in each of the last four decades in U.S. metropolitan areas, which can have lifelong impacts on the health, economic productivity, and behaviors of residents. Although it is widely assumed that local land use regulations-such as minimum lot sizes and growth controls-exclude low-income households from wealthier neighborhoods, the empirical research is surprisingly limited. We exa…
Where do Property Rights Matter More? Explaining the Variation in Demand for Property Titles across Cities in Mexico
Economic segregation in transition China
Economic segregation in urban areas is important to scholars and policymakers because it is thought to exacerbate inequality in social outcomes such as education, social capital formation, and employment. A growing body of comparative work examines factors associated with higher levels of urban segregation within different countries. Increasingly, this work examines differences between levels of segregation across the income distribution rather t…
Are civil-law notaries rent-seeking monopolists or essential market intermediaries? Endogenous development of a property rights institution in Mexico
As the fourth contribution in the 'Land' section, this paper forms a research 'diptych' with the next paper by Levy. Whereas she focuses on the notarial institution in mid-nineteenth century Mexico, this contribution examines it in a contemporary context. The notary is one of the chief components of property rights protection in civil-law systems, performing various public functions such as writing deeds for real estate property. Yet notaries are…
Urban sprawl and the growing geographic scale of segregation in Mexico, 1990–2010
Opposition to development or opposition to developers? Experimental evidence on attitudes toward new housing
Opposition to new housing at higher densities is a pervasive and understudied problem, and an obstacle to both urban sustainability and housing affordability. Most existing research on housing opposition focuses on subsidized affordable housing, rather than new market-rate development. Scholars also tend to examine opponents' stated concerns, which often overlap and may obscure their underlying motivations. This article uses a survey-framing expe…
Does developers' ownership structure shape their market behavior? Evidence from state owned enterprises in Chengdu, Sichuan, 2004–2011
Empty houses across North America
In the wake of the housing market crash in the United States in the late 2000s, images of abandoned homes on the periphery of American cities dominated international media. Mexico continues to face a housing crisis that began at the same time, and the media similarly focus on the high rate of housing vacancy in the urban periphery. The vacancy rate is extreme in many newly built subdivisions in Mexico, yet it is also high in most central cities. …
It’s Time to End Single-Family Zoning
Local planning in the United States is unique in the amount of land it reserves for detached single-family homes. This privileging of single-family homes, normally called R1 zoning, exacerbates inequality and undermines efficiency. R1’s origins are unpleasant: Stained by explicitly classist and implicitly racist motivations, R1 today continues to promote exclusion. It makes it harder for people to access high-opportunity places, and in expensive …
Planning Knowledge and the Regulatory Hydra
"Planning Knowledge and the Regulatory Hydra." Journal of the American Planning Association, 86(2), pp. 268–269
Last Thoughts From Manville, Monkkonen, and Lens
This article responds to: The View From Minneapolis: Comments on “Death to Single-Family Zoning” and “It’s Time to End Single-Family Zoning”, Ending Single-Family Zoning: Is There a Plan B?, Not a Matter of Choice: Eliminating Single-Family Zoning, Calls to End All Single-Family Zoning Need More Scrutiny, Eliminating Existing Single-Family Zoning Is a Mistake, Though Rumors of Its Demise Might Be Exaggerated..., The Detached Single-Family Home Ge…
Zoning and affordability
Would increasing allowable housing densities in expensive cities generate more housing construction and make housing more affordable? In a provocative article, Andrés Rodríguez-Pose and Michael Storper survey the evidence and answer no. Restrictions on housing density, they contend, do not substantially influence housing production or price. They further argue that allowing more density in growing metropolitan areas would only improve housing out…
Marriage-induced homeownership as a driver of housing booms
Buying a home for marriage is customary in many societies. Traditionally, therefore, young couples getting married is a key driver of demand for homeownership. Yet the idea of marriage-induced demand for homeownership is a relatively underexplored component of housing price change. We examine the role of marriage-induced demand for homeownership in Hong Kong, a relatively self-contained housing market with fewer options for migration than most la…
Compact cities and economic productivity in Mexico
This paper examines the contingent nature of agglomeration economies. Existing empirical evidence that compact cities are more productive is mostly from countries and regions with highly productive service sectors, such as the USA or Europe. We hypothesise that this relationship will differ in countries where land-intensive manufacturing activities are more productive than services. In this paper, we test this hypothesis using data from the 100 l…
Housing Market and Economics (29 obras) · Economics (28 obras) · Geography (23 obras) · Political science (19 obras) · Business (18 obras) · Sociology (16 obras) · Economic growth (15 obras) · Law (14 obras) · Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies (13 obras) · Urban and Rural Development Challenges (12 obras)